scholarly journals Population-based virucidal phthalocyanine gargle/rinse protocol to reduce the risk of coronavirus disease-2019: a community trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verônica Caroline Brito Reia ◽  
Roosevelt da Silva Bastos ◽  
Fabiano Vieira Vilhena ◽  
Heitor Marques Honório ◽  
Lucas Marques da Costa Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Control Community ◽  
And Control ◽  
Official Information ◽  
Community Trial

Abstract Purpose: In this community trial, the objective was to evaluate the incidence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases in two similar communities in three distinct phases: phase 1 (before the intervention), 2 (during the intervention), and 3 (after the intervention).Methods: The test community received the oral antiseptic intervention (experimental), while the control community did not. The official information agency provided the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Data were analyzed according to the three phases per epidemiological week (epi) using the R Core Team (2021) program. The relative risk and 95% confidence intervals between the cumulative incidence values of the test and control communities were calculated for each period. In the test community, a total of 995 residents, over 10 years of age, received two bottles containing 600 ml of mouthwash with antiviral phthalocyanine derivative (APD). The participants were asked to gargle/rinse with of 5 mL of the mouthwash with ADP 3 to 5 times a day, for 1 min, until the end of the bottles. Results: In phases 1 and 3, disease risk between the two communities did not differ significantly (p> 0.05), while in phase 2, disease risk was 54% lower in the test community than in the control community. Conclusion: The use of the APD mouthwash protocol seems to reduce the COVID-19 incidence at the population level, and further studies are needed to confirm its protective effect in different contexts.

Performance and carcass composition of docked and control fat-tailed Kellakui lambs

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. O'Donovan ◽  
M. B. Ghadaki ◽  
R. D. Behesti ◽  
B. A. Saleh ◽  
D. H. L. Rollinson
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
And Control ◽  
Standardize Reporting

SUMMARYNinety-three Kellakui fat-tailed single lambs were assigned after birth to a 2×2×2 factorial experiment; 46 were uncastrated males and 47 were females. About half the lambs of each sex were docked before they were 1 week old. Half the lambs had unrestricted milk from the ewes until 115 days of age (phase 1) and the other half received all the ewes' milk for the first 30 days and then about one-third of the milk until weaning at 60 days. Creep feed was avail-able to all lambs from about 3 weeks of age, in addition to 200 g of alfalfa dry matter per lamb daily. From 115 days of age, all lambs were fed on a standard fattening ration until slaughtered at weights of 46 to 49 kg for males and 35 to 38 kg for females (phase 2).Lambs given unrestricted milk were 7·4 kg heavier than restricted lambs at the end of phase 1. Significantly better gains due to docking were observed only for females during phase 2. There was little indication that docking affected feed conversion efficiency. In docked lambs the fat normally deposited in the tail was partially (less than 50%) relocated as subcutaneous plus intermuscular and internal fat. Lean meat percentages of carcasses were similar for docked and control treatments. There is a need to standardize reporting of results from docking experiments to make valid comparisons.

scholarly journals Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence

2004 ◽  
Vol 184 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Arseneault ◽  
Mary Cannon ◽  
John Witton ◽  
Robin M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Causal Association ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Causal Risk Factor

BackgroundControversy remains as to whether cannabis acts as a causal risk factor for schizophrenia or other functional psychotic illnesses.AimsTo examine critically the evidence that cannabis causes psychosis using established criteria of causality.MethodWe identified five studies that included a well-defined sample drawn from population-based registers or cohorts and used prospective measures of cannabis use and adult psychosis.ResultsOn an individual level, cannabis use confers an overall twofold increase in the relative risk for later schizophrenia. At the population level, elimination of cannabis use would reduce the incidence of schizophrenia by approximately 8%, assuming a causal relationship. Cannabis use appears to be neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause for psychosis. It is a component cause, part of a complex constellation of factors leading to psychosis.ConclusionsCases of psychotic disorder could be prevented by discouraging cannabis use among vulnerable youths. Research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which cannabis causes psychosis.

scholarly journals One Hundred Days of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Prevention and Control in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhou ◽  
Zunyou Wu ◽  
Zhongjie Li ◽  
Yanping Zhang ◽  
Jennifer M McGoogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Containment Strategy ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pragmatic Strategies

