scholarly journals Career Stability in 14 Finnish Industrial Employee Cohorts in 1988–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satu Ojala ◽  
Pasi Pyöriä ◽  
Aart-Jan Riekhoff
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Employee Data ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Career Stability

It is often argued that global competition and technological development have made industrial jobs more unstable. In this article, we ask how career stability has evolved in the Finnish forest, metal, and chemical industries, comparing 14 cohorts (age groups) by gender and educational level. We focus on industrial employees born in 1958–1971 and compare their career stability at ages 30–44 using Statistics Finland’s linked employer-employee data from 1988 to 2015 and an application of sequence analysis. We analyze career stability over time by examining annual main labor market statuses (employed, unemployed, student, disabled, retired, out of the labor force), adding estimators for workplace and industry changes. The results show no evidence of career destabilization across the cohorts, but they do reveal persistent inequalities between industrial employees with low and high levels of education, and between men and women.

Worklife by Occupation Physical Requirements: A Three-State Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-173
Author(s):  
David I. Rosenbaum ◽  
Mathew J. Cushing ◽  
Daniel Baquet
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Information Network ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Occupational Information ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Occupational Information Network ◽  
Three State Model ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Do workers in more physically demanding jobs have different worklives than those in more sedentary occupations? To answer this question, we link individual data from the Current Population Survey with occupation characteristics from the Occupational Information Network to categorize individuals into three mutually exclusive initial labor market states: inactive, or active in either a more or less physically demanding occupation. A three-state Markov model estimates worklives given transitions across states over time. There is not a significant difference in worklives between the two occupation groups, even when controlling for sex, age and education. Men and women initially in more physically demanding occupations can be expected to work just as long as their counterparts initially in less physically demanding occupations.

scholarly journals Patterns and Persistence of Educational Mismatch: A Trajectory Approach Using Chilean Panel Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
María Paola Sevilla ◽  
Mauricio Farías ◽  
Daniela Luengo-Aravena
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Retrospective Data ◽  
Educational Mismatch ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Trajectory Approach ◽  
Wage Penalties

The misalignment between workers’ educational levels and the educational level typically required for their occupations, namely educational mismatch, has become widespread. However, despite its potential costs, there is little evidence of this situation in developing countries. Using longitudinal and retrospective data of employment histories between 2009 and 2019, this paper conducts sequence analysis to construct a typology of educational mismatch trajectories among Chilean workers. We demonstrate that mismatch is a prevalent and persistent phenomenon. Once people enter the labor market, either as undereducated or overeducated workers, they tend to stay in such positions for extended periods of time. Moreover, we find significant wage penalties for workers in a mismatch situation. Results indicate that females and young, less-educated men are more prone to follow trajectories with longer periods of mismatch or unemployment. New avenues for research and the need for public policies looking at these phenomena are required to avoid people’s dissatisfaction due to a possible false promise that more education can improve their life standards.

Abstract 145: Is the Rate of Ischemic Stroke Incidence Changing Differentially Over Time for Women and Men?

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane C Khoury ◽  
Brett Kissela ◽  
Heidi Sucharew ◽  
Kathleen Alwell ◽  
Charles Moomaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Stroke Prevalence ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Over Time

Background: A surge of midlife (age 55-64 years) stroke in women, and not in men, has previously been reported using prevalence data from NHANES. However it is not clear if this same finding would be seen within age- and gender-specific incidence rates of stroke. We sought to examine the incidence of ischemic (IS) stroke and the gender-specific trends over time in a population-based study of stroke epidemiology. Methods: Data from the population-based Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky epidemiology of stroke study for adults (≥ 20 years) was used from three collection periods; 7/1993 to 6/1994, 1999, and 2005. We compared the IS stroke incidence rates in women versus men between the three study periods, in particular for the ages 35 to 65 years. Sex specific age, and race adjusted incidence rates and race adjusted, age and gender specific incidence rates were estimated and adjusted to the 2000 US population. Results: A total of 5166 incident IS strokes were identified: 1709 from 7/1993 to 6/1994, 1778 from 1999, and 1679 from 2005. These were 56% female, 18% black; mean age was 71.4 (13.7) years. Overall, IS stroke incidence declined in both women and men in 2005 compared to the previous time periods (p<0.01). However, there was a significant increase over time in stroke incidence seen in both men and women in the younger age groups in 2005, compared with 1993/94 (p<0.05). Conclusions: We found that stroke incidence is not changing differently over time for men and women. There has been an increase in IS stroke incidence in the young, but this is found in both men and women. The previously reported “surge” in middle-aged stroke prevalence may be related in part to increased rates of stroke in the young, with survival to middle-age, but our incidence findings do not explain the reported difference in prevalence found between women and men in the NHANES cohort.

