scholarly journals Development and implementation of a prototype pilot hydrogen generation plant using solar energy in rural areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Torres ◽  
Claudio Acuña ◽  
Claudio Leiva ◽  
Diego Poblete
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Rectangular Plates ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Generation Plant ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
The Way

Abstract BackgroundWorldwide, hydrogen is being regarded as a fuel of the future due to its abundance and the byproducts generated by its combustion. However, mass production of hydrogen gas is a problem complex, since it entails large energy costs. In this work, three prototypes, based on standard and low cost materials, for the production of hydrogen were used, varying the way of generating hydrogen by electrolysis and the way of using the hydrogen produced, either by storing it or to be use in burners in kitchen.ResultsIt was found that the operating temperatures oscillate between 60 to 90 degrees Celsius. The system of rectangular plates with bipolar dry cell electrolyzer obtained a H2 generation of 0.1 m3/hr with an energy consumption of 553.6 [kW/m3 H2] operating at 2 [atm], on the other hand, the unipolar collector with points generated 0.02 m3/hr 20/60 standard liters per H2 with a consumption of 144 [kW/m3] operating at 1 [atm] this was the most efficient device with a 26 % efficiency considering the solar energy used.ConclusionA low cost prototype was created which allows the use of solar energy, allowing the energy storage in the form of H2. It can be used in a rural area to be injected in kitchen burners, reducing LPG (liquefied petroleoum gas) consumptions and contributing to the sustainable development.

Small-Scale, Green-Powered Hydrogen Generation System

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Arruda ◽  
David Browne ◽  
Chris Thongkham ◽  
Mansour Zenouzi
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Thermal Design ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Average Consumer

One of the major road blocks in the transition from the current oil economy to the future hydrogen fuel economy is the availability of low cost hydrogen fuel for the average consumer. Currently, the price per kilogram of hydrogen fuel is higher than the cost of an equivalent measure of gasoline and its availability is limited to large metropolitan areas. Both of these factors prevent hydrogen from being an attractive alternative to gasoline for most consumers. The goal of this project, in a senior thermal design course, is to design and construct a low-cost hydrogen generation system for residential hydrogen fuel production and storage. The system will be powered by renewable sources of energy; namely a micro-scale wind turbine and a solar panel. The power generated will be used to power a small-scale PEM electrolyzer to produce hydrogen gas that will then be stored at low pressure in a safe, metal hydride storage tank. This relatively low cost system will provide the average consumer with the ability to safely produce hydrogen fuel for use in residential fuel cells or fuel cell-powered vehicles, making hydrogen fuel an attractive alternative to fossil fuels.

The Development Present Situation and its Countermeasures about the Solar Energy Industry in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 28-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Meng
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Independent Innovation ◽  
Industrial Chain ◽  
Innovation Ability ◽  
Solar Energy Industry

Using methods of system analysis and patent analysis, some gratifying progress about the industrial chain, industrial scale, R&D ability, low cost had been made in the solar energy industry in China. But there are some questions such as internal and external challenges, the enterprise innovation ability needing to be improved further, output quality not being high, the emerging and domestic market being yet to be developed etc. Therefore, the effective countermeasures just like strengthening multilateral communication, building the independent innovation system, formulating the strategy of intellectual property rights and developing the domestic and foreign markets are proposed to promote the sustainable development of the solar energy industry.

scholarly journals Solar Photocatalytic production of hydrogen from aqueous polystyrene-Pt/TiO2 Suspension

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 3816-3820
Author(s):  
Jamal Harbi Hussien Alsaadi ◽  
Hasan Sabeeh Jabur
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Apparent Quantum Yield ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

       In the present work, the Photocatalytic production of hydrogen from aqueous suspension of polystyrene is studied using titanium dioxide doped with platinum as photocatalyst. The parameters affecting the efficiency of Photocatalytic hydrogen production are Pt-loading (%), solution pH and the Pt/TiO2 loading and particle size.  Under optimum conditions, 78 micro moles of hydrogen gas is generated after about 25 hr, irradiation in deacrated solution  ( pH=13, Pt weight % load is 6% and Pt/TiO2 load and particle size are 4 gm/l and 400 mesh size respectively). Negligible amounts of hydrogen gas were noticed in the presence of unplatinized TiO2 at pH lower than 4. The apparent quantum yield of the Photocatalytic production of hydrogen was also determined and is affected by the % load of Pt on TiO2. The number average molecular weight of polystyrene decreases with irradiation time which indicates the photo degradation process under the condition employed. Carbon dioxide is also evolved at the later stage of photolysis process which suggests the partial mineralization of the polymer during the photolysis process. According to the experimental results a mechanism of hydrogen generation and polymer degradation is suggested. 