Abstract The epidemic of novel coronavirus disease was first reported in China in late December 2019 and was brought under control after some 2 months in China. However, it has become a global pandemic, and the number of cases and deaths continues to increase outside of China. We describe the emergence of the pandemic, detail the first 100 days of China’s response as a phase 1 containment strategy followed by phase 2 containment, and briefly highlight areas of focus for the future. Specific, simple, and pragmatic strategies used in China for risk assessment, prioritization, and deployment of resources are described. Details of implementation, at different risk levels, of the traditional public health interventions are shared. Involvement of society in mounting a whole country response and challenges experienced with logistics and supply chains are described. Finally, the methods China is employing to cautiously restart social life and economic activity are outlined.

Relative risk of arterial and venous thromboembolism in persons with cancer vs. persons without cancer—a nationwide analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella Grilz ◽  
Florian Posch ◽  
Stephan Nopp ◽  
Oliver Königsbrügge ◽  
Irene M Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Diagnosis Code ◽  
Arterial Embolism ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Shared Risk

Abstract Aims An interrelation between cancer and thrombosis is known, but population-based studies on the risk of both arterial thromboembolism (ATE) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) have not been performed. Methods and results International Classification of Disease 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis codes of all publicly insured persons in Austria (0–90 years) were extracted from the Austrian Association of Social Security Providers dataset covering the years 2006–07 (n = 8 306 244). Patients with a history of cancer or active cancer were defined as having at least one ICD-10 ‘C’ diagnosis code, and patients with ATE and/or VTE as having at least one of I21/I24 (myocardial infarction), I63/I64 (stroke), I74 (arterial embolism), and I26/I80/I82 (venous thromboembolism) diagnosis code. Among 158 675 people with cancer, 8559 (5.4%) had an ATE diagnosis code and 7244 (4.6%) a VTE diagnosis code. In contrast, among 8 147 569 people without cancer, 69 381 (0.9%) had an ATE diagnosis code and 29 307 (0.4%) a VTE diagnosis code. This corresponds to age-stratified random-effects relative risks (RR) of 6.88 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.81–9.84] for ATE and 14.91 (95% CI 8.90–24.95) for VTE. ATE proportion was highest in patients with urinary tract malignancies (RR: 7.16 [6.74–7.61]) and lowest in patients with endocrine cancer (RR: 2.49 [2.00–3.10]). The corresponding VTE proportion was highest in cancer of the mesothelium/soft tissue (RR: 19.35 [17.44–21.47]) and lowest in oropharyngeal cancer (RR: 6.62 [5.61–7.81]). Conclusion The RR of both ATE and VTE are significantly higher in persons with cancer. Our population-level meta-data indicate a strong association between cancer, ATE and VTE, and support the concept of shared risk factors and pathobiology between these diseases. Relative risk of ATE and VTE in persons with a cancer diagnosis code versus persons without a cancer diagnosis code.

scholarly journals May Measurement Month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Tunisia

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_B) ◽  
pp. B144-B146
Author(s):  
Sina Haj Amor ◽  
Thomas Beaney ◽  
Olfa Saidi ◽  
Jonathan Clarke ◽  
Neil R Poulter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Antihypertensive Medication ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Intervention Programme ◽  
And Control ◽  
Adult Volunteers

Abstract We performed a May Measurement Month (MMM) screening campaign among adult volunteers aged 18 years old and over in Tunisia. The objective was to raise awareness, and to estimate the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, one of the main cardiovascular risk factors. Following the MMM protocol, three blood pressure (BP) measurements were taken by physicians and standard interviewing procedures were used to record medical history, socio-demographic, and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg or treatment with antihypertensive medication. From 11 271 adults screened, the prevalence of hypertension was 38.1%. Among those with hypertension, 72.5% were aware of their diagnosis, and 67.5% were treated. BP control was achieved in only 38.2% of all those with hypertension. The study highlights the magnitude of hypertension in Tunisia. There is an urgent need for implementing a comprehensive integrated population-based intervention programme to ameliorate the growing problem of hypertension.

scholarly journals Canadian Collaborative Project on Genetic Susceptibility to MS, Phase 2: Rationale and Method

