scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Bamboo And Their Use In Fishing Rods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Nishiyama ◽  
Motohiro Sato
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Large Deflection ◽  
Bionic Design ◽  
Nonlinear Bending ◽  
Concentrated Load ◽  
Runge Kutta Method ◽  
Bending Stresses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Tapered Cantilever Beam

Abstract Bamboo has historically been used in Japan as a structural material and for building tools such as fishing rods owing to its remarkable structural properties. In recent years, the materials used for manufacturing fishing rods have changed greatly owing to the development of composite materials; however, the basic slender tapered hollow cylindrical fishing rod design has remained unchanged throughout the long history of fishing. However, the mechanical rationale behind this structural design has not yet been sufficiently verified, and this study clarifies this. The analysis was performed by solving the nonlinear bending equation of a slender tapered cantilever beam with a concentrated load at the tip, which causes large deflection, using the Runge–Kutta method. The deflection curves and bending stresses were obtained, and the structural design to minimize the stresses was explored. Our results may prove useful for bamboo-inspired bionic design and bring to light our ancestors’ deep knowledge of natural materials and their advanced technological capabilities.

The Bending Mechanics of Aged Paper

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea K. I. Hall ◽  
Thomas C. O'Connor ◽  
Molly K. McGath ◽  
Patricia McGuiggan
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Moduli ◽  
Large Deflection ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Endurance Test ◽  
Nonlinear Bending ◽  
Concentrated Load ◽  
Bending Modulus ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Bending Length

Brittleness in paper is one of the primary reasons library books are removed from circulation, digitized, or have their access limited. Yet, paper brittleness is difficult to characterize as it has multiple definitions and no single measurable physical or chemical property associated with it. This study reevaluates the cantilever test as applied to aged papers. In this nondestructive test, the deflection of a strip of paper held horizontally is measured across its length. The deflection data are then fit to nonlinear bending theories assuming large deflection of a cantilever beam under a combined uniform and concentrated load. Fitting the shape of the deflection profiles provides bending and elastic moduli, the bending length, and confirms that the paper sheets respond linearly. The results are compared to those calculated from a simplified single point measurement of the maximum deflection of the cantilevered sample. Young's modulus measured by the cantilever test is lower for paper-based materials than that measured by tensile testing, and the bending modulus was found to correlate with the destructive Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) fold endurance test.

Comments on the Structural Design of High Speed Craft

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (02) ◽  
pp. 77-100
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Koelbel
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Structural Member ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Rough Water ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vertical Accelerations ◽  
Materials Used

A brief discussion of materials used in the construction of small high speed craft is given along with a history of the calculation of hydrodynamic bottom loads. Calculation methods currently in use are reviewed, including those for added drag in waves, vertical accelerations in rough water, total bottom load, load on each structural member, and the required structural properties of the member. In particular, a discussion of the uncertainty inherent in these methods is presented, as well as a recommendation for a somewhat simpler approach which removes some of the uncertainty, and additional recommendations for the improvement of several details of the procedure.

scholarly journals Architectural ruins: geoculture of the anatomy of buildings as illustrated by Casa Ippolito, Malta

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lino Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Building Physics

AbstractRuins are a statement on the building materials used and the construction method employed. Casa Ippolito, now in ruins, is typical of 17th-century Maltese aristocratic country residences. It represents an illustration of secondary or anthropogenic geodiversity. This paper scrutinises these ruins as a primary source in reconstructing the building’s architecture. The methodology involved on-site geographical surveying, including visual inspection and non-invasive tests, a geological survey of the local lithostratigraphy, and examination of notarial deeds and secondary sources to support findings about the building’s history as read from its ruins. An unmanned aerial vehicle was used to digitally record the parlous state of the architectural structure and karsten tubes were used to quantify the surface porosity of the limestone. The results are expressed from four perspectives. The anatomy of Casa Ippolito, as revealed in its ruins, provides a cross-section of its building history and shows two distinct phases in its construction. The tissue of Casa Ippolito—the building elements and materials—speaks of the knowledge of raw materials and their properties among the builders who worked on both phases. The architectural history of Casa Ippolito reveals how it supported its inhabitants’ wellbeing in terms of shelter, water and food. Finally, the ruins in their present state bring to the fore the site’s potential for cultural tourism. This case study aims to show that such ruins are not just geocultural remains of historical built fabric. They are open wounds in the built structure; they underpin the anatomy of the building and support insights into its former dynamics. Ruins offer an essay in material culture and building physics. Architectural ruins of masonry structures are anthropogenic discourse rendered in stone which facilitate not only the reconstruction of spaces but also places for human users; they are a statement on the wellbeing of humanity throughout history.

