New Insights Into Invertase Gene Family and Functional Characterization of Critical Cell Wall Invertase TaCWINV40 For Male Fertility in Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.)

Abstract Invertase (INV, ec3.2.1.26) irreversibly hydrolyzes sucrose into fructose and glucose, and it is regulated by the environment to affect pollen fertility in some plant species. However, there has been a lack of systematic identification of INV gene family in wheat. In order to reveal the potential influence on the male fertility, a total of 130 wheat INVs that unevenly distributed on 21 chromosomes were systematically identified and analyzed in this study. According to physical and chemical properties, subcellular location, and phylogenetic tree, they were divided into two acidic INV (AINV) subtypes: cell wall group (TaCWINV1-68), vacuole group (TaVINV1-42), and two neutral/alkaline INV (A/NINV) subtypes: cytoplasmic α group (TaA/NINV1-11) and cytoplasmic β group (TaA/NINV12-20). The amplification of A/NINVs is mainly attributed to the polyploidization of wheat, and the multiple duplication events experienced in AINVs revealed their non-dose sensitivity characteristic. The wheat RNA-seq data revealed the tissue specificity of A/NINVs and AINVs, and six spike-specific CWINVs showed significant differential expression between the fertile and sterile anthers of thermo-sensitive male-sterile wheat KTM3315A. TaCWINV40 localized in cell wall was effectively silenced in the fertile KTM3315A, and the malformed pollen grains and non-germinating pollen tubes shed light on its indispensability in the development of wheat anthers. This study will spur the interest on manipulating the novel genetic characteristics of TaCWINVs for the construction and improvement of wheat male sterile materials.

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Comprehensive analysis of polygalacturonase family highlights candidate genes related to pollen development and male fertility in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

10.21203/rs.2.18306/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jiali Ye ◽

Xuetong Yang ◽

Zhiquan Yang ◽

Wei Li ◽

Qi Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Gene Family ◽

Candidate Genes ◽

Pollen Development ◽

Male Fertility ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Segmental Duplications ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Wide Range

Abstract Background: Polygalacturonase (PG) belongs to a large family of hydrolases with important functions in cell separation during plant growth and development via the degradation of pectin. The specific expression of PG genes in anthers may be significant for male sterility research and hybrid wheat breeding, but it has not been characterized in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Results: We systematically studied the PG gene family using the latest published wheat reference genomic information. In total, 113 wheat PG genes were identified and renamed as TaPG01–113 based on their chromosomal positions. The PG genes are unequally distributed on 21 chromosomes and classified according to six categories from A–F. Analysis of the gene structures and conserved motifs demonstrated that the Class C and D TaPGs have relatively short gene sequences and a small number of introns. Class E TaPGs are the least conserved and lack conserved domain III. Polyploidy and segmental duplications in wheat were mainly responsible for the expansion of the wheat PG gene family. Predictions of cis-elements indicate that TaPGs have a wide range of functions, including the responses to light, hypothermia, anaerobic conditions, and hormonal stimulation, as well as being involved in meristematic tissue expression. RNA-seq showed that TaPGs have specific temporal and spatial expression characteristics. Twelve spike-specific TaPGs were screened using RNA-seq data and verified by qRT-PCR in the sterile and fertile anthers of thermo-sensitive male-sterile wheat. Four important candidate genes were identified as involved in the male fertility determination process. In fertile anthers, TaPG09 may be involved in the separation of pollen. TaPG87 and TaPG95 could play important roles in anther dehiscence. TaPG93 may be related to pollen development and pollen tube elongation. Conclusions: We analyzed the wheat PG gene family and identified four important TaPGs with differential expression levels in the wheat fertility conversion process. Our findings may facilitate functional investigations of the wheat PG gene family and provide new insights into the fertility conversion mechanism in male-sterile wheat.