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Sadovnick ◽  
N.J. Risch ◽  
G.C. Ebers ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Susceptibility ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
Index Cases

ABSTRACT:Background:Results from the Canadian Collaborative Project on Genetic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis (MS)-Phase 1 (CCPGSMS-Phase 1) together with other family data published since 1982 have led to the following conclusions about the etiology of MS: (i) genetic and non-genetic (environmental) factors are involved in the etiology of MS on a population basis; (ii) the familial aggregation of MS is genetic; (iii) maternal factors do not influence the risk for siblings to develop MS; and (iv) MS appears to be oligogenic. The present paper describes the rationale and methodology for the CCPGSMS-Phase 2.Methods:The CCPGSMS-Phase 2 is a nation-wide collaborative effort involving all the 15 Canadian MS clinics. A series of structured questionnaires is administered to MS index cases, spouse controls and mothers of index cases and spouse controls (if available) by trained interviewers. Blood samples are taken for molecular genetic studies. This national effort is coordinated by the MS Clinics in Vancouver and London.Results:The CCPGSMS-Phase 2 is in progress so specific results are not available. The study is designed to (i) increase the database for genetic epidemiological/molecular genetic research and (ii) gather population-based data to further our understanding of the non-genetic factors in the etiology of MS.Conclusions:It is anticipated that the results from this study will impact on the eventual prevention, cure and treatment of MS.

scholarly journals Serial population-based sero-surveys for COVID-19 in low and high transmission neighborhoods of urban Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imran Nisar ◽  
Nadia Ansari ◽  
Farah Khalid ◽  
Mashal Amin ◽  
Hamna Shahbaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Parametric Bootstrap ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Bayesian Regression ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Conditional Risk ◽  
High Transmission ◽  
Later Phase

AbstractObjectiveTo determine population-based estimates of COVID-19 in a densely populated urban community of Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsThree cross-sectional surveys were conducted in April, June and August in low- and high-transmission neighborhoods of Karachi. Participants were randomly selected to provide blood for Elecsys® immunoassay for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Bayesian regression model was used to estimate seroprevalence after adjusting for the demographic characteristics of each district. Conditional Risk of Infection (CRI) with 95% confidence interval was calculated using a non-parametric bootstrap of households. Infection fatality rates (IFR) were estimated.ResultsWe enrolled 3005 participants from 623 households. In Phase 2, the adjusted seroprevalence was estimated as 8.7% (95% CI 5.1-13.1) and 15.1% (95% CI 9.4 -21.7) in low and high transmission areas respectively, compared to 0.2% (95% CI 0-0.7) and 0.4% (95% CI 0 - 1.3) in Phase 1. In Phase 3, it was 12.8% (95% CI 8.3 – 17.7) and 21.5% (95% CI 15.6-28) in low and high transmission areas, respectively. CRI was 0.31 (95% CI 0.16-0.47) and 0.41(95% CI 0.28-0.52) in low and high transmission neighborhoods respectively in Phase 2. Similar trends were observed in Phase 3. Only 5.4% of participants who tested positive for COVID-19 were symptomatic. IFR was 1.66% in phase 1, 0.37% in Phase 2 and 0.26% in Phase 3.ConclusionInitial rapid increase in seroprevalence was followed by a plateau in the later phase of the pandemic in Karachi. Continuing rounds of seroprevalence studies have the potential to fully characterize the pandemic in this geography.

scholarly journals Genomic Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Circulating in Africa and Other Continents: Implications for Diagnosis, Transmission, and Prevention

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Idowu A. Taiwo
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
Phase 2

