scholarly journals Maternal education gradients in early life height: A comparative study of eight Latin American countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Abufhele ◽  
Kasim Allel ◽  
Marigen Narea ◽  
Jane Waldfogel
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Height For Age

Abstract Background More than 20% of the children around the world were stunted in 2018. The situation is not any better in Latin American countries, even though stunting prevalence has been declining since 2000. Stunting has adverse consequences on children: severe short- and long-term health and functional effects, poor cognition and educational performance, low adult wages, and productivity loss. Methods This study compares maternal education gradients in height-for-age z-scores (HAZs) and stunting prevalence in children between two and four years of age from eight different Latin American countries: Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Peru. Results Results show that the prevalence of stunting varies widely across Latin American countries. Having a mother with tertiary education increases HAZs in every country (except Paraguay), compared to having a mother with primary education or less. In some countries, there is also a difference in HAZs associated with secondary versus primary maternal education. With regard to stunting, maternal education is a crucial determinant to decrease the odds of being stunted in early years in countries with the highest stunting prevalence (≈ 20%); however, this is not the case for countries where the prevalence is low (< 5%). Conclusions We found that maternal education is associated with height and stunting in preschool-aged children in our sampled Latin American countries. The association’s magnitude is higher for LMICs than for countries with a higher income per capita in the zone (i.e., Chile and Uruguay). These results suggest that future policies aiming to increase maternal education will improve children’s height-for-age and decrease their risk of stunting.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of historical noise exposure data for environmental epidemiology in Switzerland within the SiRENE project

Noise Mapping ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Karipidis ◽  
Danielle Vienneau ◽  
Manuel Habermacher ◽  
Micha Köpflii ◽  
Mark Brink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Exposure Analysis ◽  
Short And Long Term

AbstractIn 2014 the three-year interdisciplinary study SiRENE (Short and Long Term Effects of Traffic Noise Exposure) was launched in Switzerland. The goal of SiRENE is to investigate acute, short- and long-term e_ects of road, railway and aircraft noise exposure on annoyance, sleep disturbances and cardio-metabolic risk.The study is based on a detailed Swiss-wide assessment of transportation noise exposure, including diurnal distributions. The exposure analysis comprises current as well as historical exposure calculations for up to 20 years in the past.We present the major challenges of compiling sufficient data to support a Swiss-wide model for all buildings and including all transport infrastructure as a basis for the subsequent SiRENE sound exposure analysis for the years 2011, 2001 and 1991. The task is particularly challenging for the early years due to poor data quality and/or lack of availability. We address the integration of geo-referenced input datasets from various sources and time periods, the assignment of tra_c noise exposure from façade points to dwelling units, as well as the processing of traffic information and statistics. Preliminary results of the noise exposure calculations are presented.

Catch-up growth in children after repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Carmona ◽  
Lucas S. Hatanaka ◽  
Marco A. Barbieri ◽  
Heloisa Bettiol ◽  
Roseli B. D. Toffano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tetralogy Of Fallot ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Residual Lesions ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the growth of children after repair of Tetralogy of Fallot, as well as the influence of residual lesions and socio-economic status.MethodsA total of 17 children, including 10 boys with a median age of 16 months at surgery, were enrolled in a retrospective cohort, in a tertiary care university hospital. Anthropometric (as z-scores), clinical, nutritional, and social data were collected.ResultsWeight-for-age and weight-for-height z-scores decreased pre-operatively and recovered post-operatively in almost all patients, most markedly weight for age. Weight-for-height z-scores improved, but were still lower than birth values in the long term. Long-term height-for-age z-scores were higher than those at birth, surgery, and 3 months post-operatively. Most patients showed catch-up growth for height for age (70%), weight for age (82%), and weight for height (70%). Post-operative residual lesions (76%) influenced weight-for-age z-scores. Despite the fact that most patients (70%) were from low-income families, energy intake was above the estimated requirement for age and gender in all but one patient. There was no influence of socio-economic status on pre- and post-operative growth. Bone age was delayed and long-term-predicted height was within mid-parental height limits in 16 children (93%).ConclusionChildren submitted to Tetralogy of Fallot repair had pre-operative acute growth restriction and showed post-operative catch-up growth for weight and height. Acute growth restriction could still be present in the long term.

