scholarly journals Degradation of Wetlands and Livelihood Dependence on Lake Abaya-Chamo Wetland, Southern Ethiopia.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariku Zekarias ◽  
Vanum Govindu ◽  
Yechale Kebede ◽  
Abren Gelaw
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Wetland Degradation ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Salty Water ◽  
The Government

Abstract Abaya-Chamo and other wetlands of Ethiopia provide multiple ecosystem services, they are extremely affected by various anthropogenic factors. The unsustainable use of wetlands stems from the negligence of the users about the wetland degradation and the limited policy attention by decision-makers. This study was aimed at analyzing the livelihood benefits of Abaya-chamo lake-wetland and the driving forces of its degradation. Data were gathered using questionnaire survey of 384 households (selected via systematic random sampling), focus group discussion, interview and field observation. Percent, regression, etc., were used for data analysis. It was found that Abaya-chamo lake-wetland offers fish, timber, firewood, fodder, irrigation water, farmland, rainfall, recreation, tourism, aesthetic, carbon sink, air quality and climate regulation, etc., services to local people. Farm expansion, sedimentation, irrigation, invasive plants (e.g. emboch), open access and overuse of resources, lack of legal framework and rapid population growth were the main causes of the wetland degradation. Applying the lakes’ salty-water for irrigation is expected to lead to chemical land degradation in the next few decades. The invasive emboch-plant results in dwindling aquatic resources (e.g. fish), loss of economic and tour benefits, and change in local climate thereby depleting the lake water, and the dissolved O2 and CO2 storage capacity of the lake-wetland rapidly. The lakes’ salty-water based irrigation is expected to result in chemical land degradation to the extent of abandoning crop farming in the next few decades unless some actions are taken. Thus, the government should formulate clear policy and legal framework about sustainable management of wetland resources.

scholarly journals Degradation of Wetlands and Livelihood Dependence on Lake Abaya-Chamo Wetland, Southern Ethiopia.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariku Zekarias ◽  
Vanum Govindu ◽  
Yechale Kebede ◽  
Abren Gelaw
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Wetland Degradation ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Salty Water ◽  
The Government

Abstract Back groundAbaya-Chamo and other wetlands of Ethiopia provide multiple ecosystem services, the wetlands are extremely affected by various anthropogenic factors. The unsustainable use of wetlands stems from the negligence of users about wetland degradation and limited policy attention by decision-makers. This study was aimed at analyzing the livelihood benefits of Abaya-chamo lake-wetland and the driving forces of its degradation. Data were gathered using a questionnaire survey of 384 households (selected via systematic random sampling), focus group discussion, and interview and field observation. Percentage, regression, etc., was used for data analysis. ResultsIt was found that Abaya-chamo lake-wetland offers fish, lumber, firewood, fodder, irrigation water, farmland, rainfall, recreation, tourism, aesthetic, carbon sinks, air quality and climate regulation, etc., services to local people. Farm expansion, sedimentation, irrigation, invasive plants (e.g. emboch), open access and overuse of resources, lack of legal framework and rapid population growth were the main causes of the wetland degradation. Applying the lakes’ salty-water for irrigation is expected to lead to chemical land degradation in the next few decades. The invasive emboch-plant results in dwindling aquatic resources (e.g., fish), loss of economic and tour benefits, and change in local climate, thereby depleting the lake water, and the dissolved O2 and CO2 storage capacity of the lake-wetland rapidly. ConclusionsThe lakes’ salty-water based irrigation are expected to result in chemical land degradation to the extent of abandoning crop farming in the next few decades unless some actions are taken. Thus, the government should devise clear policy and legal framework about sustainable management of wetland resources.

scholarly journals Geospatial Analysis of Wetland Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics On Lake Abaya-Chamo, Southern Rift-Valley of Ethiopia.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariku Zekarias ◽  
Vanum Govindu ◽  
Yechale Kebede ◽  
Abren Gelaw
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Dynamics ◽  
Change Matrix ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Wetlands worldwide and in Ethiopia have long been subject to severe degradation due to anthropogenic factors. This study was aimed at analyzing the impact of land use/cover dynamics on Lake Abaya-Chamo wetland in 1990 – 2019. Data were acquired via Landsat TM of 1990, ETM+ of 2000, and OLI of 2010 and 2019 images plus using interview. Supervised classifications (via ERDAS14 and ArcGIS10.5) were applied to detect land use/cover classes. Change matrix model and Kappa coefficients were used for analysis of the land use/cover dynamics in the lake-wetland.Result: It was found that forest; water, shrub land, agricultural land, settlement and swamp area were the main land use/cover classes. Wetland/swamp area has continuously declined throughout 1990 – 2000, 2000 – 2010 and 2010 – 2019 where its magnitude of shrinkage in the respective periods was 11.4 % (700 ha), 16 % (867 ha) and 31.3 % (1,424 ha). While ‘settlement’ and ‘water body’ of the lake-wetland increased at progressively increasing magnitudes of changes in three periods within 1990 – 2019, ‘shrub land’ and ‘swamp’ declined at progressively increasing magnitudes of loss in the same periods Siltation, rapid population growth-led expansion of settlement and irrigation-based farming were the main drivers of the land use/cover dynamics and degradation of the lake-wetland. Conclusion: Thus, consistent mapping and integrated actions should be taken to curb the threats on the sustainability of the lake-wetland in Southern Ethiopia. To curb the impact of LULC dynamics on wetlands, the government should: formulate clear policy, institutional and legal framework on the management of wetlands.

