scholarly journals Impacts of Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus (CCYV) on Biological Characteristics of Its Vector Bemisia Tabaci

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifang He ◽  
Jingjing Li ◽  
Zelong Zhang ◽  
Xuefei Tang ◽  
Danyang Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus

Abstract Background: It is known that plant viruses, to facilitate their transmission, can change the phenotypes and defense pathways of the host plants and thereby the performance of their vectors. Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV), a newly reported virus occurring on cucurbit plants and many other plant species, is transmitted specifically by B and Q biotypes of tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), in a semipersistent manner. This study evaluated the direct and indirect effects of CCYV on B. tabaci performance to better understand the plant-virus-vector interaction in terms of its impacts on the biological characteristics of its vector.Methods: In this study, by using CCYV-B. tabaci-cucumber as the model, we investigated whether or how a semipersistent plant virus impacts the biology of its whitefly vectors directly and/or indirectly. Virion titer, body size, life table parameters, survival rate of nymphs and adults, reproduction capacity of both adult sexes as well as sex ratio were compared between whiteflies on CCYV-infected plants and ones on healthy plants. Results: CCYV virions were detectable in nymphs from 1st to 4th instar and adults of B. tabaci with different titers. Female nymph duration and female adult longevity greatly extended on CCYV-infected plants, but male nymph duration and male adult longevity were not significantly influenced. In addition, on CCYV-infected plants, the body length and oviposition of adult B. tabaci increased, but the egg hatching rate and survival rate of different stages of the whiteflies were not affected. Most interestingly, the sex ratio (female:male) significantly increased up to 66.40% in whitefly populations on CCYV-infected plants, while the female ratio remained about 50.53% on healthy plants. Conclusions: These results indicated that CCYV can significantly impact the biological characteristics of its vector B. tabaci through the host plants. It is speculated that CCYV and B. tabaci have established a typical mutualist relationship mediated by host plants.

scholarly journals Impacts of cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) on biological characteristics of its vector Bemisia tabaci

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifang He ◽  
Jingjing Li ◽  
Zelong Zhang ◽  
Xuefei Tang ◽  
Danyang Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Q Biotype ◽  
Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus

Abstract It is known that plant viruses, to facilitate their transmission, can change the phenotypes and defense pathways of the host plants and the performance of their vectors. Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV), a newly reported virus occurring on cucurbit plants and many other plant species, is transmitted specifically by Middle East-Minor Asia 1 (B biotype) and Mediterranean (Q biotype) cryptic species of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), in a semipersistent manner. This study evaluated the direct and indirect effects of CCYV on B. tabaci biology to better understand the plant-virus-vector interaction. By using CCYV-B. tabaci-cucumber as the model, we investigated whether or how a semipersistent plant virus impacts the biology of its whitefly vectors. CCYV mRNA were detectable in nymphs from 1st to 4th instars and adults of B. tabaci with different titers. Female nymph duration and female adult longevity greatly extended on CCYV-infected plants, but male nymph duration and male adult longevity were not significantly influenced. In addition, on CCYV-infected plants, the body length and oviposition of adult B. tabaci increased, but the hatching rates of eggs and survival rates of different stages were not affected. Most interestingly, the sex ratio (male:female) significantly reduced to 0.506:1 in whitefly populations on CCYV-infected plants, while the ratio remained about 0.979:1 on healthy plants. These results indicated that CCYV can significantly impact the biological characteristics of its vector B. tabaci through the host plants. It is speculated that CCYV and B. tabaci have established a typical mutualist relationship mediated by host plants.

scholarly journals Plant Virus Nanoparticles for Vaccine Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Santoni ◽  
Roberta Zampieri ◽  
Linda Avesani
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Heterologous Production ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Peptide Antigens ◽  
Chemical Conjugation

