scholarly journals Carrington Longitudinal and Solar Cycle Distribution of the Super Active Regions From 1976 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIng-Xian Zhao ◽  
Guiming Le ◽  
Yonghua Liu ◽  
Tian Mao
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Solar Maximum ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Flare Index ◽  
Statistical Results ◽  
Extreme Space Weather Events

Abstract We studied the Carrington longitudinal and solar cycle distribution of the super active regions (SARs) from 1976to 2018. There were 51 SARs during this period. We divided the SARs into SARs1 and SARs2. SARs1 refers tothe SARs that produced extreme space weather events including ≥X5.0 flares, ground level events (GLEs) andsuper geomagnetic storms (SGSs: Dst≤ −250 nT), while SARs2 did not produce extreme space weather events.The total number of SARs1 and SARs2 are 32 and 19, respectively. The statistical results show that 34.4%, 65.6%and 78.1% of the SARs1 appeared in the ascending phase, descending phase and in the period from two yearsbefore to the three years after the solar maximum, respectively, while 52.6%, 47.4% and 100% of the SARs2appeared in the ascending phase, descending phase and in the period from two years before to the three years aftersolar maximum, respectively. The Carrington longitude distribution of the SARs1 shows that SARs1 in thelongitudinal scope of [0,150°] produced ≥X5.0 flares and GLEs, while only the SARs1 in the longitude range of[150°,360°] not only produced ≥X5.0 flares and GLEs, but also produced SGSs. The total number of SARsduring a SC has a good correlation with the SC size. However, the largest flare index of a SAR within a SC has apoor correlation with the SC size, implying that the number of SARs in a weak SC will be small. However, aweak SC may have a SAR that can produce very strong solar flare activities.

scholarly journals What can the annual 10Be solar activity reconstructions tell us about historic space weather?

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. A23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Barnard ◽  
Ken G. McCracken ◽  
Mat J. Owens ◽  
Mike Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Solar Energetic Particle ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Magnetic Activity ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Solar Magnetic Activity

Context: Cosmogenic isotopes provide useful estimates of past solar magnetic activity, constraining past space climate with reasonable uncertainty. Much less is known about past space weather conditions. Recent advances in the analysis of 10Be by McCracken & Beer (2015, Sol Phys 290: 305–3069) (MB15) suggest that annually resolved 10Be can be significantly affected by solar energetic particle (SEP) fluxes. This poses a problem, and presents an opportunity, as the accurate quantification of past solar magnetic activity requires the SEP effects to be determined and isolated, whilst doing so might provide a valuable record of past SEP fluxes. Aims: We compare the MB15 reconstruction of the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF), with two independent estimates of the HMF derived from sunspot records and geomagnetic variability. We aim to quantify the differences between the HMF reconstructions, and speculate on the origin of these differences. We test whether the differences between the reconstructions appear to depend on known significant space weather events. Methods: We analyse the distributions of the differences between the HMF reconstructions. We consider how the differences vary as a function of solar cycle phase, and, using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, we compare the distributions under the two conditions of whether or not large space weather events were known to have occurred. Results: We find that the MB15 reconstructions are generally marginally smaller in magnitude than the sunspot and geomagnetic HMF reconstructions. This bias varies as a function of solar cycle phase, and is largest in the declining phase of the solar cycle. We find that MB15's excision of the years with very large ground level enhancement (GLE) improves the agreement of the 10Be HMF estimate with the sunspot and geomagnetic reconstructions. We find no statistical evidence that GLEs, in general, affect the MB15 reconstruction, but this analysis is limited by having too few samples. We do find evidence that the MB15 reconstructions appear statistically different in years with great geomagnetic storms.

scholarly journals Energetic Particle Precipitation during Extreme Space Weather Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Olesya Yakovchuk ◽  
Irina Mironova
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Energetic Particle ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Ozone Level ◽  
Particle Precipitation ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Energetic Particle Precipitation ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Extreme Space Weather Events

Here we provide a selection of extreme geomagnetic storms of the last century based on NOAA classification which lead to the energetic particle precipitation (EPP). EPP of such geomagnetic storms can cause power outages, communication failures, and navigation problems as well as impact on the environment and the ozone level. Studies of historical extreme geomagnetic storms together with EPP for large space weather events in the space era can help to reconstruct the parameters of extreme events of past centuries.

scholarly journals Extreme space weather events caused by super active regions during solar cycles 21-24

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Gui-Ming Le ◽  
Gui-Ang Liu ◽  
Ming-Xian Zhao ◽  
Tian Mao ◽  
Ping-Guo Xu
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Extreme Space Weather Events

scholarly journals Extreme Space-Weather Events and the Solar Cycle

Solar Physics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 296 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew J. Owens ◽  
Mike Lockwood ◽  
Luke A. Barnard ◽  
Chris J. Scott ◽  
Carl Haines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Solar Minimum ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Solar Maximum ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Event Occurrence

