Risk conditions in children hospitalized with influenza in Norway, 2017-2019

Abstract Background Norwegian children are more frequently hospitalized with influenza than adults. Little is known about the characteristics of these children. Our aim was to investigate the presence of pre-existing risk conditions and to determine the duration of influenza hospitalizations in children during two influenza seasons. Methods The Norwegian Patient Registry holds data on all hospitalized patients in Norway. We included all patients younger than 18 years hospitalized with a diagnosis of influenza during the influenza seasons 2017-18 and 2018-19. Pre-existing risk conditions for influenza were identified by ICD-10 diagnoses in the Norwegian Patient Registry. In addition, information on asthma diagnoses were also retrieved from the Norwegian Registry for Primary Health Care. To estimate the prevalence of risk conditions in the child population, we obtained diagnoses on all Norwegian children in a two-year period prior to each influenza season. We calculated age-specific rates for hospitalization and risk for being hospitalized with influenza in children with risk conditions. Results In total, 1013 children were hospitalized with influenza during the two influenza seasons. Children younger than 6 months had the highest rate of hospitalization, accounting for 13.5% of all admissions (137 children). Hospitalization rates decreased with increasing age. Among children hospitalized with influenza, 25% had one or more pre-existing risk conditions for severe influenza, compared to 5% in the general population under 18 years. Having one or more risk conditions significantly increased the risk of hospitalization, (Odds Ratio (OR) 6.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.0-7.4 in the 2017-18 season, and OR 6.8, 95% CI 5.4–8.4 in the 2018-19 season). Immunocompromised children and children with epilepsy had the highest risk of hospitalization with influenza, followed by children with heart disease and lung disease. The average length of stay in hospital were 4.6 days, and this did not differ with age. Conclusion Children with pre-existing risk conditions for influenza had a higher risk of hospitalization for influenza. However, most children (75%) admitted to hospital with influenza in Norway during 2017–2019 did not have pre-existing risk conditions. Influenza vaccination should be promoted in particular for children with risk conditions and pregnant women to protect new-borns.

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Risk conditions in children hospitalized with influenza in Norway, 2017-2019

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30745/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Siri Helene Hauge ◽

Inger Johanne Bakken ◽

Birgitte Freiesleben de Blasio ◽

Siri Eldevik Håberg

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Average Length ◽

Patient Registry ◽

Average Length Of Stay ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Severe Influenza ◽

Primary Health ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Norwegian Patient

Abstract BackgroundNorwegian children are more frequently hospitalized with influenza than adults. Little is known about the characteristics of these children. Our aim was to investigate the presence of pre-existing risk conditions and to determine the duration of influenza hospitalizations in children during two influenza seasons.MethodsThe Norwegian Patient Registry holds data on all hospitalized patients in Norway. We included all patients younger than 18 years hospitalized with a diagnosis of influenza during the influenza seasons 2017-18 and 2018-19. Pre-existing risk conditions for influenza were identified by ICD-10 diagnoses in the Norwegian Patient Registry. In addition, information on asthma diagnoses were also retrieved from the Norwegian Registry for Primary Health Care. To estimate the prevalence of risk conditions in the child population, we obtained diagnoses on all Norwegian children in a two-year period prior to each influenza season. We calculated age-specific rates for hospitalization and risk for being hospitalized with influenza in children with risk conditions.ResultsIn total, 1013 children were hospitalized with influenza during the two influenza seasons. Children younger than 6 months had the highest rate of hospitalization, accounting for 13.5% of all admissions (137 children). Hospitalization rates decreased with increasing age. Among children hospitalized with influenza, 25% had one or more pre-existing risk conditions for severe influenza, compared to 5% in the general population under 18 years. Having one or more risk conditions significantly increased the risk of hospitalization, (Odds Ratio (OR) 6.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.0-7.4 in the 2017-18 season, and OR 6.8, 95% CI 5.4-8.4 in the 2018-19 season). Immunocompromised children and children with epilepsy had the highest risk of hospitalization with influenza, followed by children with heart disease and lung disease. The average length of stay in hospital were 4.6 days, and this did not differ with age.ConclusionChildren with pre-existing risk conditions for influenza had a higher risk of hospitalization for influenza. However, most children (75%) admitted to hospital with influenza in Norway during 2017-2019 did not have pre-existing risk conditions. Influenza vaccination should be promoted in particular for children with risk conditions and pregnant women to protect new-borns.