: In the rapidly evolving field of nanotechnology, plant virus nanoparticles (pVNPs) are emerging as powerful tools in diverse applications ranging from biomedicine to materials science. The proteinaceous structure of plant viruses allows the capsid structure to be modified by genetic engineering and/or chemical conjugation with nanoscale precision. This means that pVNPs can be engineered to display peptides and proteins on their external surface, including immunodominant peptides derived from pathogens allowing pVNPs to be used for active immunization. In this context, pVNPs are safer than VNPs derived from mammalian viruses because there is no risk of infection or reversion to pathogenicity. Furthermore, pVNPs can be produced rapidly and inexpensively in natural host plants or heterologous production platforms. : In this review, we discuss the use of pVNPs for the delivery of peptide antigens to the host immune in pre-clinical studies with the final aim of promoting systemic immunity against the corresponding pathogens. Furthermore, we described the versatility of plant viruses, with innate immunostimulatory properties, in providing a huge natural resource of carriers that can be used to develop the next generation of sustainable vaccines.

scholarly journals Future of cancer immunotherapy using plant virus-based nanoparticles

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. FSO401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erum Shoeb ◽  
Kathleen Hefferon
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Report ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

Immunotherapy potentiates a patient’s immune response against some forms of cancer, including malignant tumors. In this Special Report, we have summarized the use of nanoparticles that have been designed for use in cancer immunotherapy with particular emphasis on plant viruses. Plant virus-based nanoparticles are an ideal choice for therapeutic applications, as these nanoparticles are not only capable of targeting the desired cells but also of being safely delivered to the body without posing any threat of infection. Plant viruses can be taken up by tumor cells and can be functionalized as drug delivery vehicles. This Special Report describes how the future of cancer immunotherapy could be a success through the merger of computer-based technology using plant-virus nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Co-Acquired Nanovirus and Geminivirus Exhibit a Contrasted Localization within Their Common Aphid Vector

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy Di Mattia ◽  
Faustine Ryckebusch ◽  
Marie-Stéphanie Vernerey ◽  
Elodie Pirolles ◽  
Nicolas Sauvion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nuclear Shuttle Protein ◽  
Aphid Vector ◽  
Taxonomic Criterion ◽  
Alfalfa Leaf ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) plant viruses belong to the families Geminiviridae and Nanoviridae. They are transmitted by Hemipteran insects in a circulative, mostly non-propagative, manner. While geminiviruses are transmitted by leafhoppers, treehoppers, whiteflies and aphids, nanoviruses are transmitted exclusively by aphids. Circulative transmission involves complex virus–vector interactions in which epithelial cells have to be crossed and defense mechanisms counteracted. Vector taxa are considered a relevant taxonomic criterion for virus classification, indicating that viruses can evolve specific interactions with their vectors. Thus, we predicted that, although nanoviruses and geminiviruses represent related viral families, they have evolved distinct interactions with their vector. This prediction is also supported by the non-structural Nuclear Shuttle Protein (NSP) that is involved in vector transmission in nanoviruses but has no similar function in geminiviruses. Thanks to the recent discovery of aphid-transmitted geminiviruses, this prediction could be tested for the geminivirus alfalfa leaf curl virus (ALCV) and the nanovirus faba bean necrotic stunt virus (FBNSV) in their common vector, Aphis craccivora. Estimations of viral load in midgut and head of aphids, precise localization of viral DNA in cells of insect vectors and host plants, and virus transmission tests revealed that the pathway of the two viruses across the body of their common vector differs both quantitatively and qualitatively.

The importance of wild plants in the ecology of nematode-transmitted plant viruses

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Murant
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Soil Organism ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Free Living Nematode

The first convincing evidence implicating a specific soil organism in the transmission of a plant virus was not obtained until 1958. The vector concerned was a free-living nematode. Since then a number of soil-borne viruses have been shown to be transmitted by nematodes. Host plants, particularly wild plants, play an important part in the ecology of these viruses and their vectors.

scholarly journals Softening of Processed Plant Virus Infected Cucumis sativus Fruits

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Anne-Katrin Kersten ◽  
Sabrina Scharf ◽  
Martina Bandte ◽  
Peer Martin ◽  
Peter Meurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Texture Properties ◽  
Textural Changes