The Great Green Wall in the Sahel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheikh Mbow
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Land Restoration ◽  
Green Wall ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Planning Decision ◽  
The Government

For several decades, the Sahelian countries have been facing continuing rainfall shortages, which, coupled with anthropogenic factors, have severely disrupted the great ecological balance, leading the area in an inexorable process of desertification and land degradation. The Sahel faces a persistent problem of climate change with high rainfall variability and frequent droughts, and this is one of the major drivers of population’s vulnerability in the region. Communities struggle against severe land degradation processes and live in an unprecedented loss of productivity that hampers their livelihoods and puts them among the populations in the world that are the most vulnerable to climatic change. In response to severe land degradation, 11 countries of the Sahel agreed to work together to address the policy, investment, and institutional barriers to establishing a land-restoration program that addresses climate change and land degradation. The program is called the Pan-Africa Initiative for the Great Green Wall (GGW). The initiative aims at helping to halt desertification and land degradation in the Sahelian zone, improving the lives and livelihoods of smallholder farmers and pastoralists in the area and helping its populations to develop effective adaptation strategies and responses through the use of tree-based development programs. To make the GGW initiative successful, member countries have established a coordinated and integrated effort from the government level to local scales and engaged with many stakeholders. Planning, decision-making, and actions on the ground is guided by participation and engagement, informed by policy-relevant knowledge to address the set of scalable land-restoration practices, and address drivers of land use change in various human-environmental contexts. In many countries, activities specific to achieving the GGW objectives have been initiated in the last five years.

Rights of the Child

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asha Bajpai
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

The chapter commences with the change in the perspective and approach relating to children from welfare to rights approach. It then deals with the legal definition of child in India under various laws. It gives a brief overview of the present legal framework in India. It states briefly the various policies and plans, and programmes of the Government of India related to children. International law on the rights of the child is enumerated and a summary of the important judgments by Indian courts are also included. The chapter ends with pointing out the role of civil society organizations in dealing with the rights of the child and a mention of challenges ahead.

Mitigation and Adaptation through Environmental Impact Assessment Litigation: Rethinking the Prospect of Climate Change Litigation in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Xiangbai He
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact Assessment ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
The Government ◽  
Legal Barriers

Abstract There are two general pathways towards climate change litigation in China: tort-based litigation to hold carbon emitters accountable in civil law, and administrative litigation against the government to demand better climate regulation. While the first pathway is gaining momentum among Chinese scholars, this article argues that legal barriers to applying tort-based rules to climate change should be fairly acknowledged. The article argues that China's legal framework for environmental impact assessment (EIA) provides more openness and flexibility for the resolution of climate change disputes. Therefore, EIA-based climate lawsuits, which challenge environmental authorities for not adequately taking climate change factors into account in decision-making processes, encounter relatively fewer legal barriers, require less radical legal or institutional reform, and have greater potential to maintain existing legal orders. The regulatory effects produced by EIA-based litigation suggest that the scholarship on climate change litigation in China should take such litigation seriously because it could influence both governments and emitters in undertaking more proactive efforts. This China-based study, with a special focus on judicial practice in the largest developing country, will shine a light on China's contribution to transnational climate litigation.

A review of domestic waste management policy and law in Singapore

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-119
Author(s):  
Rosie Syme
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Waste Management System ◽  
Waste Management Policy ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
The Government

An effective waste management system is, and has always been, essential infrastructure, particularly given the potential for waste to adversely impact the surrounding environment. In recent decades, however, there has been growing awareness of the scale, breadth and immediacy of those adverse impacts, and of the unsustainability of the enormous (and increasing) amount of waste society generates. Governments around the world have mobilised and there has been a widespread shift towards policies promoting circular economies, waste minimisation and maximised resource efficiency. Singapore is a case in point; despite having a traditionally high waste output and a waste management system dependent on waste incineration as the primary means of disposal, Singapore has committed to a zero waste future. This article presents a review of domestic waste management policy and law in Singapore. Several gaps in the legal framework are identified and considered against the broader context, leading to the conclusion that there is a material environmental vulnerability in the legal framework that should be redressed in order to entrench environmental protections and to align the law with Singapore's policy ambitions. Notwithstanding this deficiency, it is hard not to be optimistic about the future of domestic waste management in Singapore, as the government has made an ambitious policy commitment and appears to be pursuing it with vigour.