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Risk conditions in children hospitalized with influenza in Norway, 2017-2019

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30745/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Siri Helene Hauge ◽

Inger Johanne Bakken ◽

Birgitte Freiesleben de Blasio ◽

Siri Eldevik Håberg

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Average Length ◽

Patient Registry ◽

Average Length Of Stay ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Severe Influenza ◽

Primary Health ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Norwegian Patient

Abstract BackgroundNorwegian children are more frequently hospitalized with influenza than adults. Little is known about the characteristics of these children. Our aim was to investigate the presence of pre-existing risk conditions and to determine the duration of influenza hospitalizations in children during two influenza seasons.MethodsThe Norwegian Patient Registry holds data on all hospitalized patients in Norway. We included all patients younger than 18 years hospitalized with a diagnosis of influenza during the influenza seasons 2017-18 and 2018-19. Pre-existing risk conditions for influenza were identified by ICD-10 diagnoses in the Norwegian Patient Registry. In addition, information on asthma diagnoses were also retrieved from the Norwegian Registry for Primary Health Care. To estimate the prevalence of risk conditions in the child population, we obtained diagnoses on all Norwegian children in a two-year period prior to each influenza season. We calculated age-specific rates for hospitalization and risk for being hospitalized with influenza in children with risk conditions.ResultsIn total, 1013 children were hospitalized with influenza during the two influenza seasons. Children younger than 6 months had the highest rate of hospitalization, accounting for 13.5% of all admissions (137 children). Hospitalization rates decreased with increasing age. Among children hospitalized with influenza, 25% had one or more pre-existing risk conditions for severe influenza, compared to 5% in the general population under 18 years. Having one or more risk conditions significantly increased the risk of hospitalization, (Odds Ratio (OR) 6.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.0-7.4 in the 2017-18 season, and OR 6.8, 95% CI 5.4-8.4 in the 2018-19 season). Immunocompromised children and children with epilepsy had the highest risk of hospitalization with influenza, followed by children with heart disease and lung disease. The average length of stay in hospital were 4.6 days, and this did not differ with age.ConclusionChildren with pre-existing risk conditions for influenza had a higher risk of hospitalization for influenza. However, most children (75%) admitted to hospital with influenza in Norway during 2017-2019 did not have pre-existing risk conditions. Influenza vaccination should be promoted in particular for children with risk conditions and pregnant women to protect new-borns.

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Risk conditions in children hospitalized with influenza in Norway, 2017–2019

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-020-05486-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Siri Helene Hauge ◽

Inger Johanne Bakken ◽

Birgitte Freiesleben de Blasio ◽

Siri Eldevik Håberg

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Average Length ◽

Patient Registry ◽

Average Length Of Stay ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Severe Influenza ◽

Primary Health ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Norwegian Patient