Hydrogen as a Fuel Supplement in a CNG Operated Vehicle Using a Simple Onboard Hydrogen Generation System

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Asad ◽  
Mohammad A. Wattoo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Small Current ◽  
Light Load ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

Natural gas operated gasoline engines achieve superior fuel economy on the expense of reduced engine power and increased emissions. One method of offsetting these disadvantages is by the addition of hydrogen gas up to 20% by volume to compressed natural gas (CNG) using the existing natural gas conversion systems. This offers major benefits in fuel economy, light load performance and lower emissions. The effect of supplementing CNG with hydrogen is studied along with the design of a simple hydrogen generation system for a 1.3 L bi-fuel engine. The Suzuki 1.3 L G13BA (SOHC) gasoline engine fitted with the Landi Renzo CNG pressure regulator, Type TN1 (Standard) has been used for experimentation. The system uses a small current for electrolysis of ordinary tap water for production of hydrogen. The light load performance is significantly enhanced and carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon emissions are reduced. Constraints on system design have been duly accounted for and the complete system is placed under the hood of the vehicle.

scholarly journals MoO3-Doped MnCo2O4 Microspheres Consisting of Nanosheets: An Inexpensive Nanostructured Catalyst to Hydrolyze Ammonia Borane for Hydrogen Generation

Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongsheng Lu ◽  
Yufa Feng ◽  
Zitian Ding ◽  
Jinyun Liao ◽  
Xibin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Active Catalyst ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Ammonia Borane ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Nanostructured Catalyst ◽  
Turnover Frequency ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

Production of hydrogen by catalytically hydrolyzing ammonia borane (AB) has attracted extensive attention in the field of catalysis and energy. However, it is still a challenge to develop a both inexpensive and active catalyst for AB hydrolysis. In this work, we designed a series of MoO3-doped MnCo2O4 (x) catalysts, which were fabricated by a hydrothermal process. The morphology, crystalline structure, and chemical components of the catalysts were systematically analyzed. The catalytic behavior of the catalyst in AB hydrolysis was investigated. Among these catalysts, MoO3-doped MnCo2O4 (0.10) microspheres composed of nanosheets exhibited the highest catalytic activity. The apparent activation energy is 34.24 kJ mol−1 and the corresponding turnover frequency is 26.4 molhydrogen min−1 molcat−1. Taking into consideration the low cost and high performance, the MoO3-doped MnCo2O4 (0.10) microspheres composed of nanosheets represent a promising catalyst to hydrolyze AB for hydrogen production.

Hydrogen Production by Solar Reforming of Natural Gas: A Cost Study

Solar Energy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Mo¨ller ◽  
Dario Kaucic ◽  
Christian Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Cost Study ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Today’s production of renewable hydrogen using energy sources such as solar and wind is too expensive compared with conventional production, normally by an order of magnitude. The high costs are a major bottleneck for the launch of the hydrogen economy. This paper will present a bypass of this bottleneck, which is a compromise between the use of fossil and solar energy: the solar steam reforming of natural gas (NG). It comprises the production of hydrogen from NG and the use of solar energy as the renewable source at low cost. Using the solar reformer technology for generation of hydrogen, we expect fuel savings of up to 40% compared to a conventional plant. Therefore, the CO2 emissions can be reduced accordingly. Based on the experiences in DLR solar reformers, which were successfully demonstrated at a level of few hundred kW in previous EC co-funded projects (e.g. SOLASYS), industrial plant layouts were developed. For a 50 MWth solar reforming plant a cost study was prepared. Two process layouts were investigated and the hydrogen costs were calculated. Sensitivity analyses of different parameters such as the natural gas prize were conducted. The conceptual layout of a solar driven hydrogen production plant comprises the innovative solar reformer followed by a water gas shift reactor and gas separation units. For the separation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide a PSA unit and gas washing unit using methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) are considered. The remaining methane rich gas is recycled to the process. The results of this cost study show that hydrogen produced by solar reforming costs between 4.5 and 4.7ct€ / kWh (LHV of H2). Therefore it is only about 20% more expensive than conventionally produced hydrogen. Increasing the cost of methane (NG) will result in favorable conditions for the solar hydrogen.

