scholarly journals Intergenerational Transmission of Body Mass Index and Associations with Educational Attainment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hekmat Alrouh ◽  
Elsje Bergen ◽  
Eveline Zeeuw ◽  
Conor Dolan ◽  
Dorret I. Boomsma
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Transmission Parameters ◽  
Parental Transmission

Abstract Background Individual differences in educational attainment (EA) and physical health, as indexed by body mass index (BMI), are correlated within persons and across generations. The present aim was to assess these associations while controlling for parental transmission. Methods We analyzed BMI and EA obtained for 8,866 families from the Netherlands. Data were available for 19,132 persons, including 6,901 parents (mean age 54) and 12,234 of their adult offspring (mean age 32). We employed structural equation modeling to simultaneously model the direct and indirect transmission of BMI and EA from parents to offspring, spousal correlations, and the residual within-person BMI-EA association and tested for gender differences in the transmission parameters. Results We found significant intergeneration transmission of BMI and EA from parents to their adult offspring, and substantial spousal correlations (0.23 for BMI and 0.51 for EA). Cross-trait parent to offspring transmission was weak. The strength of transmission was largely independent of parent or offspring gender. About 60% of the EA-BMI correlation in the offspring persisted after taking into account the intergeneration transmission. Conclusions The intergenerational transmission for BMI and EA is mainly predictive within traits. Significant spousal and within person correlations in the parental generation are responsible for the effect of parental EA on offspring BMI. Offspring EA and BMI are further correlated beyond parental influences.

scholarly journals Body Mass Index Moderates Brain Dynamics and Executive Function: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Kupis ◽  
Zachary T. Goodman ◽  
Salome Kornfeld ◽  
Celia Romero ◽  
Bryce Dirks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Obesity is associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes. Being overweight/obese is also associated with executive functioning impairments and structural changes in the brain. However, the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the relationship between brain dynamics and executive function (EF) is unknown. The goal of the study was to assess the modulatory effects of BMI on brain dynamics and EF. A large sample of publicly available neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment data collected from 253 adults (18–45 years; mean BMI 26.95 kg/m2 ± 5.90 SD) from the Nathan Kline Institute (NKI) were included (http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/enhanced/). Participants underwent resting-state functional MRI and completed the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) test battery (1). Time series were extracted from 400 brain nodes and used in a co-activation pattern (CAP) analysis. Dynamic CAP metrics including dwell time (DT), frequency of occurrence, and transitions were computed. Multiple measurement models were compared based on model fit with indicators from the D-KEFS assigned a priori (shifting, inhibition, and fluency). Multiple structural equation models were computed with interactions between BMI and the dynamic CAP metrics predicting the three latent factors of shifting, inhibition, and fluency while controlling for age, sex, and head motion. Models were assessed for the main effects of BMI and CAP metrics predicting the latent factors. A three-factor model (shifting, inhibition, and fluency) resulted in the best model fit. Significant interactions were present between BMI and CAP 2 (lateral frontoparietal (L-FPN), medial frontoparietal (M-FPN), and limbic nodes) and CAP 5 (dorsal frontoparietal (D-FPN), midcingulo-insular (M-CIN), somatosensory motor, and visual network nodes) DTs associated with shifting. A higher BMI was associated with a positive relationship between CAP DTs and shifting. Conversely, in average and low BMI participants, a negative relationship was seen between CAP DTs and shifting. Our findings indicate that BMI moderates the relationship between brain dynamics of networks important for cognitive control and shifting, an index of cognitive flexibility. Furthermore, higher BMI is linked with altered brain dynamic patterns associated with shifting.

scholarly journals Health-Related Behaviors in Adolescents Mediate the Association between Subjective Social Status and Body Mass Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7307
Author(s):  
Asborg A. Bjertnaes ◽  
Catherine Schwinger ◽  
Petur B. Juliusson ◽  
Tor A. Strand ◽  
Mads N. Holten-Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Subjective Social Status ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Unhealthy Behavior ◽  
Health Related Behaviors ◽  
Health Related

The aim of this study was to explore the association between adolescent subjective social status (SSS) and body mass index (BMI) at two different time points and to determine whether this association was mediated by health-related behaviors. In 2002 (n = 1596) and 2017 (n = 1534), tenth-grade students (15–16 years old) in schools in the District of Oppland, Norway, completed a survey. Four categories of perceived family economy were measured as SSS, and structural equation modeling was performed, including a latent variable for unhealthy behavior derived from cigarette smoking, snuff-use, and alcohol-drinking as well as dietary and exercise as mediators. No linear association was found between SSS and BMI in 2002 (standardized ß −0.02, (95% confidence interval (CI) −0.07, 0.03)). However, an association was present in 2017 (standardized ß −0.05 (95% CI −0.10, −0.001)), indicating that BMI decreased by 0.05 standard deviations (0.05 × 3.1 = 0.16 BMI unit) for every one-category increase in SSS. This association was mediated by exercise (standardized ß −0.013 (95% CI −0.02, −0.004) and unhealthy behavior (standardized ß −0.009 (95% CI −0.002, −0.04)). In conclusion, a direct association between SSS and BMI was found in 2017 in this repeated cross-sectional survey of 15–16-year-old Norwegian adolescents. This association was mediated through health-related behavior.