An Analysis of Political Rights Situation during Musharraf Regime (1999-2004)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-31
Author(s):  
Manzoor Naazer ◽  
Amna Mahmood ◽  
Shughla Ashfaq
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Meaningful Change ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Democratic Rule ◽  
The Government

The paper scrutinizes the political rights situation during the first five years (1999-2004) of Pervaiz Musharraf era. Musharraf had come into power after army had revolted over his dismissal as army chief by the prime minister. He strove to project soft image of his government to get legitimacy within the country and recognition from the outside world, particularly the West. He portrayed himself as a liberal leader and later also propagated his idea of “enlightened moderation” as a panacea for the miseries of the Muslim world. Despite his overtures, the political rights situation became bleak during his military rule and no meaningful change took place even during the first two years after country returned to “democratic rule.” Musharraf government denied people of their political rights to prolong his authoritarian rule. His rule was characterized by: arbitrary arrests and imprisonments of political leaders; repression of political activities; imposition of forced exile; political victimization in the name of accountability; attacks on rights to elect the government; military’s direct grip over affairs of state despite transition to the civilian rule; intimidation of opposition over legal framework order; and limitations on freedom of association.

scholarly journals Analysis of land cover change and its driving forces in a desert oasis landscape of Xinjiang, northwest China

Solid Earth ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1071-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Amuti ◽  
G. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Desert Oasis ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Arid Desert ◽  
Southern Xinjiang

Abstract. The combined effects of drought, warming and the changes in land cover have caused severe land degradation for several decades in the extremely arid desert oases of southern Xinjiang, northwest China. Land cover classifications of Landsat images in 1990, 2000 and 2008 were performed based on the multistage supervised classification scheme using the maximum likelihood classifier integrated with conventional vegetation and soil indexes, which improved overall accuracies by 4–5% compared to the standard classification method. Based on the detection of changes in land cover during 1990–2008 using remote sensing (RS) and a geographic information system (GIS), it can be found that the oasis significantly (+35%) increased, while the area of ecotone decreased (−43%). The major trends of the land cover changes were the notable growth of the oasis and the reduction of the desert–oasis ecotone. These changes were mainly a result of the intensified human activities such as land and water exploitation as well as overgrazing. The results of this study indicate that the oasis environment will be deteriorated by increase in potential areas of land degradation if the trend of desert moving further inward and the shrinking of the ecotone continues over the next decades.

scholarly journals Markets: State Franchise Laws, Dealer Terminations, and the Auto Crisis

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine Lafontaine ◽  
Fiona Scott Morton
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
State Level ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
General Motors ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Distribution Costs ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
The Government

In fall 2008, General Motors and Chrysler were both on the brink of bankruptcy, and Ford was not far behind. As the government stepped in and restructuring began, GM and Chrysler announced their plan to terminate about 2,200 dealerships. In this paper, we first provide an overview of franchising in car distribution, how it came about, and the legal framework within which it functions. States earn about 20 percent of all state sales taxes from auto dealers. As a result, new car dealerships, and especially local or state car dealership associations, have been able to exert influence over local legislatures. This has led to a set of state laws that almost guarantee dealership profitability and survival—albeit at the expense of manufacturer profits. Available evidence and theory suggests that as a result of these laws, distribution costs and retail prices are higher than they otherwise would be; and this is particularly true for Detroit's Big Three car manufacturers—which is likely a factor contributing to their losses in market share vis-à-vis other manufacturers. After discussing the evidence on the effects of the car franchise laws on dealer profit and car prices, we turn to the interaction of the franchise laws and manufacturers' response to the auto crisis. Last, we consider what car distribution might be like if there were no constraints on organization. We conclude that although the state-level franchise laws came about for a reason, the current crisis perhaps provides an opportunity to reconsider the kind of regulatory framework that would best serve consumers, rather than carmakers or car dealers.

Placing sustainable development at the heart of government in the UK: the role of law in the evolution of sustainable development as the central organising principle of government

Legal Studies ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Statutory Duty ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Clear Statement ◽  
Close Investigation

The government has made a commitment to ensure that sustainable development is placed at the heart of decision-making. The UK's strategy has primarily involved the development of voluntary measures to achieve sustainable development in policy-making. These measures are monitored by a Sustainable Development Commission and, most importantly, a parliamentary Environmental Audit Committee. However, a number of public bodies also have a statutory duty in respect of sustainable development. These duties do not create enforceable legal obligations, but may have significant value as a clear statement of policy on the achievement of sustainable development – providing political leadership at the highest level. It is essential to this aim that the government provides a clear message regarding the objective of sustainable development. However, close investigation of these duties reveals not only a partial legal framework, but a number of inconsistencies in the government's approach to the achievement of sustainable development.

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