scholarly journals Assessment of the Fire Effect on Water Balance Components Under Different Land Uses, Central Zagros, Iran Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khodayar Abdollahi ◽  
AliAsghar Naghipour ◽  
Samira Bayati ◽  
Zahra Eslami ◽  
Forrest W Black
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Bayesian Belief Networks ◽  
Fire Occurrence ◽  
Belief Networks ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Calibration And Validation ◽  
Fire Scenario

Abstract Background: Fire occurrence may lead to a significant impactin many terrestrial ecosystems. This study attempted to evaluate the effects of fire on the water balance components in the Central Zagros, Iran. The study used two modeling frameworks, including WetSpass-M and Bayesian Belief Networks to investigate the effect of fire on the amount of runoff, groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration. The first part of the study was a water balance simulation at a monthly scale. In addition, a Bayesian belief networks was applied to explore and understand key issues affect in the water balance after fire. Calibration and validation of the WetSpass-M model was performed without considering the effect of fire (2000-2014) and then the model was run again to with the fire scenario by reducing manning roughness coefficient and increasing the θ coefficient. Results: Calibration and validation were performed before finalizing the simulation. A Nash-Sutcliff coefficient of 0.61 and 0.58 was obtained during the calibration and validation respectively. The analysis of the water balance components results depicted that fire has increased the amount of runoff and it has reduced the amount of groundwater recharge and actual evaporation especially in the sparse forest and poor, medium and good rangelands. Conclusions: Water balance components of each class, i.e. sparse forest, poor, medium and good rangelands were different under fire/non-fire scenarios. The percentage of change in the water balance components were used for comparison. The results of Bayesian model for post-fire scenario showed a significant increase in runoff due to reduced vegetation in the area. Both simulated groundwater recharge and surface flow have showed a reduction rate in the fire occurrence scenario. A similar conclusion was obtained from probabilistic Bayesian model due to reducing vegetation cover and surface changes. Actual evapotranspiration component for the poor rangeland has dropped off significantly. Therefore, there is a need for monitoring hydrologic dynamics of the lands with a high risk of burning.

scholarly journals Impacts of deforestation on water balance components of a watershed on the Brazilian East Coast

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1350-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donizete dos Reis Pereira ◽  
André Quintão de Almeida ◽  
Mauro Aparecido Martinez ◽  
David Rafael Quintão Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
The Real ◽  
Calibration And Validation ◽  
Creek Watershed

The Brazilian East coast was intensely affected by deforestation, which drastically cut back the original biome. The possible impacts of this process on water resources are still unknown. The purpose of this study was an evaluation of the impacts of deforestation on the main water balance components of the Galo creek watershed, in the State of Espírito Santo, on the East coast of Brazil. Considering the real conditions of the watershed, the SWAT model was calibrated with data from 1997 to 2000 and validated for the period between 2001 and 2003. The calibration and validation processes were evaluated by the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and by the statistical parameters (determination coefficient, slope coefficient and F test) of the regression model adjusted for estimated and measured flow data. After calibration and validation of the model, new simulations were carried out for three different land use scenarios: a scenario in compliance with the law (C1), assuming the preservation of PPAs (permanent preservation areas); an optimistic scenario (C2), which considers the watershed to be almost entirely covered by native vegetation; and a pessimistic scenario (C3), in which the watershed would be almost entirely covered by pasture. The scenarios C1, C2 and C3 represent a soil cover of native forest of 76, 97 and 0 %, respectively. The results were compared with the simulation, considering the real scenario (C0) with 54 % forest cover. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients were 0.65 and 0.70 for calibration and validation, respectively, indicating satisfactory results in the flow simulation. A mean reduction of 10 % of the native forest cover would cause a mean annual increase of approximately 11.5 mm in total runoff at the watershed outlet. Reforestation would ensure minimum flows in the dry period and regulate the maximum flow of the main watercourse of the watershed.

scholarly journals Water Balance Estimation Using Integrated GIS-Based WetSpass Model in the Birki Watershed, Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Esayas Meresa ◽  
Abbadi Girmay ◽  
Amare Gebremedhin
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Wetspass Model

