Global hotspots of recent and ancestral turnover in birds

Abstract A primary goal of biodiversity research is to uncover the processes acting in space and time to create the global distribution of species richness. However, we currently lack an understanding of how recent versus ancient biodiversity dynamics shape patterns of diversity for most groups. Here, we introduce a method to partition lineage turnover into recent and ancestral components, and use it to identify hotspots of turnover at the global scale for 8,296 bird species. Counter to the tropical niche conservatism hypothesis, we find extra-tropical regions such as Greenland and the Sahara are hotspots of ancestral turnover, while areas with high climatic variation such as (sub)tropical mountains and biome transitions are recent turnover hotspots. We can now quantify the relative contribution of contemporary and ancient lineage dynamics to assemblage structure, which enables future research to explore the processes generating earth’s diversity in a more temporally-explicit framework.

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Global hotspots of recent and ancestral turnover in birds

10.21203/rs.3.rs-131370/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ian R. McFadden ◽

Marco Túlio P. Coelho ◽

Rafael O. Wüest ◽

Fernanda A. S. Cassemiro ◽

Niklaus E. Zimmermann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bird Species ◽

Global Scale ◽

Climatic Variation ◽

Future Research ◽

Niche Conservatism ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Tropical Mountains ◽

Biodiversity Research ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

Ancient Lineage

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Evaluating the role of contracting and expanding rainforest in initiating cycles of speciation across the Isthmus of Panama

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2012.0706 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 279 (1742) ◽

pp. 3520-3526 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Brian Tilston Smith ◽

Amei Amei ◽

John Klicka

Keyword(s):

Bird Species ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Isthmus Of Panama ◽

Species Pairs ◽

The Matrix ◽

High Species Richness ◽

The Rich ◽

The Tropics ◽

The Impact

Climatic and geological changes across time are presumed to have shaped the rich biodiversity of tropical regions. However, the impact climatic drying and subsequent tropical rainforest contraction had on speciation has been controversial because of inconsistent palaeoecological and genetic data. Despite the strong interest in examining the role of climatic change on speciation in the Neotropics there has been few comparative studies, particularly, those that include non-rainforest taxa. We used bird species that inhabit humid or dry habitats that dispersed across the Panamanian Isthmus to characterize temporal and spatial patterns of speciation across this barrier. Here, we show that these two assemblages of birds exhibit temporally different speciation time patterns that supports multiple cycles of speciation. Evidence for these cycles is further corroborated by the finding that both assemblages consist of ‘young’ and ‘old’ species, despite dry habitat species pairs being geographically more distant than pairs of humid habitat species. The matrix of humid and dry habitats in the tropics not only allows for the maintenance of high species richness, but additionally this study suggests that these environments may have promoted speciation. We conclude that differentially expanding and contracting distributions of dry and humid habitats was probably an important contributor to speciation in the tropics.

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Towards a general model explaining physical and digital counterfeits

Marketing Intelligence & Planning ◽

10.1108/mip-12-2020-0529 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Francisco-Jose Molina-Castillo ◽

Elfriede Penz ◽

Barbara Stöttinger

Keyword(s):

General Model ◽

Purchase Intention ◽

Global Scale ◽

Future Research ◽

Digital Piracy ◽

Digital Products ◽

Content Type ◽

Self Identity ◽

Robust Model ◽

Research Goal

PurposeDemand for fake physical and digital products is a global phenomenon with substantive detrimental effects on companies and consumers. This raises various questions and issues, such as whether there are generalizable explanations of purchase intentions.Design/methodology/approachThis research is based on consumer samples from three different countries. This paper develops and tests a model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explain both the demand for counterfeits and digital piracy. Respondents were questioned about physical products (e.g. clothing, accessories) from well-known brands and digital products (e.g. software, music).FindingsSocially oriented motives such as embarrassment potential, ethical concerns and social norms explain the intention to purchase fake physical and digital products, while personally oriented motives (e.g. self-identity) have indirect effects but not a direct impact on purchase intention.Research limitations/implicationsAs our results show, we find evidence for a general model – contributing and supporting our first and primary research goal of providing a theoretically robust model that bridges the gap between two streams of literature.Practical implicationsThe fact that drivers of buying counterfeit physical and digital goods are similar across countries provides justification for companies and international organizations to bundle their efforts and thus leverage them more strongly on a global scale.Originality/valueWe provide a basis for consolidating future research on demand for counterfeits and pirated goods because underlying factors driving demand are similar across the three countries studied herein.

