Changes over time in prevalence rates of past-year cannabis use by men and women with a psychotic disorder.

Abstract Background: General population data show cannabis use by younger people is declining but increasing in older adults. Overall, the gap between men and women appears to be narrowing. Little has been documented about sex and age differences in patterns of cannabis use over time by people with a psychotic disorder. We examined rates of past-year cannabis use by sex and age to determine whether use by this population has changed over time. Methods: Data on cannabis use from Australian National Psychosis Surveys (1997, 2010) were analysed by sex and age and compared to National Drug Strategy Household Surveys (1998, 2010). Results: Prevalence of past-year cannabis use by people with psychotic illness dropped significantly from 38.2% to 33.7%. Both sexes showed a decline in use. The steeper decline in use by men aged 18-29 years (70.2% to 47.8%) contributed to a narrowing of the sex gap. Conversely, use by men aged 55-64 increased from 4.8% to 18.8%. General population data showed a similar pattern of change across sex and age groups. Conclusions: Despite declining rates of past-year cannabis use in people with a psychotic illness, rates remain more than double that of the general population. Traditionally, men were more likely to use cannabis than women, but convergence in rates in younger people shows this is changing. Furthermore, cannabis use is not restricted to young people. Increasing use of cannabis by older men will place additional demands on drug and alcohol services.

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T87. CHANGING RATES OF PAST-YEAR CANNABIS USE BY PEOPLE WITH A PSYCHOTIC DISORDER

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.647 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S264-S265

Author(s):

Anna Waterreus ◽

Patsy Di Prinzio ◽

Johanna Badcock ◽

Mat Martin-Iverson ◽

Vera Morgan

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Psychotic Disorder ◽

Age Differences ◽

Age Groups ◽

Household Survey ◽

Population Data ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Psychotic Illness ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sex And Age Differences

Abstract Background General population data show that cannabis use by younger people has been declining but increasing in older adults and overall, the gap between men and women appears to be narrowing. Despite rates of past-year cannabis use by people with a psychotic disorder being much higher than that of the general population, little has been documented about sex and age differences in patterns of cannabis use over time by people with a psychotic disorder. Methods To better understand trends in cannabis use by people with a psychotic illness, we examined sex and age differences in rates of past-year cannabis use using nationally representative data from two cross-sectional Australian national surveys of psychosis (1997, 2010). We then compared our findings to comparable general population data collected in the Australian National Drug Strategy Household Survey (1998, 2010). Results Prevalence of past-year cannabis use by people with psychotic illness dropped significantly from 38.2% to 33.7%. Both sexes showed a decline in use. The steeper decline in use by men aged 18–29 years (70.2% to 47.8%) contributed to a narrowing of the sex gap. Conversely, use by men aged 55–64 increased from 4.8% to 18.8%. In comparison, general population data showed a similar pattern of change across sex and age groups including a steeper decline in use by men aged 18–29 years, but only a very modest increase in use from 3% to 5%, by men aged 55 and over. Discussion Despite declining rates of past-year cannabis use in people with a psychotic illness, rates remain more than double that of the general population. Traditionally, men were more likely to use cannabis than women, but convergence in rates in younger people shows this is changing. Furthermore, cannabis use is not restricted to young people. Increasing use of cannabis by older men will place additional demands on drug and alcohol services.

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Changes over time in prevalence rates of past-year cannabis use by men and women with a psychotic disorder

Schizophrenia Research ◽

10.1016/j.schres.2020.08.009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 224 ◽

pp. 198-200

Author(s):

Anna Waterreus ◽

Patsy Di Prinzio ◽

Johanna C. Badcock ◽

Mathew T. Martin-Iverson ◽

Vera A. Morgan

Keyword(s):

Psychotic Disorder ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Men And Women ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

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Age at onset of non-affective psychosis in relation to cannabis use, other drug use and gender

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291712000062 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (9) ◽

pp. 1903-1911 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

N. Dekker ◽

J. Meijer ◽

M. Koeter ◽

W. van den Brink ◽

N. van Beveren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Drug Use ◽

Psychotic Disorder ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Psychotic Illness ◽

Affective Psychosis ◽

The Mean ◽

And Gender ◽

Independent Effects

BackgroundCannabis use is associated with an earlier age at onset of psychotic illness. The aim of the present study was to examine whether this association is confounded by gender or other substance use in a large cohort of patients with a non-affective psychotic disorder.MethodIn 785 patients with a non-affective psychotic disorder, regression analysis was used to investigate the independent effects of gender, cannabis use and other drug use on age at onset of first psychosis.ResultsAge at onset was 1.8 years earlier in cannabis users compared to non-users, controlling for gender and other possible confounders. Use of other drugs did not have an additional effect on age at onset when cannabis use was taken into account. In 63.5% of cannabis-using patients, age at most intense cannabis use preceded the age at onset of first psychosis. In males, the mean age at onset was 1.3 years lower than in females, controlling for cannabis use and other confounders.ConclusionsCannabis use and gender are independently associated with an earlier onset of psychotic illness. Our findings also suggest that cannabis use may precipitate psychosis. More research is needed to clarify the neurobiological factors that make people vulnerable to this precipitating effect of cannabis.