Abstract Background Norwegian children are more frequently hospitalized with influenza than adults. Little is known about the characteristics of these children. Our aim was to investigate the presence of pre-existing risk conditions and to determine the duration of influenza hospitalizations in children during two influenza seasons. Methods The Norwegian Patient Registry holds data on all hospitalized patients in Norway. We included all patients younger than 18 years hospitalized with a diagnosis of influenza during the influenza seasons 2017–18 and 2018–19. Pre-existing risk conditions for influenza were identified by ICD-10 diagnoses in the Norwegian Patient Registry. In addition, information on asthma diagnoses were also retrieved from the Norwegian Registry for Primary Health Care. To estimate the prevalence of risk conditions in the child population, we obtained diagnoses on all Norwegian children in a two-year period prior to each influenza season. We calculated age-specific rates for hospitalization and risk for being hospitalized with influenza in children with risk conditions. Results In total, 1013 children were hospitalized with influenza during the two influenza seasons. Children younger than 6 months had the highest rate of hospitalization, accounting for 13.5% of all admissions (137 children). Hospitalization rates decreased with increasing age. Among children hospitalized with influenza, 25% had one or more pre-existing risk conditions for severe influenza, compared to 5% in the general population under 18 years. Having one or more risk conditions significantly increased the risk of hospitalization, (Odds Ratio (OR) 6.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.0–7.4 in the 2017–18 season, and OR 6.8, 95% CI 5.4–8.4 in the 2018–19 season). Immunocompromised children and children with epilepsy had the highest risk of hospitalization with influenza, followed by children with heart disease and lung disease. The average length of stay in hospital were 4.6 days, and this did not differ with age. Conclusion Children with pre-existing risk conditions for influenza had a higher risk of hospitalization for influenza. However, most children (75%) admitted to hospital with influenza in Norway during 2017–2019 did not have pre-existing risk conditions. Influenza vaccination should be promoted in particular for children with risk conditions and pregnant women to protect new-borns.

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Risk conditions in children hospitalized with influenza in Norway, 2017-2019

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30745/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Siri Helene Hauge ◽

Inger Johanne Bakken ◽

Birgitte Freiesleben de Blasio ◽

Siri Eldevik Håberg

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Average Length ◽

Patient Registry ◽

Average Length Of Stay ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Severe Influenza ◽

Primary Health ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Norwegian Patient

Abstract Background Norwegian children are more frequently hospitalized with influenza than adults. Little is known about the characteristics of these children. Our aim was to investigate the presence of pre-existing risk conditions and to determine the duration of influenza hospitalizations in children during two influenza seasons. Methods The Norwegian Patient Registry holds data on all hospitalized patients in Norway. We included all patients younger than 18 years hospitalized with a diagnosis of influenza during the influenza seasons 2017-18 and 2018-19. Pre-existing risk conditions for influenza were identified by ICD-10 diagnoses in the Norwegian Patient Registry. In addition, information on asthma diagnoses were also retrieved from the Norwegian Registry for Primary Health Care. To estimate the prevalence of risk conditions in the child population, we obtained diagnoses on all Norwegian children in a two-year period prior to each influenza season. We calculated age-specific rates for hospitalization and risk for being hospitalized with influenza in children with risk conditions. Results In total, 1013 children were hospitalized with influenza during the two influenza seasons. Children younger than 6 months had the highest rate of hospitalization, accounting for 13.5% of all admissions (137 children). Hospitalization rates decreased with increasing age. Among children hospitalized with influenza, 25% had one or more pre-existing risk conditions for severe influenza, compared to 5% in the general population under 18 years. Having one or more risk conditions significantly increased the risk of hospitalization, (Odds Ratio (OR) 6.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.0-7.4 in the 2017-18 season, and OR 6.8, 95% CI 5.4-8.4 in the 2018-19 season). Immunocompromised children and children with epilepsy had the highest risk of hospitalization with influenza, followed by children with heart disease and lung disease. The average length of stay in hospital were 4.6 days, and this did not differ with age. Conclusion Children with pre-existing risk conditions for influenza had a higher risk of hospitalization for influenza. However, most children (75%) admitted to hospital with influenza in Norway during 2017-2019 did not have pre-existing risk conditions. Influenza vaccination should be promoted in particular for children with risk conditions and pregnant women to protect new-borns.