This study aims to estimate long-term average annual and seasonal water balance components for Birki watershed using WetSpass model with the integrated geospatial modeling approach with ten years’ hydro-meteorological and biophysical data of the watershed. Both primary and secondary data were collected using both field survey and disk-based data collection methods. The WetSpass model was used for data analysis purposes. The finding showed that in the summer season the annual groundwater recharge is 24.1 mm year-1 (96.5%), winter season mean groundwater recharge is 0.8 mm year-1 (3.5%) and yearly mean groundwater recharge is 24.9 mm year-1, Surface runoff yearly mean value is 40.6 mm year-1, Soil evaporation yearly mean value is 10.8 mm year-1, Evapotranspiration yearly mean value is 60.8 mm year-1, Intersection loss yearly mean value is 17 mm year-1, and Transpiration loss yearly value is 6.8 mm year-1 in the entire watershed. The mean annual precipitation, which is 573 mm, is contributed to 7.4%, 7.1% and 85.5% recharge to the groundwater, to surface runoff, and evapotranspiration, respectively. Annually 1.1205 million m3 water recharges into the groundwater table as recharge from the precipitation on the entire watershed. The contribution of this study could be used as baseline information for regional water resource experts, policy makers and researchers for further investigation. It can also be concluded that integrated WetSpass and GIS-based models are good indicators for estimating and understanding of water balance components in a given watershed to implement an integrated watershed management plan for sustainable utilization and sustainable development.

Risk of fire occurrence in arid and semi-arid ecosystems of Iran: an investigation using Bayesian belief networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 188 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Bashari ◽  
Ali Asghar Naghipour ◽  
Seyed Jamaleddin Khajeddin ◽  
Hamed Sangoony ◽  
Pejman Tahmasebi
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Belief Networks ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Fire Occurrence ◽  
Belief Networks ◽  
Semi Arid

Estimation of Spatial and Temporal Groundwater Balance Components in Khadir Canal Sub-Division, Chaj Doab, Pakistan

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aslam ◽  
Ali Salem ◽  
Vijay P. Singh ◽  
Muhammad Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Aquifer Management ◽  
Groundwater Balance ◽  
Semi Arid

Evaluation of the spatial and temporal distribution of water balance components is required for efficient and sustainable management of groundwater resources, especially in semi-arid and data-poor areas. The Khadir canal sub-division, Chaj Doab, Pakistan, is a semi-arid area which has shallow aquifers which are being pumped by a plethora of wells with no effective monitoring. This study employed a monthly water balance model (water and energy transfer among soil, plants, and atmosphere)—WetSpass-M—to determine the groundwater balance components on annual, seasonal, and monthly time scales for a period of the last 20 years (2000–2019) in the Khadir canal sub-division. The spatial distribution of water balance components depends on soil texture, land use, groundwater level, slope, and meteorological conditions. Inputs for the model included data on topography, slope, soil, groundwater depth, slope, land use, and meteorological data (e.g., precipitation, air temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and wind speed) which were prepared using ArcGIS. The long-term average annual rainfall (455.7 mm) is distributed as 231 mm (51%) evapotranspiration, 109.1 mm (24%) surface runoff, and 115.6 mm (25%) groundwater recharge. About 51% of groundwater recharge occurs in summer, 18% in autumn, 14% in winter, and 17% in spring. Results showed that the WetSpass-M model properly simulated the water balance components of the Khadir canal sub-division. The WetSpass-M model’s findings can be used to develop a regional groundwater model for simulation of different aquifer management scenarios in the Khadir area, Pakistan.

Improvement of uncertainty estimation in global hydrological models by using high resolution satellite data as an interpolator

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogier Westerhoff ◽  
Frederika Mourot ◽  
Conny Tschritter
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Water Balance Components