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Trends in the Incidence of Legal Problems and in the Use of Lawyers

American Bar Foundation Research Journal ◽

10.1111/j.1747-4469.1978.tb00846.x ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 289-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yakov Avichai

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Age Groups ◽

Strong Increase ◽

Government Regulations ◽

Legal Problems ◽

Socioeconomic Changes ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Near Future ◽

Over Time

Changes in the law, government regulations, socioeconomic changes, increased consumerism, the public's level of awareness—all these and other factors influence the population's demand over time for lawyers' services. This article analyzes the changes over time in the two elements that determine the demand for lawyers: the number of legal problems encountered by the population and the rate of use of lawyers in solving these problems. After showing that sequential occurrences of legal problems are not independent of each other and are age dependent, the author develops a mathematical model that explains the variability in the present number of problems encountered by different age groups. The number of problems is found to result from a relatively mild accumulation with age of legal problems, coupled with a strong increase in the number of problems from generation to generation. The analysis of individual legal problems reveals a variety of patterns from problem to problem in both the level of occurrence and the rate of use of lawyers for such problems. The author concludes that the combined effect of occurrence and utilization will operate toward a continuing increase in the demand for lawyers'services at least for the very near future.

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The Sense of Self Over Time: Assessing Diachronicity in Dissociative Identity Disorder, Psychosis and Healthy Comparison Groups

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.620063 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Martin J. Dorahy ◽

Rafaële J. C. Huntjens ◽

Rosemary J. Marsh ◽

Brooke Johnson ◽

Kate Fox ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Sense Of Self ◽

Dissociative Identity Disorder ◽

Self Concept ◽

Psychotic Illness ◽

Dissociative Experiences ◽

Comparison Groups ◽

States Experience ◽

Over Time ◽

Diachronic Unity

Dissociative experiences have been associated with diachronic disunity. Yet, this work is in its infancy. Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is characterized by different identity states reporting their own relatively continuous sense of self. The degree to which patients in dissociative identity states experience diachronic unity (i.e., sense of self over time) has not been empirically explored. This study examined the degree to which patients in dissociative identity states experienced diachronic unity. Participants were DID adults (n=14) assessed in adult and child identity states, adults with a psychotic illness (n=19), adults from the general population (n=55), children from the general population (n=26) and adults imagining themselves as children (n=23). They completed the Diachronic Disunity Scale (DDS), the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), and the Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCCS). Diachronic disunity was not limited to psychiatric groups, but evident to some degree in all adult and child samples. The DID adult sample experienced more dissociation and self-confusion than the psychosis and adult comparison groups, but did not differ on the diachronic measure. DID patients in their child identity states and child comparisons showed disunity and were significantly different from child simulators, who showed relatively more unity. Results suggest that DID patients in either adult or child dissociative identity states, like those in other samples, do not universally experience themselves as having a consistent sense of self over time.

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Career Stability in 14 Finnish Industrial Employee Cohorts in 1988–2015

Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies ◽

10.18291/njwls.123167 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Satu Ojala ◽

Pasi Pyöriä ◽

Aart-Jan Riekhoff

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Sequence Analysis ◽

Educational Level ◽

Technological Development ◽

Age Groups ◽

Global Competition ◽

Men And Women ◽

Employee Data ◽

Over Time ◽

Career Stability

It is often argued that global competition and technological development have made industrial jobs more unstable. In this article, we ask how career stability has evolved in the Finnish forest, metal, and chemical industries, comparing 14 cohorts (age groups) by gender and educational level. We focus on industrial employees born in 1958–1971 and compare their career stability at ages 30–44 using Statistics Finland’s linked employer-employee data from 1988 to 2015 and an application of sequence analysis. We analyze career stability over time by examining annual main labor market statuses (employed, unemployed, student, disabled, retired, out of the labor force), adding estimators for workplace and industry changes. The results show no evidence of career destabilization across the cohorts, but they do reveal persistent inequalities between industrial employees with low and high levels of education, and between men and women.