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PRX9 and PRX40 are extensin peroxidases essential for maintaining tapetum and microspore cell wall integrity during Arabidopsis anther development

10.1101/319020 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Joseph R. Jacobowitz ◽

Jing-Ke Weng

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Pollen Development ◽

Tapetal Cell ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Anther Development ◽

Cell Wall Integrity ◽

Class Iii ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Male Gametes ◽

Encoding Genes

AbstractPollen and microspore development is an essential step in the life cycle of all land plants that generate male gametes. Within flowering plants, pollen development occurs inside of the anther. Here, we report the identification of two class III peroxidase-encoding genes, PRX9 and PRX40, that are genetically redundant and essential for proper anther and pollen development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis double mutants devoid of functional PRX9 and PRX40 are male-sterile. The mutant anthers display swollen, hypertrophic tapetal cells and pollen grains, suggesting disrupted cell wall integrity. These phenotypes ultimately lead to nearly 100%-penetrant pollen degeneration upon anther maturation. Using immunochemical and biochemical approaches, we show that PRX9 and PRX40 are likely extensin peroxidases that contribute to the establishment of tapetal cell wall integrity during anther development. This work identifies PRX9 and PRX40 as the first extensin peroxidases to be described in Arabidopsis and highlights the importance of extensin cross-linking during plant development.

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SELFING ABILITY AND MALE STERILITY IN SENECIO VERNALIS WALDST. ET KIT. (ASTERACEAE) FROM ISRAEL

Israel Journal of Plant Sciences ◽

10.1080/07929978.1994.10676561 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 89-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H.P. Comes

Keyword(s):

Male Sterility ◽

Breeding System ◽

Male Fertility ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Pollen Production ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Ovule Number ◽

Selfing Ability

Two major findings relating to the breeding system of Senecio vernalis from Israel are reported. First, isolation experiments failed to confirm the existence of a widespread, truly self-compatible and predominantly self-pollinating breeding system in Israeli populations of S. vernalis. However, a single S. vernalis plant derived from a natural stand at Jerusalem was found to be self- compatible and strongly self-pollinating. In its progeny, there were signs of inbreeding depression commonly associated with selfed offspring of outbreeding species. Selfing ability ratios in this progeny indicate a single dominant gene for selfing ability in S. vernalis. The implications of these observations for the origin of S. vulgaris are briefly discussed. Second, the occurrence of gynodioecy in S. vernalis populations from Israel is reported. Although male sterile plants are recognizable by the complete absence of pollen on their exposed stigmas, there probably exists a large amount of variation within and between plants for pollen production. Infertile pollen grains of male steriles differ in size, shape, and sculpturing from those of hermaphrodites. At the Mt. of Olives, in Jerusalem, the frequency of male steriles was found to be 9.1%. There is some preliminary evidence for differences in floret (= ovule) number between the two gender types. Although the inheritance of male sterility appears to be predominantly cytoplasmically controlled, additional mechanisms restoring male fertility have to be postulated to account for the data observed in one of the crosses. The male sterility system in S. vernalis should therefore be referred to as “nuclear-cytoplasmic.”

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Flavonoids are indispensable for complete male fertility in rice

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa204 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (16) ◽

pp. 4715-4728 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lanxiang Wang ◽

Pui Ying Lam ◽

Andy C W Lui ◽

Fu-Yuan Zhu ◽

Mo-Xian Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Male Fertility ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Normal Structure ◽

Tube Length ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Dna Insertion ◽

Flavone Synthase ◽

Length Analysis

Abstract Flavonoids are essential for male fertility in some but not all plant species. In rice (Oryza sativa), the chalcone synthase mutant oschs1 produces flavonoid-depleted pollen and is male sterile. The mutant pollen grains are viable with normal structure, but they display reduced germination rate and pollen-tube length. Analysis of oschs1/+ heterozygous lines shows that pollen flavonoid deposition is a paternal effect and fertility is independent of the haploid genotypes (OsCHS1 or oschs1). To understand which classes of flavonoids are involved in male fertility, we conducted detailed analysis of rice mutants for branch-point enzymes of the downstream flavonoid pathways, including flavanone 3-hydroxylase (OsF3H; flavonol pathway entry enzyme), flavone synthase II (CYP93G1; flavone pathway entry enzyme), and flavanone 2-hydroxylase (CYP93G2; flavone C-glycoside pathway entry enzyme). Rice osf3h and cyp93g1 cyp93g2 CRISPR/Cas9 mutants, and cyp93g1 and cyp93g2 T-DNA insertion mutants showed altered flavonoid profiles in anthers, but only the osf3h and cyp93g1 cyp93g2 mutants displayed reduction in seed yield. Our findings indicate that flavonoids are essential for complete male fertility in rice and a combination of different classes (flavanones, flavonols, flavones, and flavone C-glycosides) appears to be important, as opposed to the essential role played primarily by flavonols that has been previously reported in several plant species.

