Suicide in Prison and After Release: A 17-Year National Cohort Study

Hazard Ratios ◽

Crude Mortality ◽

Icd 10 ◽

National Cohort ◽

National Register Data

Abstract BackgroundTo describe all suicides in the Norwegian prison population from 2000 to 2017, during and following imprisonment; to investigate the timing of suicides; and to investigate the associations between risk of suicide and types of crime.Methods.We used data from the Norwegian Prison Release study (nPRIS) including complete national register data from the Norwegian Prison Register and the Norwegian Cause of Death Register in the period 1.1.2000 to 31.12.2016, consisting of 96 856 individuals. All suicides were classified according to ICD-10 codes X60-X84. We calculated crude mortality rates (CMRs) per 100 000 person-years and used a Cox Proportional-Hazards regression model to investigate factors associated with suicide during imprisonment and after release reported as hazard ratios (HRs).ResultsSuicide accounted for about 10% of all deaths in the Norwegian prison population and was the leading cause of death in prison (53% of in deaths in prison). The CMR per 100 000 person years for in-prison suicides was 133.8 and was ten times higher (CMR = 1535.0) on day one of incarceration. Suicides after release (overall CMR = 82.8) also peaked on day one after release (CMR = 665.7). Suicide in prison and after release were both associated with being convicted of murder (HR: 27.41, CI: 3.42-219.63 and HR: 2.79, CI: 1.54–5.06, respectively).ConclusionThere is a high risk of suicide during the immediate first period of incarceration and after release. Convictions for severe violent crime, especially murder, are associated with increased suicide risk, both in prison and after release.

Suicide in prison and after release: a 17-year national cohort study

European Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1007/s10654-021-00782-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anne Bukten ◽

Marianne Riksheim Stavseth

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Prison Population ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Crude Mortality ◽

Icd 10 ◽

National Cohort ◽

National Register Data

Abstract Background People in prison have an extremely high risk of suicide. The aim of this paper is to describe all suicides in the Norwegian prison population from 2000 to 2016, during and following imprisonment; to investigate the timing of suicides; and to investigate the associations between risk of suicide and types of crime. Methods We used data from the Norwegian Prison Release study (nPRIS) including complete national register data from the Norwegian Prison Register and the Norwegian Cause of Death Register in the period 1.1.2000 to 31.12.2016, consisting of 96,856 individuals. All suicides were classified according to ICD-10 codes X60-X84. We calculated crude mortality rates (CMRs) per 100,000 person-years and used a Cox Proportional-Hazards regression model to investigate factors associated with suicide during imprisonment and after release reported as hazard ratios (HRs). Results Suicide accounted for about 10% of all deaths in the Norwegian prison population and was the leading cause of death in prison (53% of in deaths in prison). The CMR per 100,000 person years for in-prison suicides was 133.8 (CI 100.5–167.1) and was ten times higher (CMR = 1535.0, CI 397.9–2672.2) on day one of incarceration. Suicides after release (overall CMR = 82.8, CI 100.5–167.1) also peaked on day one after release (CMR = 665.7, CI 0–1419.1). Suicide in prison was strongly associated with convictions of homicide (HR 18.2, CI 6.5–50.8) and high-security prison level (HR 15.4, CI 3.6–65.0). Suicide after release was associated with convictions of homicide (HR 3.1, CI 1.7–5.5). Conclusion There is a high risk of suicide during the immediate first period of incarceration and after release. Convictions for severe violent crime, especially homicide, are associated with increased suicide risk, both in prison and after release.

Sex-Specific Associations between Blood Pressure and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation Subtypes in the Tromsø Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10071514 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1514

Author(s):

Hilde Espnes ◽

Jocasta Ball ◽

Maja-Lisa Løchen ◽

Tom Wilsgaard ◽

Inger Njølstad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Pressure Management ◽

Reference Models ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Increased Risk

The aim of this study was to explore sex-specific associations between systolic blood pressure (SBP), hypertension, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF) subtypes, including paroxysmal, persistent, and permanent AF, in a general population. A total of 13,137 women and 11,667 men who participated in the fourth survey of the Tromsø Study (1994–1995) were followed up for incident AF until the end of 2016. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted using fractional polynomials for SBP to provide sex- and AF-subtype-specific hazard ratios (HRs) for SBP. An SBP of 120 mmHg was used as the reference. Models were adjusted for other cardiovascular risk factors. Over a mean follow-up of 17.6 ± 6.6 years, incident AF occurred in 914 (7.0%) women (501 with paroxysmal/persistent AF and 413 with permanent AF) and 1104 (9.5%) men (606 with paroxysmal/persistent AF and 498 with permanent AF). In women, an SBP of 180 mmHg was associated with an HR of 2.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.60–2.76) for paroxysmal/persistent AF and an HR of 1.80 (95% CI 1.33–2.44) for permanent AF. In men, an SBP of 180 mmHg was associated with an HR of 1.90 (95% CI 1.46–2.46) for paroxysmal/persistent AF, while there was no association with the risk of permanent AF. In conclusion, increasing SBP was associated with an increased risk of both paroxysmal/persistent AF and permanent AF in women, but only paroxysmal/persistent AF in men. Our findings highlight the importance of sex-specific risk stratification and optimizing blood pressure management for the prevention of AF subtypes in clinical practice.