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Spotlight on the dark figure: Exhibiting dynamics in the case detection ratio of COVID-19 infections in Germany

10.1101/2020.12.23.20248763 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marc Schneble ◽

Giacomo De Nicola ◽

Göran Kauermann ◽

Ursula Berger

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Case Detection ◽

Testing Strategies ◽

True Number ◽

Detection Ratio ◽

True Infection ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Dark Figure ◽

Second Wave ◽

Over Time

AbstractThe case detection ratio of COVID-19 infections varies over time due to changing testing capacities, modified testing strategies and also, apparently, due to the dynamics in the number of infected itself. In this paper we investigate these dynamics by jointly looking at the reported number of detected COVID-19 infections with non-fatal and fatal outcomes in different age groups in Germany. We propose a statistical approach that allows us to spotlight the case detection ratio and quantify its changes over time. With this we can adjust the case counts reported at different time points so that they become comparable. Moreover we can explore the temporal development of the real number of infections, shedding light on the dark number. The results show that the case detection ratio has increased and, depending on the age group, is four to six times higher at the beginning of the second wave compared to what it was at the peak of the first wave. The true number of infection in Germany in October was considerably lower as during the peak of the first wave, where only a small fraction of COVID-19 infections were detected. Our modelling approach also allows quantifying the effects of different testing strategies on the case detection ratio. The analysis of the dynamics in the case detection rate and in the true infection figures enables a clearer picture of the course of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Cause-specific mortality in survivors of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) and waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM).

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e19056 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e19056-e19056

Author(s):

Nicole H. Dalal ◽

Graca Dores ◽

Rochelle E. Curtis ◽

Martha S. Linet ◽

Lindsay M. Morton

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Age Groups ◽

Population Data ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

Population Based ◽

Cumulative Mortality ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Absolute Excess Risk

e19056 Background: LPL and WM are rare, indolent mature B-cell lymphomas. While recent studies reveal improving survival after LPL/WM, cause-specific mortality has not been comprehensively studied. Methods: We identified 6659 adults with first primary LPL (n = 2866) or WM (n = 3793) within 17 US population-based cancer registries from 2000 to 2015. Patients were followed for vital status (mean follow-up = 5.07 years), and causes of death were determined from death certificates. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) estimated relative risk of death compared to the general population. We estimated cumulative mortality and absolute excess risk (AER) per 10,000 person-years. Results: We observed 2826 deaths overall, of which 43%, 13%, and 42% were due to lymphoma, cancers excluding lymphoma, and non-malignant causes, respectively. There was a 20% higher risk of death due to non-malignant causes compared to the general population (n = 1194, SMR = 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 to 1.2). The most common non-malignant causes included infectious (n = 162, SMR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.5 to 2.1, AER = 21.0), respiratory (n = 131, SMR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0 to 1.5, AER = 7.4), and digestive (n = 76, SMR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5 to 2.4, AER = 10.7) diseases. Cause-specific mortality varied by time since and age at LPL/WM diagnosis. Risks were highest in the first year after LPL/WM for non-malignant causes (SMR = 1.4, AER = 34.3), particularly infections (SMR = 2.4, AER = 34.4) and non-neoplastic hematologic diseases (SMR = 17.3, AER = 20.7). In contrast, risk of death due to cancers excluding lymphoma increased with time since diagnosis (SMR< 1y = 1.2, SMR≥5y = 1.7; AER< 1y = 15.1, AER≥5y = 60.0). Analyses by age, focused on AERs, showed generally similar risks across age groups (cancers excluding lymphoma: AER< 65= 26, AER65-75= 28, AER≥75= 31; non-malignant causes: AER< 65= 52, AER65-75= 66, AER≥75= 23). Cumulative mortality from non-malignant causes (23.7%) exceeded that from lymphoma (22.9%) beginning 9 years after LPL/WM diagnosis. Conclusions: Using population data, we identified areas to improve survivorship care of LPL/WM patients, particularly for non-malignant causes of death.

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Consumer Knowledge and Acceptance of Driving Automation: Changes Over Time and Across Age Groups

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1071181321651116 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 1395-1399

Author(s):

Chaiwoo Lee ◽

Pnina Gershon ◽

Bryan Reimer ◽

Bruce Mehler ◽

Joseph F. Coughlin

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Age Groups ◽

The United States ◽

Consumer Knowledge ◽

Safety Assurance ◽

Vehicle Automation ◽

Willingness To Use ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time ◽

Knowledge And Acceptance

Increasing availability of and extensive investments toward automation in consumer vehicles call for a better understanding of public perceptions and acceptance. This study presents a five-year series of large-scale surveys (N=17,548, average 3,510 participants/year) on consumer knowledge and acceptance of vehicle automation in the United States. Results suggest a continued hesitance toward use of self-driving vehicles, with willingness to use increasing sharply under hypothetical conditions around inability to drive and added safety assurance. While drivers of all ages were most comfortable with driver assist level automation, acceptance of automation overall decreased with age. Findings also indicate that the public may have incorrect beliefs regarding the availability of self-driving vehicles. In conclusion, drivers’ acceptance of vehicle automation changes over time, is tied to factors beyond the current state of development and deployment, and may depend on a relative assessment of benefits and reliability in comparison to their own driving capabilities.