AbstractSpace weather has long been known to approximately follow the solar cycle, with geomagnetic storms occurring more frequently at solar maximum than solar minimum. There is much debate, however, about whether the most hazardous events follow the same pattern. Extreme events – by definition – occur infrequently, and thus establishing their occurrence behaviour is difficult even with very long space-weather records. Here we use the 150-year $aa_{H}$ a a H record of global geomagnetic activity with a number of probabilistic models of geomagnetic-storm occurrence to test a range of hypotheses. We find that storms of all magnitudes occur more frequently during an active phase, centred on solar maximum, than during the quiet phase around solar minimum. We also show that the available observations are consistent with the most extreme events occurring more frequently during large solar cycles than small cycles. Finally, we report on the difference in extreme-event occurrence during odd- and even-numbered solar cycles, with events clustering earlier in even cycles and later in odd cycles. Despite the relatively few events available for study, we demonstrate that this is inconsistent with random occurrence. We interpret this finding in terms of the overlying coronal magnetic field and enhanced magnetic-field strengths in the heliosphere, which act to increase the geoeffectiveness of sheath regions ahead of extreme coronal mass ejections. Putting the three “rules” together allows the probability of extreme event occurrence for Solar Cycle 25 to be estimated, if the magnitude and length of the coming cycle can be predicted. This highlights both the feasibility and importance of solar-cycle prediction for planning and scheduling of activities and systems that are affected by extreme space weather.

scholarly journals Evaluation of possible corrosion enhancement due to telluric currents: case study of the Bolivia–Brazil pipeline

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-888
Author(s):  
Joyrles Fernandes de Moraes ◽  
Igo Paulino ◽  
Lívia R. Alves ◽  
Clezio Marcos Denardini
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Corrosion Process ◽  
Fluxgate Magnetometer ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Source Line ◽  
Geomagnetic Data ◽  
Telluric Currents

Abstract. The electric field induced in the Bolivia–Brazil gas pipeline (GASBOL) was calculated by using the distributed source line transmission (DSLT) theory during several space weather events. We used geomagnetic data collected by a fluxgate magnetometer located at São José dos Campos (23.2∘ S, 45.9∘ W). The total corrosion rate was calculated by using the Gummow (2002) methodology and was based on the assumption of a 1 cm hole in the coating of the pipeline. The calculations were performed at the ends of pipeline where the largest “out-of-phase” pipe-to-soil potential (PSP) variations were obtained. The variations in PSP during the 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm have led to the greatest corrosion rate of the analyzed events. All the space weather events evaluated with high terminating impedance may have contributed to increases in the corrosion process. The applied technique can be used to evaluate the corrosion rate due to the high telluric activity associated with the geomagnetic storms at specific locations.

scholarly journals From solar eruption to transformer saturation: the space weather chain

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (S300) ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
Larisa Trichtchenko
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Interplanetary Medium ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Geomagnetically Induced Currents ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Induced Currents

AbstractCoronal mass ejections (CME) and associated interplanetary-propagated solar wind disturbances are the established causes of the geomagnetic storms which, in turn, create the most hazardous impacts on power grids. These impacts are due to the large geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) associated with variations of geomagnetic field during storms, which, flowing through the transformer windings, cause extra magnetisation. That can lead to transformer saturation and, in extreme cases, can result in power blackouts. Thus, it is of practical importance to study the solar causes of the large space weather events. This paper presents the example of the space weather chain for the event of 5-6 November 2001 and a table providing complete overview of the largest solar events during solar cycle 23 with their subsequent effects on interplanetary medium and on the ground. This compact overview can be used as guidance for investigations of the solar causes and their predictions, which has a practical importance in everyday life.

scholarly journals The Environment of the Young Earth in the Perspective of An Young Sun

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (S328) ◽  
pp. 315-328
Author(s):  
Vladimir S. Airapetian
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Solar Flares ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Early Earth ◽  
Uv Emission ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Active Stars ◽  
Magnetohydrodynamic Models ◽  
The Impact

AbstractOur Sun, a magnetically mild star, exhibits space weather in the form of magnetically driven solar explosive events (SEE) including solar flares, coronal mass ejections and energetic particle events. We use Kepler data and reconstruction of X-ray and UV emission from young solar-like stars to recover the frequency and energy fluxes from extreme events from active stars including the young Sun. Extreme SEEs from a magnetically active young Sun could significantly perturb the young Earth's magnetosphere, cause strong geomagnetic storms, initiate escape and introduce chemical changes in its lower atmosphere. I present our recent simulations results based on multi-dimensional multi-fluid hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic models of interactions of extreme CME and SEP events with magnetospheres and lower atmospheres of early Earth and exoplanets around active stars. We also discuss the implications of the impact of these effects on evolving habitability conditions of the early Earth and prebiotic chemistry introduced by space weather events at the early phase of evolution of our Sun.

scholarly journals Super-active regions in solar cycle 24

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (S320) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anqin Chen ◽  
Jingxiu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Total Solar Irradiance ◽  
Flare Activity ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Solar Cycle 24 ◽  
Satisfactory Account ◽  
Current Cycle ◽  
Flare Index ◽  
Cycle 24

AbstractComparing with solar cycles 21-23, the level of solar activity in the current cycle is very low. So far, there have been only five SARs and 45 X class flares. The monthly smoothed total solar irradiance decreased sharply by 0.09% from the maximum of cycle 23 to the minima between cycles 23 and 24. In this contribution, we present new studies on SARs in Cycle 24. The SARs in the current cycle have relatively smaller flare index (Iflare) and composite vector field index (Icom) comparing with the SARs in cycles 22 and 23. There is a clearly linear relationship between Iflare and Icom. The emphasis of this contribution is put on the similarity and different behaviors of vector magnetic fields of the SARs in the current solar cycle and the previous ones. We try to get a satisfactory account for the general characteristics and relatively lower level of solar flare activity in Cycle 24.

scholarly journals The Highest Geomagnetic Storms of the Solar Cycle Observed at Ground Level

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos E. Navia ◽  
Marcel N. de Oliveira ◽  
Carlos R. A. Augusto
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Ground Level
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