scholarly journals TRADE OPENNESS, INEQUALITY AND POVERTY IN LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

Ekonomika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Yilmaz Bayar ◽  
H. Funda Sezgin
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Trade Volume ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Latin American Countries

Globalization has quickened, especially during the past three decades, due to technological, institutional, legal and political developments in the world. During this process, many countries reduced or removed the barriers on the cross-country flows of goods, services and capital, and the global trade volume increased substantially. Therefore, openness-oriented policies have led many social and economic implications for the national economies. In this regard, this study investigates the interaction among trade openness, poverty alleviation and inequality in 11 Latin American countries by employing a panel data analysis. We revealed that trade openness and financial development affected inequality and poverty negatively in the long term, while inequality affected poverty positively.

scholarly journals Financing Higher Education in Latin America

2014 ◽  
pp. 22-24
Author(s):  
Ana Garcia De Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Funding Mechanisms ◽  
Financing Higher Education ◽  
First Time ◽  
Latin American Countries

Latin American countries have been enjoying a strong growth during the 2000s for the first time since the debt crisis of the 1980s.  This article focuses on some of the changes that took place during these boom years with regard to public and private funds earmarked for tertiary education, some consequences of this funding pattern in terms of equity, and the main innovations in funding mechanisms put in place to allocate public funds.

scholarly journals Military-technical cooperation between Russia and Latin America at the present stage (cases of Venezuela, Peru, Brazil)

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Technical Cooperation ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Development Of Partnership

The article provides the overview of military-technical cooperation (MTC) of theRussian Federationwith Latin American countries, its main trends and impact on bilateral political and economic relations withVenezuela,PeruandBrazil. After the collapse of theUSSR, the supply of domestic arms to the Latin American market declined significantly. In the 2000s,Russiaregained its position in this market. Modern MTC strategies are primarily economic, marketing and political. The development of partnership in the field of military-technical cooperation is of long-term strategic importance, since the purchase of weapons entails the need for cooperation in other areas related to its use.

scholarly journals How do the Tax Burden and the Fiscal Space in Latin America look like? Evidence through Laffer Curves

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Ignacio Lozano-Espitia ◽  
Fernando Arias-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Effective Tax Rates ◽  
Fiscal Space ◽  
Factor Returns ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Neoclassical Growth ◽  
Laffer Curves

How much fiscal space do Latin American countries have to increase their tax burdens in the long term? This paper provides an answer through Laffer curves estimates for taxes on labor, capital, and consumption for the six largest emerging economies of the region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. Estimates are made using a neoclassical growth model with second-generation human capital and employing data from the national accounts system for the period from 1994 to 2017. Our findings allow us to compare the recent effective tax rates on factor returns against those which would maximize the government's revenues, and therefore to derive the potential tax-related fiscal space. Results suggest that joint fiscal space on labor and capital taxes would reach 6.5% of GDP for the region, on average, and that there are important differences among the countries.

Selling Neoliberalism: Brazil's Instituto Liberal

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Nylen
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Fiscal Crisis ◽  
Policy Mix ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Economic Elites ◽  
Latin American Countries

In the 1980s more and more Latin American countries attempted to address daunting economic problems with variations on the so-called neoliberal theme. While one should have expected governments to implement some form of short-term fiscal and monetary adjustments to address the region's generalised fiscal crisis, it was less inevitable that this neoclassical formula should coincide with a more long-term structural adjustment formula, including such neoliberal (or neo-orthodox) policies as privatisation of State-owned companies, liberalization of tariffs, and reduction of the public sector workforce. As a result of this policy mix, the normal recessionary impact of adjustment intensified. The clamour for protection from that impact, and/or for putting an end to the policies themselves, has also intensified not only from the popular sector (that perennial target of all adjustments), but from the ranks of economic elites as well.

Multidisciplinary obesity clinic for children—Short and long term improvements in BMI z scores

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
L. Russell ◽  
R.C. Huang ◽  
J. Curran ◽  
L. Bell ◽  
L. Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Z Scores ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Obesity Clinic
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