<p>Global hydrological models often ingest remotely-sensed observations supported by ground-truthed data in attempts to better quantify water balance components, e.g. soil water content, evapotranspiration, runoff/discharge, groundwater recharge. However, the scaling up process from local observations to that global, coarse, scale contains large uncertainty, often undermining the relevance of water balance calculations.</p><p>With recent more advanced high-resolution satellite data, freely available at 10m spatial resolution and (sub-) weekly temporal resolution, there is a possibility to reduce uncertainty in that upscaling. However, there are two challenges in doing so when working with global models: exponential increase of computational effort, and the need for quantifying the yet unknown uncertainty of assumptions that coarse global model cells and their underlying equations bring.</p><p>This study hypothesises that a bottom-up approach with high-resolution satellite data and in situ observations will better constrain and quantify uncertainty. By using these more spatially-explicit data, we make the case that the estimation of water balance components should become more data-driven. We propose a more data-driven model that improves uncertainty of estimation and scalability by using more sophisticated, remotely-sensed interpolation layers.</p><p>Our case study shows New Zealand-wide estimates of evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge at two resolutions: 1km x 1km, using an earlier developed model and MODIS satellite data; and a novel approach at 10m x 10m using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data to better incorporate impervious areas (e.g., anthropogenic urbanised land covers) and small land patches (e.g., small forestry areas). We then study the implications of using different spatial scales and quantify the differences between 10m x 10m versus 1km x 1km model pixel estimates. Our method is applied in the Google Earth Engine, a free-for-research high performance cloud computing facility, hence providing powerful computational resources and making our approach easily scalable to global, regional and catchment scales. </p><p>Finally, we discuss what underlying model assumptions in traditional models could be changed to facilitate a method that works consistently at these different scales.</p>

Water fluxes and coupled nitrogen export in a managed prealpine grassland: identifying the effects of climate change and agricultural management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Schneider ◽  
Ralf Kiese
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Agricultural Management ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Nitrogen Export

<p>It is generally accepted that climate change likely alters the ratio of water balance components in mid-latitude environments. Higher temperatures and an elevated water vapour deficit may increase evapotranspiration rates and reduce groundwater recharge rates. At the same time, agricultural management may interfere these effects, e.g. through reduced plant transpiration rates due to a high cutting frequency.</p><p>The study analyses climate change and agricultural management effects on the water fluxes and coupled nitrogen export in a prealpine grassland. It makes use of the grassland lysimeters, which are part of the TERENO preAlpine observatory in southern Bavaria (Germany). In a “space-for-time” approach, soil cores with an area of 1 m² and a depth of 1.5 m have been excavated and translocated to lower elevations. Furthermore, soil cores from the same area (that have not been translocated to lower elevations) act as control plots in the lysimeter network. The elevation gradient between the highest (864 m a.s.l.) and lowest (695 m a.s.l.) lysimeter station accounts for a temperature increase of approx. 2°C, while precipitation decreases from approx. 1350 mm a<sup>-1</sup> to approx. 960 mm a<sup>-1</sup>. Following local agricultural practice, intensive as well as extensive grassland management is applied at the lysimeters: intensive management refers to a higher frequency of cutting (up to five times per year) and manure application (approx.. 250 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> a<sup>-1</sup>) than extensive management (two cuts and approx. 80 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> a<sup>-1</sup>).</p><p>The study compares the effects of temperature and precipitation changes (i.e. elevated temperature and decrease in precipitation) and different agricultural management on water balance components (evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, Ammonia and Nitrate fluxes) measured at the lysimeters. Preliminary result show that the ratio of evapotranspiration to precipitation increases in the climate change treatment. Water-bound nitrogen fluxes are comparably low on all sites, indicating that nitrogen uptake by plant plants is dominating over nitrogen leaching.</p>

scholarly journals Assessment of Groundwater Recharge Using GIS

2010 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Susheel Dangol
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Gis Environment

Pressure on drinking water is increasing tremendously due to the increase in population in Kathmandu valley. Groundwater is serving as one of main source of water supply in the valley. Due to the scarcity of surface water and high demand for drinking water, excess extraction of groundwater than it replenishes may cause negative effect to Kathmandu valley like subduction. Thus, proper quantification of groundwater recharge must be done to de! ne sustainable extraction of the groundwater. This study is conducted with the aim to demonstrate the simple water balance model within the GIS environment in order to quantify the spatial distribution of groundwater recharge. The simple water balance model Thornthwaite and Marther (1955) was used to quantify the water balance components in the upper bagmati watershed. The study shows that the groundwater recharge is high at the northern part specifically where there is high water holding capacity.

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