scholarly journals Joint Effect of Alcohol use and Tobacco Smoke on All-Cause Mortality and Premature Death in China: A Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongli Zhang ◽  
Bi Xueyuan ◽  
Zheng Nanbo ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Yan Kangkang
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Female Smoker ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Background Tobacco smoke and alcohol use were associated with several diseases, study on joint effect of smoke and drink was rare.Objective This study aims to investigate the joint effect of tobacco smoke and alcohol use on all-cause mortality and premature death in a contemporary cohort.Methods China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was an ongoing nationally representative survey for subjects aged over 45 years in China, which performed every 2 years for total of 3 waves from 2011 to 2015 in China. We used weighted logistic regression model to estimate the joint effect of tobacco smoke and alcohol use on total mortality and premature death.Results After adjusting for the confounders, the odd ratios (ORs) value of all-cause mortality were 1.47 (95%CI: 1.03–2.08) and 1.51 (95%CI: 1.09–2.10) in smoker and non-drinker and smoker and drinker separately. Compared with non-smoker and non-drinker, smoker and drinker increased the odds of premature death by 3.14 (95%CI: 1.56–6.34). In the subgroup analysis, there was a 5-fold (OR = 4.95; 95%CI: 2.00-12.27) increase in the odds of premature death for female smoker and drinker.Conclusion This study found a joint effect of tobacco smoke and alcohol use on all-cause mortality and premature death among a contemporary and nationally representative data in China. Our results suggested the joint effect was more pronounced in women, but further research was needed.

scholarly journals Joint effect of alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking on all-cause mortality and premature death in China: A cohort study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245670
Author(s):  
Zhang Hongli ◽  
Xueyuan Bi ◽  
Nanbo Zheng ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Kangkang Yan
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Alcohol Drinking ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Joint Effects ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Cohort

Background Tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking are associated with several diseases, and studies on the joint effects of smoking and drinking are rare. Objective This study investigates the joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on all-cause and premature mortality in a contemporary cohort. Methods The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) is an ongoing nationally representative survey of subjects aged over 45 years in China that was performed every two years for a total of three waves from 2011 to 2015 in China. We used weighted logistic regression models to estimate the joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on all-cause and premature mortality. Results After adjusting for prespecified confounders, the odds ratios (ORs) of all-cause mortality were 1.51 (95% CI: 1.09–2.10) and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.03–2.08) in smokers and smokers/drinkers, respectively. Compared with nonsmokers/nondrinkers, the OR of smokers/drinkers for premature death was 3.14 (95% CI: 1.56–6.34). In the female subgroup, there was an approximately 5-fold (OR = 4.95; 95% CI: 2.00–12.27) odds of premature mortality for smokers/drinkers compared to nonsmokers/nondrinkers. Conclusion This study found a joint effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on all-cause and premature mortality among a contemporary and nationally representative cohort in China. Our results suggested that the joint effects were more pronounced in women, but further research is needed.

scholarly journals Alcohol Use and Transactional Sex among Women in South Africa: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e0145326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Magni ◽  
Nicola Christofides ◽  
Saul Johnson ◽  
Renay Weiner
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Transactional Sex ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Nationally Representative

scholarly journals Population Impact of Adhering to the Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity on All-cause Mortality: The Seguimiento Universidad De Navarra (SUN) Cohort (P18-018-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Hershey ◽  
Ismael Álvarez Álvarez ◽  
Clara Gómez-Donoso ◽  
Alfredo Gea ◽  
Alfredo Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Population Impact ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract Objectives We assessed the population impact of the joint effect of the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) and physical activity (PA) in a Spanish cohort. Methods We used data from the SUN (“Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) study, a dynamic cohort of university graduates. We used a MedDiet score (MDS) of 0–9 points and PA score of 0–8 points. Adjusted multivariable Cox regression models were used to study the individual and joint effects of the MedDiet and PA on all-cause mortality. To assess adherence to MDS, PA, or the combination of both, the highest tertiles of each served as references. P-values for interaction were calculated for the Relative Risk due to Interaction (RERI) and the attributable proportion due to interaction. We calculated the population attributable risk (PAR) and the rate advancement period (RAP) as the aging effect attributable to the lowest combination of MDS and PA score. Results We recruited 20,127 participants, 61.5% female and 37 years-old mean age. After a mean follow-up of 10.9 months, 347 deaths were confirmed. The lowest adherence to PA was associated with a 69% increased risk of all-cause mortality compared with the highest tertile (95%CI;1.32–2.17). MDS, as a continuous variable, was also inversely significantly associated with total mortality. The joint effect showed a trend towards an increased risk for all-cause mortality. Using the highest MedDiet and PA as reference, the HR for death in participants with lowest adherence to both was 2.08 (1.28–3.37). We observed a positive but non-significant additive interaction between MedDiet and PA (RERI for the lowest MedDiet and PA = 0.54, (95% CI;0.64–1.72, P = 0.367). We estimated that 48% (95%CI; −0.33–1.30) of the joint effect was attributable to the interaction between MedDiet and PA. The RAP for participants with the lowest tertiles of both MedDiet and PA was 10 years (95% CI: 2.97–17.13). An estimated 28% (95% CI: 11%–43%) of all premature deaths may have been prevented if all participants exhibited high MedDiet and PA levels. Conclusions A combination of poor MedDiet adherence and low PA levels account for almost 30% of all-cause mortality. Public health interventions combining both diet and PA could have a substantial impact at the population level. Funding Sources Spanish Government-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Fund for Regional & Economic Development, CIBER-OBN, Navarra Government. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Workplace “Digital Culture” and the Uptake of Digital Solutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 368-402
Author(s):  
Simeon J. Yates ◽  
Eleanor Lockley
Keyword(s):  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Digital Culture ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Company Culture ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