Texture softening of pickled cucumbers does not meet consumers’ quality expectations and leads to economic losses. The factor(s) triggering this phenomenon is still unknown. We investigated the importance of plant viruses such as Cucumber green mottle mosaic tobamovirus (CGMMV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) in the context of softening of pickles. Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) were infected by mechanical inoculation, grown under greenhouse conditions and tested positive for the viral infection by ELISA. The severity of virus infection was reflected in yield and symptom expression. Histological and morphological alterations were observed. All fruits were pasteurized, separately stored in jars and subjected to texture measurements after four, six and 12 months. CGMMV-infections were asymptomatic or caused mild symptoms on leaves and fruit, and texture quality was comparable to control. At the same time, fruits of ZYMV-infected plants showed severe symptoms like deformations and discoloration, as well as a reduction in firmness and crunchiness after pasteurization. In addition, histological alterations were detected in such fruits, possibly causing textural changes. We conclude that plant viruses could have a considerable influence on the firmness and crunchiness of pickled cucumbers after pasteurization. It is possible that the severity of symptom expression has an influence on texture properties.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the amount of infection obtained by aphis transmission of the virus Hy. III

1936 ◽  
Vol 226 (540) ◽  
pp. 457-489 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Suitable Host ◽  
Factors Affecting

Much of the information which can be obtained about a plant virus agent is ultimately derived from the quantity as well as the type of the infections resulting from inoculations to suitable host plants. The number ofinfections obtained does not depend solely on the nature of the particular virus concerned. It is dependent on other variable factors, such as the efficiency of the means of infection introducing the virus, the susceptibility of the plants receiving it, and the concentration of the virus in the source from which it was obtained. In this paper a'n attempt has been made to estimate the effect of some of these variables on infection by insects.

scholarly journals Novel Functional Genomics Approaches: A Promising Future in the Combat Against Plant Viruses

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 1231-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent N. Fondong ◽  
Ugrappa Nagalakshmi ◽  
Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Virus Control ◽  
Local Lesions ◽  
Short Palindromic Repeat ◽  
Interfering Rna

Advances in functional genomics and genome editing approaches have provided new opportunities and potential to accelerate plant virus control efforts through modification of host and viral genomes in a precise and predictable manner. Here, we discuss application of RNA-based technologies, including artificial micro RNA, transacting small interfering RNA, and Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat–associated protein 9), which are currently being successfully deployed in generating virus-resistant plants. We further discuss the reverse genetics approach, targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) and its variant, known as EcoTILLING, that are used in the identification of plant virus recessive resistance gene alleles. In addition to describing specific applications of these technologies in plant virus control, this review discusses their advantages and limitations.

scholarly journals Aphid endosymbiont facilitates virus transmission by modulating the volatile profile of host plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Bin Shi ◽  
Shuo Yan ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Li-Min Zheng ◽  
Zhan-Hong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Volatile Profile ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Buchnera Aphidicola ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Volatile Profiles

Abstract Background Most plant viruses rely on vectors for their transmission and spread. One of the outstanding biological questions concerning the vector-pathogen-symbiont multi-trophic interactions is the potential involvement of vector symbionts in the virus transmission process. Here, we used a multi-factorial system containing a non-persistent plant virus, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), its primary vector, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the obligate endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola to explore this uncharted territory. Results Based on our preliminary research, we hypothesized that aphid endosymbiont B. aphidicola can facilitate CMV transmission by modulating plant volatile profiles. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that CMV infection reduced B. aphidicola abundance in M. persicae, in which lower abundance of B. aphidicola was associated with a preference shift in aphids from infected to healthy plants. Volatile profile analyses confirmed that feeding by aphids with lower B. aphidicola titers reduced the production of attractants, while increased the emission of deterrents. As a result, M. persicae changed their feeding preference from infected to healthy plants. Conclusions We conclude that CMV infection reduces the B. aphidicola abundance in M. persicae. When viruliferous aphids feed on host plants, dynamic changes in obligate symbionts lead to a shift in plant volatiles from attraction to avoidance, thereby switching insect vector’s feeding preference from infected to healthy plants.

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