Pericles and Dracontides

1964 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Frost
Keyword(s):  
Peloponnesian War ◽  
Greek Literature ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Free Status ◽  
Religious Nonconformity

In his discourse on the causes of the Peloponnesian War (Pericles 31–32), Plutarch devotes an inordinate time to what he calls ‘the worst charge [against Pericles], but that having the greatest number of supporters’. The elements of this charge may be outlined briefly:1. Pheidias was indicted for embezzling the precious materials used in the construction of the great statue of Athena Parthenos. The informer was a certain Menon, a fellow workman, who was subsequently given immunity and tax-free status by a decree of the assembly proposed by Glycon.2. At the same time, Pericles' consort Aspasia was indicted and his friend and teacher Anaxagoras was attacked indirectly through a law against religious nonconformity brought by Diopeithes.3. While the people were still in this mood, Dracontides had a decree passed, requiring that Pericles' accounts be deposited with the council and that the dicasts try any resulting cases on the acropolis with ballots specially sanctified at the altar. This last clause was stricken from the bill by Hagnon, who specified that any resulting suits were to be tried by a jury of 1,500.4. Because of all these attacks, Pericles resolved to start the war, using the Megarian decree as provocation.Plutarch reports here the popular fancy—that Pericles started a foreign war to avoid domestic embarrassments. The development of this tradition is a well-known chapter in the history of Greek literature, but as it is fundamental to this discussion, a brief review is called for.

scholarly journals Scenery painting in the 19th century in the context of tempera painting on canvas: methodology and materials

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Sonia Santos Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Painting On Canvas ◽  
Modern Industry

Tempera painting on canvas has played multiple functions throughout the history of painting. They were used to cover altars in Lent, to make canopies and ceilings for beds, to act as organ doors, etc. In the 19th century and in the earlier 20th century, they were used as adornment on walls of palaces and theatres, as well as sceneries in the latter ones. Generally, this kind of tempera painting shows large proportions, which demanded a specific methodology of execution. Treatises of the epoch display how the painter, provided with paintbrushes of long handles, as brooms, walked on the canvases while the execution lasted. At that time, pigments derived from the activity of modern industry were already in use, in combination with other materials traditionally used in the previous centuries. This article presents the working methodology and materials used in tempera painting on canvas, mainly during the 19th century, providing a knowledge base for this subject.

scholarly journals On the importance of materials in the Monegros colonisation settlements

ZARCH ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 280-291
Author(s):  
Luis Prieto Mochales
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
Research Framework ◽  
Inherent Value ◽  
Urban Heritage ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Materials Used

Two central elements converge in the heritage values of Spain’s colonisation settlements in general and of those in the Los Monegros region in particular: the notion of the single unit and the fusion of modernity and tradition. Materials play an important role in both aspects. This analysis seeks to identify the values in the original projects that are essential in order to recognise colonisation settlements as examples of architectural and urban heritage. The premise of this analysis is that the materials used to build these towns and villages have inherent value and, as such, must be maintained and conserved. This paper forms part of a larger research framework, a doctoral thesis currently underway, in which the present conditions, degree of conservation and causes of deterioration observed in the colonisation settlements of Los Monegros are being analysed. After a series of general reflections on the architectural heritage of the materials, and after subsequent study of their current condition of the materials, guidelines are proposed for the improvement of their conservation. A series of possible criteria are also set out that can serve as a guide for any interventions to be made to the architectural heritage of these settlements, which are part of the overall history of Spain’s agrarian colonisation project.

