Deactivation of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes in drinking water by PMS/UV-C: Efficiency and mechanisms

Abstract The occurrence an d infestations of chlorine-resistant invertebrates in drinking water distributions have attracted concerns on water quality in China, making effective deactivation imperative. This study presents a no vel strategy for nematode ( Caenorhabditis elegans ) deactivation using peroxymonosulfate (PMS)/UV-C. The results indicated that 100% deactivation efficiency was obtained under optimal conditions. An acidic pH and 0.25 mg/L Fe(II) were beneficial to the PMS/UV-C-triggered deactivation of nematodes. A mechanism study demonstrated that was activated by UV-C to produce · OH and · SO 4 - , which resulted in oxidative stress and stimulated the occurrence of cell apoptosis, leading to nematode deactivation. The results reveal PMS/UV-C as an alternative to chlorination in water treatment plants (WTP) or an emergency application when chlorine-resistant invertebrates breed in a second-supply water tank, is a promising strategy for disinfection. This approach afforded the advantages of avoiding the production of chlorine disinfection by-products (DBP) and greater efficacy of nematode deactivation. This work will provide ideas for on-going research efforts into chlorine-resistant invertebrate deactivation, and eventually achieve the direct drinking of municipal tap water.

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Presence and formation of disinfection by-products in Cairo residential water supply

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2009.043 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 113-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. H. Smith ◽

K. E. El-Deen

Keyword(s):

Natural Organic Matter ◽

Distribution System ◽

Tap Water ◽

Residential Community ◽

Chlorine Disinfection ◽

Sampling Program ◽

The Impact ◽

By Products ◽

The U.S ◽

Residential Water

A sampling program was conducted in a residential community in Cairo, Egypt in order to determine the presence of chlorine disinfection by-products (DBPs) in treated water and to observe the impact of the distribution system on DBP levels. Five campaigns were conducted over a 15-month period during 2005–2006. Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) exceeded local and international limits depending upon the season. Tap water concentrations of THMs were considerably higher in summer than during the rest of the year. In the Summer 2005 event, the average for the 20 tap water locations was 158 μg/l Total-THMs, well in excess of the U.S. EPA limit of 80 μg/L and the current Egyptian standard of 100 μg/l; all 20 locations exceeded the 100 μg/l limit. For the following event in late Fall 2005, the average dropped to 84 μg/l with 11 and 6 sites exceeding the U.S. EPA and Egyptian limits, respectively. HAA levels tended to be complementary to Total-THM values in that they were lower in summer but higher during fall and spring. The U.S. EPA limit on a select set of 5 HAAs (HAA5) is 60 μg/l (Egypt does not currently regulate HAAs). The average for HAA5 in the Summer 2005 event was 52 μg/l with 8 of the 20 tap samples equalling or exceeding the 60 μg/l standard. By contrast, in Fall 2005, the HAA5 average increased to 89 μg/l, with 15 of 20 sites exceeding the limit. THM and HAA concentrations generally increased with distance from the WTP along a targeted distribution main, while chlorine and natural organic matter tended to decrease.

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Design of drinkable tap water system at X Apartment, Jakarta

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201819713009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 197 ◽

pp. 13009

Author(s):

Hariastuti Prameswari ◽

Tazkiaturrizki ◽

R Ratnaningsih

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water System ◽

Clean Water ◽

Water Tank ◽

Drinking Water System ◽

Investment Cost ◽

Tank System ◽

The Cost ◽

System Water

This design aims to contrive a plumbing system X Apartment, Jakarta with a separate clean water and drinking water system. Water supply system that applied to this apartment is roof tank system. Fluctuations in the use of clean water are used to determine the capacity of reservoirs and pumps using the equivalent apartments such as The Bellagio Residence Apartment, Four Winds Apartment, Tamansari Sudirman Apartment, and Setiabudi Residence Apartment. Total demand for clean water for the 1st and 2nd tower is 315.8 m3/day and 39 m3/day for drinking water with 216 m3 of ground water tank capacity. Transfer pumps work for 12 hour/day and the capacity of clean water roof tank for the 1st and 2nd tower are 67.5 m3 while for drinking water roof tank are 7.2 m3. System that has been chosen used 2 stand pipes for both clean water, drinking water, and booster pumps in each tower. This design concluded that The investment cost of clean water and drinking water system and also the construction of X Apartment reservoirs is Rp. 2.393.889.860 and the cost of drinking water that can be saved by residents when using drinkable tap water system is Rp. 874.656 per m3.

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Deactivation of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes in drinking water by PMS/UV-C: efficiency and mechanisms

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-021-14312-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Taoqin Chen ◽

Jinzhe Li ◽

Longqian Xu ◽

Dong Zhang ◽

Zheng Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽

Uv C

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The Effect of Different Boiling and Filtering Devices on the Concentration of Disinfection By-Products in Tap Water

Journal of Environmental and Public Health ◽

10.1155/2013/959480 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Glòria Carrasco-Turigas ◽

Cristina M. Villanueva ◽

Fernando Goñi ◽

Panu Rantakokko ◽

Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Health Effects ◽

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Tap Water ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

The Other ◽

Large Decrease ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Before And After ◽

By Products

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in tap drinking water with the potential to produce adverse health effects. Filtering and boiling tap water can lead to changes in the DBP concentrations and modify the exposure through ingestion. Changes in the concentration of 4 individual trihalomethanes (THM4) (chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM)), MX, and bromate were tested when boiling and filtering high bromine-containing tap water from Barcelona. For filtering, we used a pitcher-type filter and a household reverse osmosis filter; for boiling, an electric kettle, a saucepan, and a microwave were used. Samples were taken before and after each treatment to determine the change in the DBP concentration. pH, conductivity, and free/total chlorine were also measured. A large decrease of THM4 (from 48% to 97%) and MX concentrations was observed for all experiments. Bromine-containing trihalomethanes were mostly eliminated when filtering while chloroform when boiling. There was a large decrease in the concentration of bromate with reverse osmosis, but there was a little effect in the other experiments. These findings suggest that the exposure to THM4 and MX through ingestion is reduced when using these household appliances, while the decrease of bromate is device dependent. This needs to be considered in the exposure assessment of the epidemiological studies.

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Disinfection by-products and extractable organic compounds in South African tap water

The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa ◽

10.4102/td.v4i1.170 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Carien Nothnagel ◽

Karsten Kotte ◽

J J Pienaar ◽

P G Van Zyl ◽

J P Beukes

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

South African ◽

Tap Water ◽

Target Range ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

The Us ◽

Microbiological Parameters ◽

Us Epa ◽

Micro Organisms ◽

By Products

An important step in urban purification of drinking water is disinfection by e.g. chlorination where potential pathogenic micro-organisms in the water supply are killed. The presence of organic material in natural water leads to the formation of organic by- products during disinfection. Over 500 of these disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been identified and many more are estimated to form during the disinfection step. Several DBPs such as trihalomethanes (THMs), which is carcinogenic, poses serious health risks to the community. There is very few quantitative data available which realizes the actual levels of these compounds present in drinking water. The levels of four THMs present in drinking water were measured. It included chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform. Although microbiological parameters are considered to get more attention than disinfection by-products, the measurement of the levels of these compounds in South-African drinking water is essential together with establishing minimum acceptable concentration levels. The target range for total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) established by the US EPA at the end of 2003 is 0-0.08ug/mL. The aim of this paper is to create an awareness of the problem as well as presenting preliminary results obtained with the method of analysis. Preliminary results indicate that urgent attention must be given to the regulation and monitoring of DBPs in South African drinking water.

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