Evaluation of possible corrosion enhancement due to telluric currents: case study of the Bolivia–Brazil pipeline

Abstract. The electric field induced in the Bolivia–Brazil gas pipeline (GASBOL) was calculated by using the distributed source line transmission (DSLT) theory during several space weather events. We used geomagnetic data collected by a fluxgate magnetometer located at São José dos Campos (23.2∘ S, 45.9∘ W). The total corrosion rate was calculated by using the Gummow (2002) methodology and was based on the assumption of a 1 cm hole in the coating of the pipeline. The calculations were performed at the ends of pipeline where the largest “out-of-phase” pipe-to-soil potential (PSP) variations were obtained. The variations in PSP during the 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm have led to the greatest corrosion rate of the analyzed events. All the space weather events evaluated with high terminating impedance may have contributed to increases in the corrosion process. The applied technique can be used to evaluate the corrosion rate due to the high telluric activity associated with the geomagnetic storms at specific locations.

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Evaluation of Possible Corrosion Enhacement Due to Telluric Currents: Case Study for Brazilian Pipeline

10.5194/angeo-2019-132 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Joyrles Fernandes de Moraes ◽

Igo Paulino ◽

Livia Alves ◽

Clezio Marcos Dinardini

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Rate ◽

Space Weather ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Metal Loss ◽

Fluxgate Magnetometer ◽

Weather Events ◽

Source Line ◽

Geomagnetic Data ◽

Telluric Currents

Abstract. Electric field induced in the Brazil–Bolivia pipeline was calculated using a distributed source line transmission (DSLT) theory during several space weather events. It was made with using geomagnetic data collected by a fluxgate magnetometer located at São José dos Campos (23.2º S; 45.9º W). The total corrosion rate was calculated with using the Gummow (2002) methodology and based in the assumption of 1-cm hole in pipeline coating. The calculations were performed for the ends of pipeline, where the largest out of phase pipe-to-soil potential (PSP) variations were obtained. The variations in PSP during the 17 March 2015 magnetic storm have led to the greatest corrosion rate of the analysed events. All the space weather events evaluated with high terminating impedance in this paper have contributed to increase the corrosion process. The applied technique can be used to evaluate the metal loss due to the high telluric activity associated with the geomagnetic storms at specific locations.

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Towards the estimation of Space Weather-related corrosion on pipelines

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-1863 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Larisa Trichtchenko

Keyword(s):

Space Weather ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Pipeline Steel ◽

Geomagnetically Induced Currents ◽

Constant Frequency ◽

Corrosion Rates ◽

Weather Events ◽

Continuous Frequency ◽

The Times ◽

Telluric Currents

Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC), increased during space weather events, are able to interfere with pipeline corrosion protections systems and potentially can increase corrosion of the pipeline steel.Methods, widely used for the evaluation of annual corrosion rates, are based on exposure of steel to constant currents and voltages (DC), or alternating currents and voltages of a constant frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz), while GIC are characterised by a continuous frequency spectrum, with the range of frequencies from 10-5 Hz to 1 Hz.This paper introduces the methods for use in the estimation of corrosion rates on pipeline steel produced by GIC (commonly referred to as &#8220;telluric currents&#8221; in the pipeline industry) and provides results calculated for specific time periods with use of available recordings made on pipelines at the times of geomagnetic storms. As well, annual cumulative corrosion rates are estimated based on the modelling of pipeline currents and voltages.In addition to the detailed presentation of the methods utilised, a comparison of corrosion rates produced by telluric variations on non-protected and protected pipelines located in mid- and high-latitudes is presented.