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Bird richness and composition in a Cerrado fragment in the State of São Paulo

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842010005000001 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 243-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

LT Manica ◽

M Telles ◽

MM Dias

Keyword(s):

Conservation Status ◽

Bird Species ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Bird Community ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The State ◽

São Paulo ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Bird Richness

Bird species richness is an important measure for monitoring biodiversity changes. We analysed avifauna richness and composition in a 472 ha protected cerrado fragment and surroundings at Fazenda Canchim (RL-CPPSE), São Carlos, in the State of São Paulo (SP). We carried out 95.1 hours of observation (22 visits) at irregular intervals from May 2004 to December 2006. Qualitative surveys were done walking through tracks inside the fragment and on the roads at its edge. We recorded 160 species, six of which were endemic to Cerrado domain, 22 migratory, seven threatened within the State of São Paulo, and two globally threatened. We found 28 species in the cerradão, 110 in the cerrado sensu stricto, 13 in the gallery forest, 26 in the reservoir border, 26 in pasturelands and sugar cane monoculture and 55 in an anthropic area. Most of the species had low frequency of occurrence in all vegetation forms. Insectivores were the major trophic category (46.9%), which is typical in tropical regions, and it is also related to resource availability. Omnivores followed with 19.4%, granivores with 8.8% and frugivores with 7.5%. We conclude that, despite its size and conservation status, our study area has a remarkable bird community and must be considered as a priority conservation area to preserve bird species in Sao Paulo State.

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Greenhouses – urban biodiversity hotspot of alien Oribatida (Acari) species

Fragmenta Faunistica ◽

10.3161/00159301ff2020.63.1.001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Mateusz OSZUST ◽

◽

Ziemowit OLSZANOWSKI ◽

Marta PRZYMUSZAŁA ◽

d Aleksandra JAGIEŁŁO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alien Species ◽

Native Species ◽

Biodiversity Hotspot ◽

Oribatid Mites ◽

Future Research ◽

Tropical Species ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Stable Conditions ◽

The World ◽

Different Parts

Palm houses and other greenhouses, due to maintaining constant temperature and humidity, allow the cultivation in Europe of plants from different parts of the world, even from tropical regions. However, sometimes they are also a habitat for alien species of spiders, mites, insect, etc. These animals have been introduced accidentally with contaminated plants, seeds, seedlings, soil and thanks to stable conditions maintained in greenhouses, they may colonize these places. Example of arthropods, of which even tropical species occur in several greenhouses, are oribatid mites – minute saprophagous arachnids that mostly inhabit soil. In Europe they are represented by about 2,000 species, while worldwide – over 10,000 taxa were described. The aim of this research was to investigate the selected greenhouses for the biodiversity of oribatid mites and the presence of non-native species. In total, 49 taxa were recorded, including 23 alien species (for example, a Neotropical taxon Galumna hamifer, or Oriental Suctobelbella parallelodentata). These results confirm that greenhouses are the places of occurrence of many alien oribatid species. The obtained results may be used in future research on the biology of poorly known tropical mites.

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Towards a nudging of stratospheric overshoots in the 3D mesoscale BRAMS model

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-1323 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Justine Pichon ◽

Emmanuel Riviere ◽

Abhinna Behera ◽

Jeremie Burgalat

Keyword(s):

Mesoscale Model ◽

Water Concentration ◽

Global Scale ◽

Satellite Measurement ◽

Model Categories ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Water Ice ◽

Convective Clouds ◽

Starting Point ◽

Ice Water

Water repartition in the stratosphere is a key compound in the atmospheric chemical and radiative equilibrium. Since the 80&#8217;s, an increase of the water concentration in the stratosphere has been observed.This presence in the stratosphere can be explained by the slow ascent of air mass above convective clouds in tropical regions. The amount of water vapor entering in the stratosphere depends on the coldest temperature and countered during this slow ascent because it can lead to ice cristal formation that sediment and dehydrate the air masses. But some other processes may contribute to the stratospheric water budget, especially to explain the increase of water vapor. Stratospheric overshoots phenomenon can take part in the stratospheric hydratation, by injecting directly water ice in the stratosphere. Injected ice water, by sublimation, will hydrate stratosphere locally. The local role of overshoots is better known but their contributions at the global scale steal need to be quantified. In order to estimate this contribution, previous studies have used the 3D simulation mesoscale model BRAMS to show overshoot impact in the upper Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). These studies are the starting point of our study.The aim of this paper is to present the new development inside BRAMS to nudge stratospheric ice injection by overshoots. It uses an overshoot occurrence climatology from MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder) satellite measurement. Ice injection in the model is made according to ice model categories previously shown to be present in the overshoot plumes with ratios already diagnosed in previous studies. Ice injection is made between two layers of TTL&#8217;s stratospheric part: between 380 and 385K and between 385 et 400K. Nudging is triggered only if, in the grid mesh (20 x 20 km) where MHS has detected an overshoot, BRAMS computes a cumulonimbus with a top above 13.5km. For the layer above 385 K isentrope, a subgrid box of 2 km x 2 km is considered for the computation of ice injection. Sensibility test of this nudging scheme will be presented in this presentation.&#160;

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Archiving Nature’s Heartbeat Using Smartphones

Computer Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-61350-456-7.ch806 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 1896-1912

Author(s):

Jinglan Zhang ◽

Paul Roe ◽

Binh Pham ◽

Richard Mason ◽

Michael Towsey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sensor Network ◽