This chapter reviews prior work on technology acceptance and then reports on a nationally representative survey of UK employees exploring both employee’s personal experiences of digital technologies at home and work and their evaluations of the effectiveness of the technologies and the “digital culture” in their organization. Presenting the results of 3040 UK workers, it seeks to explore the factors that influence digital roll-outs by focusing on the experiences and perceptions of the UK workforce as a whole, with the expectation that introducing new technology alone isn’t enough. This research explores how “digitally ready” organizations are in the UK in terms of people, processes, and company culture. It concludes that a large proportion of the UK workforce are not seeing the benefits of digital technologies. Importantly, there is a need for organizations to understand that making digital solutions a success is a process of cultural change in their organization.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular diseases burden in Italy, 1990–2017: the Global Burden of Disease Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Fornari ◽  
P A Cortesi ◽  
F Madotto ◽  
S Conti ◽  
G Crotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
National Health ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
High Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Life Years

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still the leading cause of mortality, morbidity and disability in Europe. Consequently, an exhaustive estimation of CVDs burden and cardiovascular risk factors impact is crucial for healthcare planning and resource allocation. In Italy, data on CVDs burden are sparse. This study aims to assess the global Italian CVDs burden and to analyze time changes from 1990 to 2017 within the country and in comparison to other European states. Methods We used data from the 2017 Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study to estimate CVDs prevalence, mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in Italy from 1990 to 2017. We also analyzed burden attributable to CVDs-related risk factors. Finally, Italian estimations were compared to those of the other 28 European Union countries. Results CVDs were still the first cause of death (34.8% of total mortality) in Italy in 2017. A significant decrease in CVDs burden was observed since 1990: age-standardized prevalence (-12.7%), mortality rate (-53.75%), and DALYs rate (-55.54%) all decreased. Similar patterns were observed also in the majority of European countries. Despite these trends, all-ages CVDs prevalent cases increased from 5.75 million to 7.49 million. More than 80% of CVDs burden could be attributed to known modifiable risk factors such as high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, high LDL cholesterol, and impaired kidney function. Conclusions Data showed a decline in cardiovascular mortality and DALYs, which reflects the success in terms of reducing disability, premature death and early incidence of CVDs. However, the burden of CVDs is still high, as population aging and the increased prevalent cases require more access to care and generate more years lived with disability, which in turn leads to higher costs for the National Health Service and society. More efficient prevention strategies at community and individual level are needed. Key messages Despite decreasing trends in CVDs mortality and DALYs, the burden of CVDs is still high in Italy. A joined approach of the National Health System stakeholders is needed to keep reducing the CVDs burden.

scholarly journals Fruit and Vegetable Intake and All-Cause Mortality in a Chinese Population: The China Health and Nutrition Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Yuxuan Gu ◽  
Yansu He ◽  
Shahmir H. Ali ◽  
Kaitlyn Harper ◽  
Hengjin Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
All Cause Mortality

This study was to investigate the association of long-term fruit and vegetable (FV) intake with all-cause mortality. We utilized data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), a prospective cohort study conducted in China. The sample population included 19,542 adult respondents with complete mortality data up to 31 December 2011. Cumulative FV intake was assessed by 3 day 24 h dietary recalls. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause mortality. Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, health-related factors, and urban index. A total of 1409 deaths were observed during follow-up (median: 14 years). In the fully adjusted model, vegetable intake of the fourth quintile (327~408 g/day) had the greatest negative association with death compared to the lowest quintile (HR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.53–0.76). Fruit intake of the fifth quintile (more than 126 g/day) had the highest negative association (HR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.15–0.40) and increasing general FV intake were also negatively associated with all-cause mortality which demonstrated the greatest negative association in the amount of fourth quintile (HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49–0.70) compared to the lowest quintile. To conclude, greater FV intake is associated with a reduced risk of total mortality for Chinese adults. High intake of fruit has a stronger negative association with mortality than differences in intake of vegetables. Our findings support recommendations to increase the intake of FV to promote overall longevity.

Corruption, Opportunity Networks, and Gender

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Wiesehomeier ◽  
Tània Verge
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Given the gender stereotype that women are more ethical than men, people should assess female politicians as being less corruptible. Yet information about access to networks suggests that opportunities to engage in unethical behavior may counter this perception. Using a conjoint analysis in a nationally representative survey in Spain, a country shaken by corruption scandals, we asked respondents to identify the more corruptible politician between two hypothetical local councilors by imagining an investor willing to offer a bribe to advance business interests. Results indicate that female politicians do symbolically stand for honesty. However, this assessment is offset by embeddedness cues signaling a woman politician’s access to opportunity networks. We discuss our findings in light of instrumentalist arguments for an increase of women in politics as a means to combat corruption.

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