Background: COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 remains a global health threat. Assessment of the genetic relatedness of the genome sequence is a prerequisite to understanding the dynamics, which is important to improve diagnosis and preventive measures. This study determined genomic diversity and SNP characteristic of genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from Africa and the rest of the world. The study involved molecular and phylogenetic analyses to understand the phylogeny and transmission dynamics of the virus. Methods: The SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence data were mined and retrieved from major databases for one year in two phases: Phase 1; December 2019 to May 2020 and Phase 2; June 2020 to December 2020. A maximum of the four sequences that fulfilled the following predetermined criteria from each country were randomly selected for inclusion in the study: (i) sequence length >29,700 nt, (ii) number of Ns in the sequence not >5%, (iii) inclusion of Poly-A tail in the sequence record to ensure completeness. Results: The similarity of SARS-Cov-2 genomes within and between countries was generally high with an average of 99.9%. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 vary between countries and continents by 0.1% as a result of SNPs in its genome. Phylogenetic data revealed multiple origin of SARS-CoV-2 in Africa and also suggested that the virus spreads by ‘founder’s effect’; whereby few viruses newly introduced into a population multiply rapidly and accumulate mutations as they spread quickly by community transfer to create population-based identity. Tree of continental consensus sequences retrieved in Phase 1 suggested that SARS-CoV-2 virus is of two major clusters: African cluster consisting of Africa, Europe, and North America and Asian cluster made up of Asia, South America, and Oceania. However, this clustering pattern vanished in phase 2. Thus, upholding the view that SARS-CoV-2 is constantly evolving. Conclusion: This dynamism and genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 have important implications in diagnosis, transmission, and prevention strategy.

scholarly journals An LDLR missense variant poses high risk of familial hypercholesterolemia in 30% of Greenlanders and offers potential for early cardiovascular disease intervention

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Jørsboe ◽  
Mette Korre Andersen ◽  
Line Skotte ◽  
Frederik Filip Stæger ◽  
Nils Joakim Kaas Færgeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Familial Hypercholesterolemia ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Missense Variant ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: The common Arctic specific LDLR p.G137S variant was recently shown to be associated with elevated lipid levels. Motivated by this we aimed to investigate the effect of p.G137S on metabolic health, and cardiovascular disease risk among Greenlanders to quantify its impact on the population. Methods: In a population based Greenlandic cohort (n=5063), we tested for associations between the p.G137S variant and metabolic health traits as well as cardiovascular disease risk based on registry data. Additionally, we explored the variant's impact on plasma NMR measured lipoprotein concentration and composition in another Greenlandic cohort (n=1629). Results: 29.5% of the individuals in the cohort carried at least one copy of the p.G137S risk allele. Furthermore, 25.4% of the heterozygous and 54.7% of the homozygous carriers had high levels (>4.9 mmol/L) of LDL cholesterol, which is above the diagnostic level for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Moreover, p.G137S was associated with an overall atherosclerotic lipid profile, and increased risk of ischaemic heart disease (HR (95% CI), 1.51 (1.18-1.92), P=0.00096), peripheral artery disease (1.69 (1.01-2.82), P=0.046), and coronary operations (1.78 (1.21-2.62), P=0.0035). Conclusions: Due to its high frequency and large effect sizes, p.G137S has a marked population-level impact, increasing the risk of FH and cardiovascular disease for up to 30% of the Greenlandic population. Thus, p.G137S is a potential marker for early intervention in Arctic populations.

scholarly journals A population-based case–control study of diet and melanoma risk in northern Italy

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1307-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Vinceti ◽  
Giovanni Pellacani ◽  
Carlotta Malagoli ◽  
Stefania Bassissi ◽  
Sabina Sieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Melanoma Risk ◽  
Melanoma Patients

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed at examining the association between dietary constituents and risk of cutaneous melanoma.DesignIn an area of northern Italy we recruited 59 newly diagnosed melanoma patients and 59 age- and sex-matched population controls, to whom we administered a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire.ResultsWe found an excess risk of melanoma in subjects with a higher energy-adjusted intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and, in particular, of linoleic acid (relative risk = 2.16 for intake in the highest tertile compared with the lowest tertile,Pfor linear trend = 0.061). Conversely, disease risk was inversely associated with the consumption of soluble carbohydrates (relative risk = 0.34 for intake in the upper vs. the lowest tertile adjusting for total energy intake,Pfor linear trend = 0.046). No other dietary factors, including alcohol, vitamins and trace elements, correlated with melanoma risk. The association of melanoma risk with linoleic acid and soluble carbohydrates intakes was further strengthened in multivariate analysis, and when analysis was limited to females.ConclusionsOverall, these results indicate that an excess energy-adjusted intake of linoleic acid and a lower consumption of soluble carbohydrates may increase melanoma risk.

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