Consumption of flavonoid-rich fruits, flavonoids from fruits, and stroke risk: a prospective cohort study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114521000404 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-26

Author(s):

Qi Gao ◽

Jia-Yi Dong ◽

Renzhe Cui ◽

Isao Muraki ◽

Kazumasa Yamagishi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Risk ◽

Stroke Risk ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Citrus Fruits ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Index Study

Abstract We sought to examine the prospective associations of specific fruit consumption, in particular flavonoid-rich fruit (FRF) consumption, with the risk of stroke and subtypes of stroke in a Japanese population. A study followed a total of 39,843 men and 47,334 women aged 44-76 years, and free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer at baseline since 1995 and 1998 to the end of 2009 and 2012, respectively. Data on total and specific FRF consumption for each participant were obtained using a self-administrated food frequency questionnaire. The hazard ratios (HRs) of stroke in relation to total and specific FRF consumption were estimated through Cox proportional hazards regression models. During a median follow-up of 13.1 years, 4092 incident stroke cases (2557 cerebral infarctions and 1516 hemorrhagic strokes) were documented. After adjustment for age, body mass index, study area, lifestyles, dietary factors, and other risk factors, it was found that total FRF consumption was associated with a significantly lower risk of stroke in women (HR= 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58-0.84), while the association in men was not significant (HR= 0.93; 95% CI, 0.79-1.09). As for specific FRFs, consumptions of citrus fruits, strawberries, and grapes were found associated with a lower stroke risk in women. Higher consumptions of FRFs, in particular citrus fruits, strawberries, and grapes, were associated with a lower risk of developing stroke in Japanese women.

Twinning and Risk of Stillbirth Subtypes in Pediatric Mothers

Twin Research and Human Genetics ◽

10.1375/twin.9.5.673 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 673-676 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hamisu M. Salihu ◽

Puza P. Sharma ◽

Shillena Peters

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Mothers ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Single Case ◽

The United States ◽

Adjusted Risk ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Comparison Groups ◽

Twin Pregnancies

AbstractWe sought to estimate levels of risk for stillbirth subtypes associated with twin gestations among pediatric mothers (10–14 years). Analysis was on twin pregnancies covering the period 1989 to 2000 in the United States. We classified stillbirth as term, preterm, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) or preterm-SGA. We then assessed the risks of these stillbirth subtypes in pediatric mothers using two comparison groups consisting of women aged 15 to 19 years old (adolescent mothers) and 20 to 24 years old (mature mothers). Adjusted risk estimates were by means of hazard ratios generated from a Cox proportional hazards regression model. We adjusted for dependence of observations within twin clusters using the robust sandwich estimator. The rate of stillbirth was highest among pediatric mothers (56/1000), followed by adolescent gravidas (29/1000) and lowest in mature mothers (20/1000; p for trend < .01). Overall, preterm stillbirth was the most frequent stillbirth phenotype while term stillbirth was the least frequent. Not a single case of term stillbirth was recorded in pediatric mothers. Among pediatric gravidas, the risk for preterm stillbirth was more than tripled (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.5–4.6), and that of preterm-SGA stillbirth more than doubled (AHR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.8–3.7) that of mature mothers respectively. The 30% risk elevation for SGA stillbirth among pediatric mothers was not found to be statistically significant (AHR = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.3–4.3). Pediatric motherhood is a risk factor for stillbirth in twin gestation, especially, preterm and preterm-SGA stillbirth phenotypes. Prevention of stillbirth among this category of mothers should target the period preceding full term.

Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Hydrocarbons Increases Dementia Risk in People Aged 50 Years and above in Taiwan

Current Alzheimer Research ◽

10.2174/1567205017666200103112443 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (14) ◽

pp. 1276-1289

Author(s):

Han-Wei Zhang ◽

Victor C. Kok ◽

Shu-Chun Chuang ◽

Chun-Hung Tseng ◽

Chin-Teng Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollutants ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

The Elderly ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Dementia Risk ◽

Disease Exposure ◽

Total Hydrocarbons

Background: Alzheimer’s disease, the most common cause of dementia among the elderly, is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease. Exposure to air pollutants is known to have adverse effects on human health, however, little is known about hydrocarbons in the air that can trigger a dementia event. Objective: We aimed to investigate whether long-term exposure to airborne hydrocarbons increases the risk of developing dementia. Method: The present cohort study included 178,085 people aged 50 years and older in Taiwan. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to fit the multiple pollutant models for two targeted pollutants, including total hydrocarbons and non-methane hydrocarbons, and estimated the risk of dementia. Results: Before controlling for multiple pollutants, hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the overall population were 7.63 (7.28-7.99, p <0.001) at a 0.51-ppm increases in total hydrocarbons, and 2.94 (2.82-3.05, p <0.001) at a 0.32-ppm increases in non-methane hydrocarbons. The highest adjusted hazard ratios for different multiple-pollutant models of each targeted pollutant were statistically significant (p <0.001) for all patients: 11.52 (10.86-12.24) for total hydrocarbons and 9.73 (9.18-10.32) for non-methane hydrocarbons. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that total hydrocarbons and non-methane hydrocarbons may be contributing to dementia development.

Comparative Effectiveness of Exclusive Exposure to Nafcillin or Oxacillin, Cefazolin, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, and Fluoroquinolones Among a National Cohort of Veterans With Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz270 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Maya Beganovic ◽

Jaclyn A Cusumano ◽

Vrishali Lopes ◽

Kerry L LaPlante ◽

Aisling R Caffrey

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽

Medical Centers ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

National Cohort ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus Bloodstream Infection ◽

Veterans Affairs Medical Centers

Abstract Objective Beta-lactam antibiotics are recommended as first-line for treatment of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia. The objective of this study was to compare effectiveness of anti-MSSA therapies among bacteremia patients exclusively exposed to 1 antimicrobial. Method This was a national retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized in Veterans Affairs medical centers with MSSA bacteremia from January 1, 2002, to October 1, 2015. Patients were included if they were treated exclusively with nafcillin, oxacillin, cefazolin, piperacillin/tazobactam, or fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin and levofloxacin). We assessed 30-day mortality, time to discharge, inpatient mortality, 30-day readmission, and 30-day S. aureus reinfection. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using propensity-score (PS) matched Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results When comparing nafcillin/oxacillin (n = 105) with cefazolin (n = 107), 30-day mortality was similar between groups (PS matched n = 44; HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.11–4.00), as were rates of the other outcomes assessed. As clinical outcomes did not vary between nafcillin/oxacillin and cefazolin, they were combined for comparison with piperacillin/tazobactam (n = 113) and fluoroquinolones (n = 103). Mortality in the 30 days after culture was significantly lower in the nafcillin/oxacillin/cefazolin group compared with piperacillin/tazobactam (PS matched n = 48; HR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01–0.78), and similar when compared with fluoroquinolones (PS matched n = 32; HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.30–5.96). Conclusions In hospitalized patients with MSSA bacteremia, no difference in mortality was observed between nafcillin/oxacillin and cefazolin or fluoroquinolones. However, higher mortality was observed with piperacillin/tazobactam as compared with nafcillin/oxacillin/cefazolin, suggesting it may not be as effective as a monotherapy in MSSA bacteremia.

Erythropoietin Use and the Risk of Stroke in Patients on Hemodialysis: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.120.019529 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peir‐Haur Hung ◽

Chih‐Ching Yeh ◽

Chih‐Yen Hsiao ◽

Chih‐Hsin Muo ◽

Kuan‐Yu Hung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renal Disease ◽

End Stage Renal Disease ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Defined Daily Doses ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Stage Renal Disease ◽

End Stage

Background Targeting higher hemoglobin levels with erythropoietin to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, including that of stroke. The risks of the subtypes of stroke, ischemic, hemorrhagic, and unspecified, following the administration of erythropoietin in patients with end‐stage renal disease receiving hemodialysis remain unclear. Methods and results Overall, 12 948 adult patients with end‐stage renal disease treated during 1999 to 2010 who had undergone hemodialysis were included. The study end points were the incidences of stroke and its subtypes. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of stroke and its subtypes in erythropoietin recipients compared with nonrecipients. Patients in the erythropoietin cohort did not have an increased risk of stroke compared with those in the nonerythropoietin cohort (adjusted HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.92–1.15). Compared with patients in the nonerythropoietin cohort, the risks of ischemic, hemorrhagic, or unspecified stroke were not higher in patients in the erythropoietin cohort (adjusted HRs, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.93–1.26], 0.96 [95% CI, 0.78–1.18], and 1.03 [95% CI, 0.80–1.32], respectively). Increased risks of stroke and its subtypes were not observed with even large annual defined daily doses of erythropoietin (>201). Conclusions Erythropoietin in patients receiving hemodialysis is not associated with increased risk of stroke or any of its subtypes.