scholarly journals Interaction between Vegetarian Versus Omnivorous Diet and Unhealthy Eating Patterns (Orthorexia Nervosa, Cognitive Restraint) and Body Mass Index in Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Brytek-Matera
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Orthorexia Nervosa ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Cognitive Restraint ◽  
Unhealthy Eating ◽  
Omnivorous Diet

The objective of the present study was two-fold: Firstly, to investigate unhealthy eating patterns and body mass index among individuals following a vegetarian diet and those following an omnivorous diet. Secondly, to examine interaction between vegetarian versus omnivorous diet and unhealthy eating patterns (orthorexia nervosa, cognitive restraint) and body mass index using a structural equation modeling approach (SEM). The study included 370 participants: 188 participants following a vegetarian diet and 182 following an omnivorous diet. Unhealthy eating patterns and body mass index were measured. Our results showed that individuals following a vegetarian diet were more likely to engage in orthorexic eating behavior compared to individuals following an omnivorous diet. In addition, they had a significantly lower levels of cognitive restraint and lower body mass index than individuals following an omnivorous diet. Use of SEM method showed that: (1) following a vegetarian diet and orthorexia nervosa were directly associated, (2) following an omnivorous diet and cognitive restraint were directly related and (3) following an omnivorous diet had a greater tendency to cognitive restraint and an elevated body mass index. More research is necessary to further understand the complexity of the relationship between type of diet and unhealthy eating patterns in adults.

scholarly journals Do the Walkability and Urban Leisure Amenities of Neighborhoods Affect the Body Mass Index of Individuals? Based on a Case Study in Seoul, South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 2060
Author(s):  
Yunwon Choi ◽  
Heeyeun Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Daily Physical Activities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urban Leisure

This study investigates the impact of neighborhood-built environments on obesity in interrelationship with socioeconomic status (SES)—controlling for dietary patterns and physical activities of residents—using structural equation modeling (SEM). A total of 577 samples who are between 19 and 64 years old and reside in Seoul are extracted from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES), 2015. Neighborhood environments are represented as the two latent constructs—walkability and leisure amenities—composited with indicators such as density of intersections, density of mixed-use area, and the area of open spaces and are aggregated by jurisdictional unit in Seoul. We found that greater walkability in a neighborhood explained a lower body mass index (BMI) among residents, whereas more urban leisure amenities in a neighborhood explained a higher BMI. The finding suggests that a walking-friendly environment is more effective than active recreational amenities in inducing people to engage in daily physical activities to the level that reduces obesity rate. SES exerted a negative impact on BMI of a greater magnitude than the impact of either of the environmental living conditions, reinforcing the importance of general wealth and education level in leading to a healthy lifestyle. Our research contributes to growing evidence of a relationship between obesity and the built environment in the context of Asian countries where the prevalence of obesity is becoming a serious issue and requires immediate attention.

scholarly journals A comparison between body mass index and waist circumference for identifying continuous metabolic syndrome risk score components in school-aged children using a structural equation modeling approach: the CASPIAN-V study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed ◽  
Zohre Mahmoodi ◽  
mostafa qorbani ◽  
Pooneh Angoorani ◽  
Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
School Aged Children

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of anthropometric measures with continuous metabolic syndrome (cMetS) risk score components in a large population-based sample of children and adolescents using a path analysis. Methods This multi-centric study was performed on 3843 students aged 7-18 years who were selected by multistage, stratified cluster sampling method from 30 provinces of Iran. Demographic, anthropometric and biochemical factors were obtained and standardized residuals ( z -scores) were calculated for MetS components. A structural equation modeling approach was applied to evaluate the relationships among the study variables and to implement the subsequent structural modeling. Results The mean age of participants (52.3% boys) was 12.4±3.05 years. Standardized scores of body mass index (ZBMI) and waist circumference (ZWC) had a direct effect on standardized scores of mean arterial pressure (ZMAP) (0.23 and 0.24 in boys and 0.22 and 0.23 in girls; respectively) and triglyceride (ZTG) (0.07 and 0.04 in boys and 0.02 and 0.06 in girls; respectively), but the effect of ZWC was stronger than ZBMI on these variables. Age, socioeconomic status and sedentary behaviors showed a positive direct effect on ZWC (0.01, 0.05 and 0.07 in boys and 0.05, 0.08 and 0.002 in girls; respectively). These variables induced indirect effects on cMets risk score components through ZWC. Conclusions The magnitude of association between WC and continuous metabolic syndrome risk score components was higher compared with BMI in school-aged children, emphasizing on paying more attention to central obesity in childhood.

scholarly journals Relationship between body mass index, body image, and fear of negative evaluation: Moderating role of self-esteem

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 205510291877425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf Sadat Ahadzadeh ◽  
Shameem Rafik-Galea ◽  
Masoumeh Alavi ◽  
Mansour Amini
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Fear Of Negative Evaluation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Moderating Role

This study examined the correlation between body mass index as independent variable, and body image and fear of negative evaluation as dependent variables, as well as the moderating role of self-esteem in these correlations. A total of 318 Malaysian young adults were conveniently recruited to do the self-administered survey on the demographic characteristics body image, fear of negative evaluation, and self-esteem. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the research hypotheses. The results revealed that body mass index was negatively associated with body image, while no such correlation was found with fear of negative evaluation. Meanwhile, the negative correlation of body mass index with body image was stronger among those with lower self-esteem, while a positive association of body mass index with fear of negative evaluation was significant only among individuals with low self-esteem.

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