scholarly journals Changes over time in prevalence rates of past-year cannabis use by men and women with a psychotic disorder.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Waterreus ◽  
Patsy Di Prinzio ◽  
Johanna C. Badcock ◽  
Mathew T. Martin-Iverson ◽  
Vera A. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
National Drug ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: General population data show cannabis use by younger people is declining but increasing in older adults. Overall, the gap between men and women appears to be narrowing. Little has been documented about sex and age differences in patterns of cannabis use over time by people with a psychotic disorder. We examined rates of past-year cannabis use by sex and age to determine whether use by this population has changed over time. Methods: Data on cannabis use from Australian National Psychosis Surveys (1997, 2010) were analysed by sex and age and compared to National Drug Strategy Household Surveys (1998, 2010). Results: Prevalence of past-year cannabis use by people with psychotic illness dropped significantly from 38.2% to 33.7%. Both sexes showed a decline in use. The steeper decline in use by men aged 18-29 years (70.2% to 47.8%) contributed to a narrowing of the sex gap. Conversely, use by men aged 55-64 increased from 4.8% to 18.8%. General population data showed a similar pattern of change across sex and age groups. Conclusions: Despite declining rates of past-year cannabis use in people with a psychotic illness, rates remain more than double that of the general population. Traditionally, men were more likely to use cannabis than women, but convergence in rates in younger people shows this is changing. Furthermore, cannabis use is not restricted to young people. Increasing use of cannabis by older men will place additional demands on drug and alcohol services.

Do Men and Women Know What They Want? Sex Differences in Online Daters’ Educational Preferences

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1370-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Whyte ◽  
Ho Fai Chan ◽  
Benno Torgler
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Potential Mate ◽  
Women’S Preferences

Using a unique cross-sectional data set of dating website members’ educational preferences for potential mates ( N = 41,936), we showed that women were more likely than men to stipulate educational preferences at all ages. When members indifferent to educational level were excluded, however, the specificity of men’s and women’s preferences did differ for different age groups. That is, whereas women expressed more refined educational preferences during their years of maximum fertility, their demand specificity decreased with age. Men’s specificity, in contrast, remained stable until the 40s, when it was greater than that of postreproductive women, and then was higher during their peak years of career-earnings potential. Further, when individuals’ level of education was controlled for, women (compared with men) were more likely to state a higher minimum preference for educational level in a potential mate.

scholarly journals Conceptions of Gender and Competencies among Police Recruits in Scandinavia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotte Bloksgaard ◽  
Silje Bringsrud Fekjær ◽  
Rasmus Juul Møberg
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Police Recruits ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
Over Time

Conceptions of gender and competencies may be of importance for the gendered allocation of tasks and may help explain gender segregation in the labor market and within organizations. Drawing on survey panel data from Scandinavian police recruits in the male-dominated police profession, this article explores and discusses the prevalence of conceptions of gender and different police competencies. A substantial portion of the police recruits disagree that men are more competent at specific police tasks (handling violence) and women at others (care and communication). However, quite a large minority have more stereotypical conceptions of gender and competencies. Male police recruits generally report more gender-stereotypical conceptions than female and this tendency increases over time after entering the police. Furthermore, the Danish police recruits report the most gender-stereotypical conceptions, while the Swedish recruits more often dismiss the idea that men and women are suited for different police tasks.

scholarly journals LABOR MARKET DISCRIMINATION – ARE WOMEN STILL MORE SECONDARY WORKERS?