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Endemic wheats of China as resources for breeding

Genetičnì resursi roslin (Plant Genetic Resources) ◽

10.36814/pgr.2019.25.01 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 11-25

Author(s):

Hao Fu ◽

N. P. Goncharov

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Careful Study ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Important Place ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

The People ◽

Spring Variety ◽

Northern Border ◽

Historical Heritage

Aim. To present the wheat endemics of China as source material for breeding and historical heritage. Results and Discussion. Wheat in China is the second most widely distributed cereal crop after rice. It is cultivated in China from the extreme northern border to the southern one, at altitudes from 154 m below sea level to 4450 m above sea level. The Chinian wheat is originated from South-West and West Asia and has a history of more than 2.8 thousand years. Since ancient times, the wheat species have been grown in China: bread (Triticum aestivum L.), compactum (T. compactum Host), polonicum (T. polonicum L.), turgidum (T. turgidum L.), durum (T. durum Desf.), turanian (T. turanicum Jakubz.). The Chinese ancient bread wheats are of interest for breeders because presence among them of early ripening, multi-flowering with the grain number in a spikelet up to 7-8 and in the ear up to 90-100, drought and winter hardy, resistant to powdery mildew and leaf rust; forms with good crossability with rye and Aegilops species. Among the endemic Chinese wheat, an important place belongs to the Chinese Spring variety which played an outstanding role in wheat genetics; super dwarfs Tom Pouce and Tibetan Dwarf; three-grain wheat, in which 3 grains are formed in one flower; Charklyk ancient wheat – a boneless form of polonicum wheat; dwarf blue wheat turgidum – with a strong waxy coating; Taigu-Male-Sterile Wheat – with gene male sterility; a wheats having species and subspecies status: wheat of Petropavlovskyi – Triticum petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch.; Tibetan wheat – T. spelta L. ssp. tibetanum (Shao) N.P. Gontsch comb. nov .; Yunnan wheat – T. spelta L. ssp. yunnanse (King ex S.L. Chen) N.P. Gontsch comb. nov. The origin and genetic characteristics of China's endemic wheats are discussed. Conclusions. China's wheat endemics need careful study and conservation as a reserve of valuable genes and their complexes for breeding, and as an embodiment of the history, culture, talent and work of the people who created them, and an integral part of human cultural heritage.

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Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the AIG Family in Vertebrates

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12081190 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1190

Author(s):

Yuqi Huang ◽

Minghao Sun ◽

Lenan Zhuang ◽

Jin He

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Gene Family ◽

Functional Characterization ◽

Vertebrate Evolution ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Whole Genome Duplications ◽