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MO768VASCULAR ACCESS FOR PEDIATRIC HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS IN CATALONIA: ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM THE CATALAN RENAL REGISTRY (1997-2018)

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfab103.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Ramon Roca-Tey ◽

Maria Gema Ariceta Iraola ◽

Héctor Ríos ◽

Jordi Comas ◽

Jaume Tort

Keyword(s):

Pediatric Population ◽

Age Groups ◽

Kidney Graft ◽

Short Period ◽

Pediatric Hemodialysis ◽

Kidney Replacement Therapy ◽

Kidney Disease Progression ◽

Almost All ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background The vascular access (VA) is the life-line for children with kidney failure (KT) on hemodialysis (HD). The European Society for Paediatric Nephrology Dialysis Working Group suggested that children requiring HD start with a functioning arteriovenous fistula (AVF) but a tunnelled catheter (TC) can be placed instead where a short period on HD is anticipated before kidney transplantation (KT) (NDT 2019; 34: 1746–1765). Aims To analyze the type of VA used by incident and prevalent KF pediatric patients (pts) treated with HD in Catalonia Method Data from the Catalan Renal Registry of KF pts younger than 18 years of age undergoing kidney replacement therapy (KRT) were examined for a 22-year period. Results The modality of KRT used by incident KF pediatric pts has changed significantly over time: the percentage of children who started KRT through HD decreased progressively from 89.9% during the 1984-1989 period to 38.2% during the 2014-2018 period and, conversely, the percentage of children who started KRT by using pre-emptive KT increased progressively from 5.1% to 42.6% between the same periods (for both comparisons, p<0.001). During 2018, 18 children started KRT (rate: 12.8 per milion of population, pmp) by using pre-emptive KT (n=8, 44.4%), peritoneal dialysis (n=5, 27.8%) or HD (n=5, 27.8%). From 1997 to 2018, 112 KF pediatric pts started KRT by using HD (mean age 9.4±6,0 yr, male 58.9%, glomerular disease 36.8%). Most children started HD through an AVF during the 1997-2001 period (56.5%) but this percentage decreased over time and no children used an AVF for starting HD during the 2012-2018 period. On the contrary, the percentage of children starting HD through a TC increased progressively from 8.7% to 72.2% between the same periods (for both comparisons, p<0.001). No significant changes over time were recorded regarding untunnelled catheter (UC) utilization from 34.8% (1997-2001 period) to 27.8% (2012-2018 period) (p=0.57). Considering two age groups (0-6 vs 7-18 years), VA distribution was the following (%): 23.3 vs 76.7 for UC, 47.2 vs 52.8 for TC and 26.3 vs 73.7 for AVF (p=0.058). Regarding KF presentation, UC was used mainly to initiate HD in crashlanders (53.3%) and AVF was used mainly to start HD in children with steady kidney disease progression (63.2%) (p=0.003). The KRT modality of using prevalent KF pediatric pts has also changed significantly over time: pts on HD decreased from 34.9% (n=15, mean age 13.5 yr) in 1997 to 4.7% (n=5, mean age 11.6 yr) in 2018 and, conversely, pts with a kidney graft increased from 62.8% (n=27, mean age 13.7 yr) to 92.4% (n=98, mean age 11.2 yr) during the same period (for both comparisons, p<0.001). The percentage of children dialyzed through an AVF decreased progressively from 1997 (100%) to 2018 (0%) (p<0.001). All prevalent HD pts were dialyzed through a catheter in 2018. The KT rate increased significantly from 5.4 pmp (n=6) in 1997 to 17.1 pmp (n=24) in 2018 (p=0.007). The median time on HD (months) prior to the first KT decreased progressively from 23.1 during the 1984-1989 period to 6.6 during the 2014-2018 period (p<0.001). Conclusions 1) The VA profile of pediatric population treated with HD in Catalonia has radically changed over time. 2) Since 2012, AVF has practically disappeared as the VA in the incident and prevalent pediatric population on HD. 3) Almost all children treated by HD since 2012 were dialyzed through a catheter due to the short waiting time before receiving a kidney graft. 4) The high KT rate was a determining factor in choosing the AV type in the pediatric population treated with HD in Catalonia.

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