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Jerzy Rembeza ◽  
Kamila Radlińska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Labor Market Discrimination ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Discrimination based on gender is commonly observed on labor markets, although its scale and symptoms are different with regard to country and are subject to changes over time. Gender-related diverse flows on the labor market constitute one of its symptoms. The paper’s main objective was to answer the question whether women on the labor market were still secondary workers. The analysis was conducted based on general models of flows on the labour market, examining connections between changes in a number of unemployed and changes in a number of employed men and women. There were applied data for eight OECD countries from various regions of the world. The obtained results were highly diversified depending on the analysis period and country. However, they confirmed that in the past women had been more secondary workers despite no differences in the unemployment rate. Gender impact was noticeable especially in the employment decrease periods. For data after the year 1990, gender-related differences disappeared or significantly decreased in four countries (Australia, Denmark, United Kingdom, United States), but in two of them (Canada, South Korea) – differences increased.

scholarly journals Education and pneumonia mortality: a trend analysis of its inequalities in Colombian adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000695
Author(s):  
Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk ◽  
Ivan Arroyave ◽  
Carlos Castañeda-Orjuela ◽  
Fernando De La Hoz-Restrepo ◽  
Nelson Alvis-Guzman
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Education Group ◽  
Rate Ratios

ObjectiveTo explore the existence and trends of social inequalities related to pneumonia mortality in Colombian adults using educational level as a proxy of socioeconomic status.MethodsWe obtained individual and anonymised registries from death certificates due to pneumonia for 1998–2015. Educational level data were gathered from microdata of the Colombian Demography Health Surveys. Rate ratios (RR) were estimated by using Poisson regression models, comparing mortality of educational groups with mortality in the highest education group. Relative index of inequality (RII) was measured to assess changes in disparities, regressing mortality on the midpoint of the cumulative distribution of education, thereby considering the size of each educational group.ResultsFor adults 25+ years, the risk of dying was significantly higher among lower educated. The RRs depict increased risks of dying comparing lower and highest education level, and this tendency was stronger in woman than in men (RR for primary education=2.34 (95% CI 2.32 to 2.36), RR for secondary education=1.77 (95% CI 1.75 to 1.78) versus RR for primary education=1.83 (95% CI 1.81 to 1.85), RR for secondary education=1.51 (95% CI 1.50 to 1.53)). According to age groups, young adults (25–44 years) showed the largest inequality in terms of educational level; RRs for pneumonia mortality regarding the tertiary educated groups show increased mortality in the lower and secondary educated, and these differences decreased with ages. RII in pneumonia mortality among adult men was 2.01 (95% CI 2.00 to 2.03) and in women 2.46 (95% CI 2.43 to 2.48). The RII was greatest at young ages, for both sexes. Time trends showed steadily significant increases for RII in both men and women (estimated annual percentage change (EAPC)men=3.8; EAPCwomen=2.6).ConclusionA significant increase on the educational inequalities in mortality due to pneumonia during all period was found among men and women. Efforts to reduce pneumonia mortality in adults improving population health by raising education levels should be strengthened with policies that assure widespread access to economic and social opportunities.

scholarly journals An Exploratory Analysis of Aggregates and Individual Wage Earnings in the Linked Employer-Employee Data (LEED)

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Guzman-Posadas
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Region Of Residence ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Wage Earning ◽  
Wage Earnings ◽  
Population Effects ◽  
Employee Data ◽  
Over Time

Longitudinal analyses with continuous repeated outcomes provide fuller insight into population and individual behaviour over time. Insights into processes of social change can thus e greatly enhanced through a more extensive use of longitudinal data. Using the Linked Employer-Employee Data (LEED), factors associated with wage earning were explored. Random effects models were investigated to identify fixed population effects as well as to help understand stochastic processes attributed to individual employee variations. It was found that wages vary significantly across region of residence, industry, age groups and gender. Random intercept adjustments provide an effective alternative for exploring earning variability over time.

Implications of higher retirement age for the labor market

2017 ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivanova ◽  
A. Balaev ◽  
E. Gurvich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Demographic Projections ◽  
The Impact

The paper considers the impact of the increase in retirement age on labor supply and economic growth. Combining own estimates of labor participation and demographic projections by the Rosstat, the authors predict marked fall in the labor force (by 5.6 million persons over 2016-2030). Labor demand is also going down but to a lesser degree. If vigorous measures are not implemented, the labor force shortage will reach 6% of the labor force by the period end, thus restraining economic growth. Even rapid and ambitious increase in the retirement age (by 1 year each year to 65 years for both men and women) can only partially mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic trends.

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