Genome Duplications ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

Duplication Events ◽

Inducible Genes

Androgen-inducible genes (AIGs), which can be regulated by androgen level, constitute a group of genes characterized by the presence of the AIG/FAR-17a domain in its protein sequence. Previous studies on AIGs demonstrated that one member of the gene family, AIG1, is involved in many biological processes in cancer cell lines and that ADTRP is associated with cardiovascular diseases. It has been shown that the numbers of AIG paralogs in humans, mice, and zebrafish are 2, 2, and 3, respectively, indicating possible gene duplication events during vertebrate evolution. Therefore, classifying subgroups of AIGs and identifying the homologs of each AIG member are important to characterize this novel gene family further. In this study, vertebrate AIGs were phylogenetically grouped into three major clades, ADTRP, AIG1, and AIG-L, with AIG-L also evident in an outgroup consisting of invertebrsate species. In this case, AIG-L, as the ancestral AIG, gave rise to ADTRP and AIG1 after two rounds of whole-genome duplications during vertebrate evolution. Then, the AIG family, which was exposed to purifying forces during evolution, lost or gained some of its members in some species. For example, in eutherians, Neognathae, and Percomorphaceae, AIG-L was lost; in contrast, Salmonidae and Cyprinidae acquired additional AIG copies. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate AIGs, which can be employed for future functional characterization of AIGs.

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Expression of a gene duplication encoding conserved sperm tail proteins is translationally regulated in Drosophila melanogaster.

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.13.3.1708 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1708-1718 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

M Schäfer ◽

D Börsch ◽

A Hülster ◽

U Schäfer

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Gene Family ◽

Translational Control ◽

Germ Line ◽

Gene Families ◽

Homologous Gene ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Sperm Tail ◽

Repetitive Motif ◽

Carboxy Terminal

We have analyzed a locus of Drosophila melanogaster located at 98C on chromosome 3, which contains two tandemly arranged genes, named Mst98Ca and Mst98Cb. They are two additional members of the Mst(3)CGP gene family by three criteria. (i) Both genes are exclusively transcribed in the male germ line. (ii) Both transcripts encode a protein with a high proportion of the repetitive motif Cys-Gly-Pro. (iii) Their expression is translationally controlled; while transcripts can be detected in diploid stages of spermatogenesis, association with polysomes can be shown only in haploid stages of sperm development. The genes differ markedly from the other members of the gene family in structure; they do not contain introns, they are of much larger size, and they have the Cys-Gly-Pro motifs clustered at the carboxy-terminal end of the encoded proteins. An antibody generated against the Mst98Ca protein recognizes both Mst98C proteins in D. melanogaster. In a male-sterile mutation in which spermiogenesis is blocked before individualization of sperm, both of these proteins are no longer synthesized. This finding provides proof of late translation for the Mst98C proteins and thereby independent proof of translational control of expression. Northern (RNA) and Western immunoblot analyses indicate the presence of homologous gene families in many other Drosophila species. The Mst98C proteins share sequence homology with proteins of the outer dense fibers in mammalian spermatozoa and can be localized to the sperm tail by immunofluorescence with an anti-Mst98Ca antibody.

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The Dynamics of Gynodioecy in Plantago lanceolatu L. II. Mode of Action and Frequencies of Restorer Alleles

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/147.3.1317 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 147 (3) ◽

pp. 1317-1328

Author(s):

Anita A de Haan ◽

Hans P Koelewijn ◽

Maria P J Hundscheid ◽

Jos M M Van Damme

Keyword(s):

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽

Male Sterility ◽

Allele Frequency ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Male Fertility ◽

Fertility Restoration ◽

Plantago Lanceolata ◽

Allele Frequencies ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Male Fertility Restoration

Male fertility in Plantago lanceolata is controlled by the interaction of cytoplasmic and nuclear genes. Different cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) types can be either male sterile or hermaphrodite, depending on the presence of nuclear restorer alleles. In three CMS types of P. lanceolata (CMSI, CMSIIa, and CMSIIb) the number of loci involved in male fertility restoration was determined. In each CMS type, male fertility was restored by multiple genes with either dominant or recessive action and capable either of restoring male fertility independently or in interaction with each other (epistasis). Restorer allele frequencies for CMSI, CMSIIa and CMSIIb were determined by crossing hermaphrodites with “standard” male steriles. Segregation of male steriles vs. non-male steriles was used to estimate overall restorer allele frequency. The frequency of restorer alleles was different for the CMS types: restorer alleles for CMSI were less frequent than for CMSIIa and CMSIIb. On the basis of the frequencies of male steriles and the CMS types an “expected” restorer allele frequency could be calculated. The correlation between estimated and expected restorer allele frequency was significant.

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