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From solar eruption to transformer saturation: the space weather chain

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921313011733 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (S300) ◽

pp. 500-501

Author(s):

Larisa Trichtchenko

Keyword(s):

Space Weather ◽

Geomagnetic Field ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Interplanetary Medium ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Power Grids ◽

Geomagnetically Induced Currents ◽

Large Space ◽

Weather Events ◽

Induced Currents

AbstractCoronal mass ejections (CME) and associated interplanetary-propagated solar wind disturbances are the established causes of the geomagnetic storms which, in turn, create the most hazardous impacts on power grids. These impacts are due to the large geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) associated with variations of geomagnetic field during storms, which, flowing through the transformer windings, cause extra magnetisation. That can lead to transformer saturation and, in extreme cases, can result in power blackouts. Thus, it is of practical importance to study the solar causes of the large space weather events. This paper presents the example of the space weather chain for the event of 5-6 November 2001 and a table providing complete overview of the largest solar events during solar cycle 23 with their subsequent effects on interplanetary medium and on the ground. This compact overview can be used as guidance for investigations of the solar causes and their predictions, which has a practical importance in everyday life.

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The Environment of the Young Earth in the Perspective of An Young Sun

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921317004288 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (S328) ◽

pp. 315-328

Author(s):

Vladimir S. Airapetian

Keyword(s):

Space Weather ◽

Solar Flares ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Lower Atmosphere ◽

Early Earth ◽

Uv Emission ◽

Weather Events ◽

Active Stars ◽

Magnetohydrodynamic Models ◽

The Impact

AbstractOur Sun, a magnetically mild star, exhibits space weather in the form of magnetically driven solar explosive events (SEE) including solar flares, coronal mass ejections and energetic particle events. We use Kepler data and reconstruction of X-ray and UV emission from young solar-like stars to recover the frequency and energy fluxes from extreme events from active stars including the young Sun. Extreme SEEs from a magnetically active young Sun could significantly perturb the young Earth's magnetosphere, cause strong geomagnetic storms, initiate escape and introduce chemical changes in its lower atmosphere. I present our recent simulations results based on multi-dimensional multi-fluid hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic models of interactions of extreme CME and SEP events with magnetospheres and lower atmospheres of early Earth and exoplanets around active stars. We also discuss the implications of the impact of these effects on evolving habitability conditions of the early Earth and prebiotic chemistry introduced by space weather events at the early phase of evolution of our Sun.

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Observations from SANSA’s geomagnetic network during the Saint Patrick’s Day storm of 17–18 March 2015

South African Journal of Science ◽

10.17159/sajs.2019/5204 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 115 (1/2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emmanuel Nahayo ◽

Pieter B. Kotzé ◽

Pierre J. Cilliers ◽

Stefan Lotz

Keyword(s):

Electric Field ◽

Space Weather ◽

Power Distribution ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Geomagnetically Induced Currents ◽

Weather Events ◽

Induced Currents ◽

Temporary Disturbance ◽

Global And Local ◽

Magnetic Observatories

Geomagnetic storms are space weather events that result in a temporary disturbance of the earth’s magnetosphere caused by a solar wind that interacts with the earth’s magnetic field. We examined more closely how some southern African magnetic observatories responded to the Saint Patrick’s Day storm using local K-indices. We show how this network of observatories may be utilised to model induced electric field, which is useful for the monitoring of geomagnetically induced anomalous currents capable of damaging power distribution infrastructure. We show an example of the correlation between a modelled induced electric field and measured geomagnetically induced currents in southern Africa. The data show that there are differences between global and local indices, which vary with the phases of the storm. We show the latitude dependence of geomagnetic activity and demonstrate that the direction of the variation is different for the X and Y components. Significance: • The importance of ground-based data in space weather studies is demonstrated. • We show how SANSA’s geomagnetic network may be utilised to model induced electric field, which is useful for the monitoring of geomagnetically induced anomalous currents capable of damaging power distribution infrastructure.

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What can the annual 10Be solar activity reconstructions tell us about historic space weather?

Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate ◽

10.1051/swsc/2018014 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. A23 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Luke Barnard ◽

Ken G. McCracken ◽

Mat J. Owens ◽

Mike Lockwood

Keyword(s):

Solar Cycle ◽

Space Weather ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Solar Energetic Particle ◽

Ground Level ◽

Magnetic Activity ◽

Cycle Phase ◽

Large Space ◽

Weather Events ◽

Solar Magnetic Activity

Context: Cosmogenic isotopes provide useful estimates of past solar magnetic activity, constraining past space climate with reasonable uncertainty. Much less is known about past space weather conditions. Recent advances in the analysis of 10Be by McCracken & Beer (2015, Sol Phys 290: 305–3069) (MB15) suggest that annually resolved 10Be can be significantly affected by solar energetic particle (SEP) fluxes. This poses a problem, and presents an opportunity, as the accurate quantification of past solar magnetic activity requires the SEP effects to be determined and isolated, whilst doing so might provide a valuable record of past SEP fluxes. Aims: We compare the MB15 reconstruction of the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF), with two independent estimates of the HMF derived from sunspot records and geomagnetic variability. We aim to quantify the differences between the HMF reconstructions, and speculate on the origin of these differences. We test whether the differences between the reconstructions appear to depend on known significant space weather events. Methods: We analyse the distributions of the differences between the HMF reconstructions. We consider how the differences vary as a function of solar cycle phase, and, using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, we compare the distributions under the two conditions of whether or not large space weather events were known to have occurred. Results: We find that the MB15 reconstructions are generally marginally smaller in magnitude than the sunspot and geomagnetic HMF reconstructions. This bias varies as a function of solar cycle phase, and is largest in the declining phase of the solar cycle. We find that MB15's excision of the years with very large ground level enhancement (GLE) improves the agreement of the 10Be HMF estimate with the sunspot and geomagnetic reconstructions. We find no statistical evidence that GLEs, in general, affect the MB15 reconstruction, but this analysis is limited by having too few samples. We do find evidence that the MB15 reconstructions appear statistically different in years with great geomagnetic storms.

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Associations between Space Weather Events and the Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Deaths from Ischemic Heart Disease

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12030306 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 306

Author(s):

Vidmantas Vaičiulis ◽

Jonė Venclovienė ◽

Abdonas Tamošiūnas ◽

Deivydas Kiznys ◽

Dalia Lukšienė ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽

Space Weather ◽

High Speed ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Ischemic Heart ◽

Human Organism ◽

Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections ◽

Weather Events

The effects of charged solar particles hitting the Earth’s magnetosphere are often harmful and can be dangerous to the human organism. The aim of this study was to analyze the associations of geomagnetic storms (GSs) and other space weather events (solar proton events (SPEs), solar flares (SFs), high-speed solar wind (HSSW), interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and stream interaction regions (SIRs)) with morbidity from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and mortality from ischemic heart diseases (IHDs) during the period 2000–2015 in Kaunas (Lithuania). In 2000–2015, 12,330 AMI events (men/women n = 6942/5388) and 3742 deaths from IHD (men/women n = 2480/1262) were registered. The results showed that a higher risk of AMI and deaths from IHD were related to the period of 3 days before GS—a day after GS, and a stronger effect was observed during the spring–autumn period. The strongest effect of HSSW was observed on the day of the event. We found significant associations between the risk of AMI and death from IHD and the occurrence of SFs during GSs. We also found a statistically significant increase in rate ratios (RRs) for all AMIs and deaths from IHD between the second and fourth days of the period of ICMEs.