scholarly journals BIAS GENDER DALAM BUKU PELAJARAN SKI TINGKAT MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Abdul Gani Jamora Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Course Materials ◽  
Promote Gender Equality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Islamic Civilization

<strong>Abstrak:</strong> Artikel ini mengkaji persoalan bias gender dalam buku pelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam di tingkat Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. Secara khusus, akan diteliti sejauhmana kemungkinan bias gender dalam pelajaran SKI untuk domain materi, gambar, dan rubrik. Data diperoleh melalui telaah dokumen, yaitu menganalisa buku pelajaran SKI yang biasa digunakan guru pada tingkat Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. Kajian ini menemukan bahwa buku pelajaran SKI masih bias gender. Sebab itu, perlu dilakukan penulisan buku pelajaran untuk anak madrasah dengan memerhatikan asas kesetaraan gender, agar persoalan bias gender tidak dilestarikan oleh lembaga-lembaga pendidikan Islam di Indonesia. Temuan kajian ini dapat menjadi dasar bagi pemerintah, khususnya Kementerian Agama, dalam menentukan kebijakan tentang buku-buku pelajaran untuk madrasah yang seharusnya mengedepankan kesetaraan gender.<br /><br /><strong>Abstract: </strong><strong>Gender Bias in History of Islamic Civilization (SKI) Course Materials at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Level. </strong>This article examines the issue of gender bias in Islamic civilization history textbooks at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah level. Specifically, this article examines the extent to which gender bias is possible in SKI lessons for material sphere, images and rubrics. The data obtained through the study of the document, by analyzing textbooks and course materials used by teachers at the level of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. This study found that SKI textbooks are still gender biased. Therefore, it is necessary to write textbooks for madrasah students by taking into account the principle of gender equality, so that gender bias issues are not preserved by Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia. The findings of this study may serve as a basis for the government, in particular the Ministry of Religious Affairs, in determining policies on textbooks for madrasah that should promote gender equality.<strong></strong><br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>bias<strong> </strong>gender, madrasah, Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam

Studies in the Campanian ‘Villae Rusticae.’

1931 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Carrington
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Half Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scanty Information ◽  
Materials Used

The remains of 39 villas have been discovered, up to the present, in the region which was covered by lapilli and ash during the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. Twelve of these were excavated between the years 1749 and 1782, in the vicinity of Castellammare di Stabia; the rest have been excavated during the last half-century, either in the immediate neighbourhood of Pompeii or in the territory of the modern comuni adjoining it (Boscoreale, Scafati, Gragnano). A list of 36 of the villas arranged in the chronological order of their excavation is given in Rostovtzeff's Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Rostovtzeff concludes his note with the words ‘Useful work could be done by a scholar who would devote a little time and care to a study of the Campanian “villae rusticae,” and endeavour to investigate the history of the buildings.’ Unfortunately all of the villas were buried again after their excavation, and, in investigating the history of the buildings, we have only the scanty information furnished by the reports, which, often amounts to nothing at all. Inability to see the buildings, however, would not be such a great disadvantage if, at the time of the excavation, adequate records had been made of the building materials used, and the methods of their use.

Vibration of Elastic Continuum With Stochastically Varying Surface Roughness Carrying an Accelerating Oscillator

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian A. Schenk ◽  
Lawrence A. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Initial Boundary ◽  
Initial Boundary Value Problem ◽  
Distributed Parameter ◽  
Direct Integration ◽  
Concentrated Load ◽  
Elastic Continuum ◽  
Second Moment ◽  
Runge Kutta Method ◽  
Initial Boundary Value

Abstract The problem of calculating the second moment properties of the response of a general class of non-conservative linear distributed parameter systems with stochastically varying surface roughness excited by a moving concentrated load is investigated. In particular, the method as presented in [1] is extended to the case of an arbitrarily varying oscillator speed. The resulting initial boundary value problem is transformed into the modal state space, where the second moment characteristics of the response are determined by direct integration using a Runge-Kutta method.

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