Bird Species ◽

Future Research ◽

Data Quality Control ◽

Research Issues ◽

Remote Server ◽

Computer Scientists ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

The Impact ◽

Quality Control Data

The impact of urban development and climate change has created the impetus to monitor changes in the environment, particularly, the behaviour, habitat and movement of fauna species. The aim of this chapter is to present the design and development of a sensor network based on Smartphones to automatically collect and analyse acoustic and visual data for environmental monitoring purposes. Due to the communication and sophisticated programming facilities offered by Smartphones, software tools can be developed to allow data to be collected, partially processed and sent to a remote server over the network for storage and further processing. This sensor network which employs a client-server architecture has been deployed in three applications: monitoring a rare bird species near Brisbane Airport, study of koalas behaviour at St Bees Island, and detection of fruit flies. The users of this system include scientists (e.g. ecologists, ornithologists, computer scientists) and community groups participating in data collection or reporting on the environment (e.g. students, bird watchers). The chapter focuses on the following aspects of our research: issues involved in using Smartphones as sensors; the overall framework for data acquisition, data quality control, data management and analysis; current and future applications of the Smartphone-based sensor network, and our future research directions.

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Tapping Diverse Experiences

International Journal of Knowledge Management ◽

10.4018/ijkm.2016070104 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 48-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hammad Akbar ◽

Shah Faisal Khan

Keyword(s):

Knowledge Creation ◽

New Product ◽

Future Research ◽

Shared Understanding ◽

Research Directions ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Product Creativity

Tapping diverse experiences is recognised as important for knowledge creation. The authors examine how learning and knowledge creation are affected if a distinction between the extent and nature of employees' involvement, and differences in levels within these, is made. They offer propositions suggesting that the extent and nature of employees involvement differ in their relative contribution to different facets of knowledge creation, including shared understanding, know-why, knowledge creating behaviours and new product creativity. Finally, the authors discuss theoretical implications, future research directions and limitations of this research.

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A Study on the Relationship between English Reading Comprehension and English Vocabulary Knowledge

Education Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/209154 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yu-han Ma ◽

Wen-ying Lin

Keyword(s):

Reading Comprehension ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Word Association ◽

Attitude Scale ◽

Vocabulary Knowledge ◽

Future Research ◽

Vocabulary Size ◽

Morphological Knowledge ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

English Reading

The present study aimed to investigate the overall and relative contribution of four subcomponents of vocabulary knowledge to reading comprehension. The four vocabulary subcomponents were vocabulary size, word association knowledge, collocation knowledge, and morphological knowledge. The participants were 124 college students from a university in Taipei, Taiwan. Six instruments were employed: (1) a reading comprehension test, (2) a vocabulary size test, (3) a test on word association knowledge and collocation knowledge, (4) a test of morphological knowledge, (5) motivation attitude scale, and (6) a self-efficacy scale. The results can be summarized as follows. First, after the effects of motivation and self-efficacy have been controlled, the four vocabulary subcomponents altogether contributed significantly (20%) to reading comprehension performance. Moreover, depth of vocabulary knowledge (including word association knowledge, collocation knowledge, and morphological knowledge) provided an additional explained variance (6%) in reading comprehension performance over and above vocabulary size. Finally, among the three subcomponents of depth of vocabulary knowledge, collocation knowledge explained the most proportion of variance (5.6%) in contributing to performance on reading comprehension. Based on these findings, some implications and suggestions for future research were provided.

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Changing Trends of NDVI and Their Responses to Climatic Variation in Different Types of Grassland in Inner Mongolia from 1982 to 2011

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11123256 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 3256 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jie Yang ◽

Zhiqiang Wan ◽

Suld Borjigin ◽

Dong Zhang ◽

Yulong Yan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inner Mongolia ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Climatic Variation ◽

Future Research ◽

Desert Steppe ◽

Vegetation Density ◽

Meadow Steppe ◽

Typical Steppe ◽

Changing Trends ◽

Different Types

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is commonly used to indicate vegetation density and condition. NDVI was mostly correlated with climate factors. We analyzed changing trends of NDVI in different types of grassland in Inner Mongolia and the response of NDVI to climatic variation from 1982 to 2011. NDVI of meadow steppe increased significantly in spring while it decreased in other seasons. The annual mean NDVI in typical steppe and desert steppe increased significantly in the last 30a. However, in the greatest area of steppe desert, the NDVI had no significant change in summer, autumn, and the growing season. In meadow steppe, typical steppe, and desert steppe, the area showed a positive correlation of NDVI to temperature as highest in spring compared to other seasons, because warming in spring is beneficial to the plant growth. However, in the greatest area of steppe desert, the correlation of NDVI to temperature was not significant. The NDVI was positively correlated to precipitation in four types of grassland. In the steppe desert, the precipitation had no significant effect on the NDVI due to the poor vegetation cover in this region. The NDVI was not significantly correlated to the precipitation in autumn because of vegetation withering in the season and not need precipitation. Precipitation was a more important factor rather than temperature to NDVI in the region. The response of NDVI to temperature and precipitation in different seasons should be studied in more detail and the effect of other factors on NDVI should be considered in future research.

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