Gallbladder Polyps Increase the Risk of Ischaemic Heart Disease Among Korean Adults

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.693245 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Yong-Jae Lee ◽

Byoungjin Park ◽

Kyung-Won Hong ◽

Dong-Hyuk Jung

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Control Group ◽

Gallbladder Polyps ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Longitudinal Effects ◽

Icd 10

Background: Gallbladder (GB) polyps and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) share some common risk factors. We investigated the longitudinal effects of gallbladder (GB) polyps, as a surrogate metabolic indicator, on IHD.Methods: We enrolled 19,612 participants from the health risk assessment study (HERAS) and Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) database. The primary outcome was IHD, which consisted of angina pectoris (ICD-10 code I20) or acute myocardial infarction (ICD-10 code I21) that occurred after enrolment into the study. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for IHD according to the presence of GB polyps using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models.Results: The median follow-up period was 29.9 months and a total of 473 individuals (2.4%, 473/19,612) developed IHD. Individuals with GB polyps had an increased risk of IHD compared with the control group after adjusting for potential confounding variables (HR = 1.425; 95% CI, 1.028–1.975). Furthermore, the coexistence of hypertension or dyslipidaemia resulted in an increased risk (HR = 2.14, 95% CI, 1.34–3.44 or HR = 2.09, 95% CI, 1.32–3.31, respectively) of new-onset IHD in the GB polyp group.Conclusions: GB polyps was an independent risk factor of IHD. Awareness of these associations will inform clinicians on the need to include cardiovascular risk management as part of the routine management of patients with GB polyps.

Adipose Tissue Lipophilic Index and Risk of Ischemic Stroke—A Danish Case-Cohort Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10111570 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1570 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Linda Tram ◽

Stine Krogh Venø ◽

Christina Dahm ◽

Birthe H. Thomsen ◽

Martin Berg Johansen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Fatty Acid Profiles ◽

Unknown Mechanism ◽

Cox Proportional Hazards Regression ◽

Hazard Ratios

Diet may influence the risk of ischemic stroke by several mechanisms. A potential and hitherto unknown mechanism may relate to an effect on the lipophilic index, which is a new and convenient indicator of membrane fluidity. This study investigated the association between the adipose tissue lipophilic index and ischemic stroke and its subtypes. A case-cohort study was conducted based on the Danish cohort study Diet, Cancer, and Health, which includes 57,053 subjects aged 50–64 years at enrolment. A subcohort (n = 3500) was randomly drawn from the whole cohort. All ischemic stroke cases were validated and categorized into subtypes. The lipophilic index was calculated based on fatty acid profiles in adipose tissue. Subjects were divided into quintiles and a weighted Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to calculate hazard ratios. After appropriate exclusions, a subcohort of 3194 subjects and 1752 cases of ischemic stroke were included. When comparing the fifth quintile of the lipophilic index with the first quintile, the hazard ratio for ischemic stroke was 0.92 (95% confidence interval 0.75, 1.13) and the trend across quintiles was not statistically significant (p = 0.1727). In conclusion, no association was found between the lipophilic index and ischemic stroke or its subtypes.

Development of Prognostic Nomogram Based on Immune Scores in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients

10.21203/rs.3.rs-32558/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xie Hui ◽

Zhang Jianfang ◽

Qing Li

Keyword(s):

Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽

Proportional Hazards ◽

Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cox Models ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Immune Score ◽

Good Calibration

Abstract Background: Immunotherapy has significantly altered the treatment landscape for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).However, there is no report on the prediction of overall survival (OS) of lung adenocarcinoma (LDAC) based on immune score. In this study,we aim to investigate the immune scores of the LADC and the prognosis-related factors and construct a nomogram for prognosis prediction.Methods:A total of 407 cases were included in the study.And the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with LADC and immune scores were download from TCGA database.We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Nomograms were framed from Cox models and internally validated by use of 1000 bootstrap.Model discrimination was assessed by using the concordance index (c-index) and the calibration curve.Results：Patients were divided into groups with low, moderate, or high Subgroups based on immune scores.This study shows that compared with patients with low and intermediate immune scores, only those with high immune scores had significantly improved OS (HR and 95% confidence interval[CI]:0.488 [0.327‐0.730]).The C‐index for OS prediction was 0.707(95% CI, 0.664‐0.750) .The calibration curves for prediction of 3-years and 5-years OS probabilities demonstrated good calibration and discrimination.Conclusions：High immune scores Subgroup is very significantly correlated with better OS in patients with LADC. Moreover, the nomograms for predicting prognosis may help to assess the survival of patients with LADC.