A Kw-Scale Integrated System for On-Demand Hydrogen Generation Using NaBH4 Solution and a Low-Cost Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 664 ◽  
pp. 795-800
Author(s):  
Pouya Pashaie ◽  
Mohsen Shakeri ◽  
Reza Miremadeddin
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pem Fuel Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Exchange Membrane

Among several hydrogen storage methods for application in fuel cells, on-board hydrogen generation using sodium borohydride (NaBH4; a chemical hydride) for application in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells can be considered as a low-weight method for portable applications. In this paper, an integrated continuous-flow system for on-demand hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis reaction of the NaBH4 solution in the presence of a low-cost catalyst is proposed. By using the prepared non-noble Co(NO3)2 on porous alpha-alumina support, as catalyst, the cost of the catalyst has cut down considerably. Up to 15 SLPM high-purity hydrogen gas is expected to be generated by this system to supply to a 1 kW-scale proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack (H2-air, 40% efficiency).

Study on the Application Pattern of Solar Energy of Rural House in the Cold Area

2012 ◽  
Vol 193-194 ◽  
pp. 165-168
Author(s):  
Dong Xu ◽  
Xue Ying Wang ◽  
Ya Jun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Residential Energy ◽  
Solar Energy Application ◽  
The People ◽  
Cold Area ◽  
Energy Application

China's rural residential energy consumption increase constantly, and explore practical rural residential solar energy application technology, solve the energy problem of heating in winter, improve the living standards of the people, and improve the quality of life, to accelerate the pace of China's overall energy conservation of the building is of vital importance. Through investigation method, the cold areas of the present situation, the rural housing live characteristics, the peasant's living standard, the solar energy application investigated. The sun room types, characteristics, collection hot parts design points are analyzed. At present, the passive solar houses, because of its simple structure, low cost, is suitable for application in rural areas, the highly development prospects.

Extended visible light driven photocatalytic hydrogen generation by electron induction from g-C3N4 nanosheets to ZnO through the proper heterojunction

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Zada ◽  
Muhammad Khan ◽  
Zahid Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Ishaq Ali Shah ◽  
Muhammad Ateeq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Light Illumination ◽  
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Visible Light Illumination ◽  
Visible Light Driven ◽  
Radical Generation

Abstract The alarming energy crises has forced the scientific community to work for sustainable energy modules to meet energy requirements. As for this, ZnO/g-C3N4 nanocomposites with proper heterojunction were fabricated by coupling a proper amount of ZnO with 2D graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets and the obtained nanocomposites were applied for photocatalytic hydrogen generation from water under visible light illumination (λ > 420 nm). The morphologies and the hydrogen generation performance of fabricated photocatalysts were characterized in detail. Results showed that the optimized 5ZnO/g-C3N4 nanocomposite produced 70 µmol hydrogen gas in 1 h compare to 8 µmol by pure g-C3N4 under identical illumination conditions in the presence of methanol without the addition of cocatalyst. The much improved photoactivities of the nanocomposites were attributed to the enhanced charge separation through the heterojunction as confirmed from photoluminescence study, capacity of the fabricated samples for •OH radical generation and steady state surface photovoltage spectroscopic (SS-SPS) measurements. We believe that this work would help to fabricate low cost and effective visible light driven photocatalyst for energy production.

Characterization of a Polymeric Membrane for the Separation of Hydrogen in a Mixture with CO2

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionisio H. Malagón-Romero ◽  
Alexander Ladino ◽  
Nataly Ortiz ◽  
Liliana P. Green
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Polymeric Membrane ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

Hydrogen is expected to play an important role as a clean, reliable and renewable energy source. A key challenge is the production of hydrogen in an economically and environmentally sustainable way on an industrial scale. One promising method of hydrogen production is via biological processes using agricultural resources, where the hydrogen is found to be mixed with other gases, such as carbon dioxide. Thus, to separate hydrogen from the mixture, it is challenging to implement and evaluate a simple, low cost, reliable and efficient separation process. So, the aim of this work was to develop a polymeric membrane for hydrogen separation. The developed membranes were made of polysulfone via phase inversion by a controlled evaporation method with 5 wt % and 10 wt % of polysulfone resulting in thicknesses of 132 and 239 micrometers, respectively. Membrane characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and ASTM D882 tensile test. Performance was characterized using a 23 factorial experiment using the time lag method, comparing the results with those from gas chromatography (GC). As a result, developed membranes exhibited dense microstructures, low values of RMS roughness, and glass transition temperatures of approximately 191.75 °C and 190.43 °C for the 5 wt % and 10 wt % membranes, respectively. Performance results for the given membranes showed a hydrogen selectivity of 8.20 for an evaluated gas mixture 54% hydrogen and 46% carbon dioxide. According to selectivity achieved, H2 separation from carbon dioxide is feasible with possibilities of scalability. These results are important for consolidating hydrogen production from biological processes.

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