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Possible Associations between Space Weather and the Incidence of Stroke

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12030334 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 334

Author(s):

Jone Vencloviene ◽

Ricardas Radisauskas ◽

Abdonas Tamosiunas ◽

Dalia Luksiene ◽

Lolita Sileikiene ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Space Weather ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Solar Proton ◽

Proton Event ◽

Weather Events ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Intracerebral Hemorrhages ◽

Rate Ratios ◽

Subarachnoid Hemorrhages ◽

Stroke Register

The aim of our study was to detect the possible association between daily numbers of ischemic strokes (ISs) and hemorrhagic strokes (HSs) and space weather events. The daily numbers of ISs, subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAHs), and intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) were obtained from Kaunas Stroke Register during the period of 1986 to 2010. We used time- and season-stratified multivariate Poisson regression. We analyzed data of 597 patients with SAH, 1147 patients with ICH, and 7482 patients with IS. Strong/severe geomagnetic storms (GSs) were associated with an increase in the risk of SAH (by 58%) and HS (by 30%). Only GSs occurring during 6:00–12:00 UT were associated with the risk of IS. Low geomagnetic activity (GMA) was associated with the risk of ICH, HS, and IS (Rate Ratios with 95% CI were 2.51 (1.50–4.21), 2.33 (1.50–3.61), and 1.36 (1.03–1.81), respectively). The days of ≥ X9 class solar flare (SF) were associated with a 39% higher risk of IS. The risk of HS occurrence was greater than two times higher on the day after the maximum of a strong/severe solar proton event (SPE). These results showed that GSs, very low GMA, and stronger SFs and SPEs may be associated with an increased risk of different subtypes of stroke.

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Energetic Particle Precipitation during Extreme Space Weather Events

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202019601006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 196 ◽

pp. 01006

Author(s):

Olesya Yakovchuk ◽

Irina Mironova

Keyword(s):

Space Weather ◽

Energetic Particle ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Ozone Level ◽

Particle Precipitation ◽

Large Space ◽

Weather Events ◽

Energetic Particle Precipitation ◽

Selection Of ◽

Extreme Space Weather Events

Here we provide a selection of extreme geomagnetic storms of the last century based on NOAA classification which lead to the energetic particle precipitation (EPP). EPP of such geomagnetic storms can cause power outages, communication failures, and navigation problems as well as impact on the environment and the ozone level. Studies of historical extreme geomagnetic storms together with EPP for large space weather events in the space era can help to reconstruct the parameters of extreme events of past centuries.

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Carrington Longitudinal and Solar Cycle Distribution of the Super Active Regions From 1976 to 2018

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1037764/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

MIng-Xian Zhao ◽

Guiming Le ◽

Yonghua Liu ◽

Tian Mao

Keyword(s):

Solar Cycle ◽

Space Weather ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Solar Maximum ◽

Active Regions ◽

Ground Level ◽

Weather Events ◽

Flare Index ◽

Statistical Results ◽

Extreme Space Weather Events

Abstract We studied the Carrington longitudinal and solar cycle distribution of the super active regions (SARs) from 1976to 2018. There were 51 SARs during this period. We divided the SARs into SARs1 and SARs2. SARs1 refers tothe SARs that produced extreme space weather events including ≥X5.0 flares, ground level events (GLEs) andsuper geomagnetic storms (SGSs: Dst≤ −250 nT), while SARs2 did not produce extreme space weather events.The total number of SARs1 and SARs2 are 32 and 19, respectively. The statistical results show that 34.4%, 65.6%and 78.1% of the SARs1 appeared in the ascending phase, descending phase and in the period from two yearsbefore to the three years after the solar maximum, respectively, while 52.6%, 47.4% and 100% of the SARs2appeared in the ascending phase, descending phase and in the period from two years before to the three years aftersolar maximum, respectively. The Carrington longitude distribution of the SARs1 shows that SARs1 in thelongitudinal scope of [0,150°] produced ≥X5.0 flares and GLEs, while only the SARs1 in the longitude range of[150°,360°] not only produced ≥X5.0 flares and GLEs, but also produced SGSs. The total number of SARsduring a SC has a good correlation with the SC size. However, the largest flare index of a SAR within a SC has apoor correlation with the SC size, implying that the number of SARs in a weak SC will be small. However, aweak SC may have a SAR that can produce very strong solar flare activities.

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