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A Thirty-Year Retrospective Study of Hospitalization among Severely Mentally III Patients

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/070674379403900206 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 95-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Céline Mercier ◽

Claude Renaud ◽

Suzanne King

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Psychiatric Hospitalization ◽

Average Length ◽

Process Of Change ◽

Average Length Of Stay ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Disabled Patients ◽

One Year

This study examines the effects of deinstitutionalization policies on psychiatric hospitalization rates over a thirty-year period. It is based on a retrospective study of successive hospitalizations in severely disabled patients. The data indicate that in any five-year period these patients still spend over 20% of their time in hospital. For patients who have stayed for a total of more than one year every five years in hospital, the average length of stay has been decreasing far less rapidly in the last fifteen years than it had previously. Patients who were first admitted after 1971 spent proportionally as much time in hospital as those whose first stay was earlier. These results show that the groups primarily affected by deinstitutionalization are those who were first hospitalized prior to the 1970s and those who are the heaviest hospital users. However, the data from the patients admitted since the seventies seem to reveal that the process of change may have reached its limits.

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Characteristics and factors affecting mortality of patients admitted for chemotherapy in the United States during the year 2017.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e19025 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e19025-e19025

Author(s):

Arya Mariam Roy ◽

Manojna Konda ◽

Akshay Goel ◽

Rashmi Verma

Keyword(s):

Average Length ◽

Private Insurance ◽

Progression Free Survival ◽

The United States ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Average Length Of Stay ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Life Threatening

e19025 Background: Over the past two decades, there has been a tremendous increase in the chemotherapy options available to cancer patients. In terms of overall, progression-free survival, and temporary suppression of cancer-related symptoms, chemotherapy has shown beneficial effects. However, the side effects of chemotherapy are sometimes life threatening which affects an individual’s physical health, emotional state and quality of life. There is a considerable increase in the prevention, early identification and timely management of toxicities associated with chemotherapy; however, chemotherapy-related deaths still occur. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample Database for the year 2017. Patients who were admitted for the administration of chemotherapy are identified using ICD- 10 codes. The epidemiology, the role of insurance providers in the treatment outcome were studied. Results: A total of 29,018 hospitalizations for the administration of chemotherapy were there in 2017. The median age of patients who received chemotherapy was 48. The overall mortality related to chemotherapy admissions was 0.80% (n = 233). The mortality of females who were admitted for chemotherapy did not vary much when compared to males admitted for chemotherapy (0.89% vs 0.73%, p = 0.132). It was found that admissions for chemotherapy during weekend had 85 % higher odds of dying as compared to admission during weekdays (1.6% vs 0.76%, OR = 1.85, p = 0.001, CI = 1.16 – 2.95). Patients who were admitted electively for chemotherapy were 74% less likely to die in hospital when compared to those who were admitted emergently for chemotherapy (1.4 % vs 0.49% OR = 0.36, p = 0.001, CI = 0.266 – 0.49). Interestingly, patients who had Medicare and Medicaid had higher mortality than those who had private insurance and self-pay when admitted for chemotherapy (2.08 % vs 0.58% vs 0.36%, p = 0.00). Those who had private insurance were 60% less likely to die in hospital while admitted for chemotherapy. The average length of stay for chemotherapy admissions were 5.92 ± 7.9%. Conclusions: Medicare and Medicaid patients, weekend admissions and emergent admissions were more likely to die in hospital while admitted for chemotherapy. Further studies are needed to reveal the disparities in the mortality of chemotherapy admissions, based on the socioeconomic status and the insurance payers.

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Investigating the effect of health transformation plan on the public hospitals performance indicators; a case study from Iran

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-021-07164-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Ranjbar ◽

Mohammad Bazyar ◽

Hassan Jafari ◽

Mohsen Pakdaman ◽

Vahid Pirasteh

Keyword(s):

Performance Indicators ◽

Average Length ◽

Interrupted Time Series ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Average Length Of Stay ◽

Hospitalization Rates ◽

Research Findings ◽

Yazd City

Abstract Background Health systems need constant changes and reforms in their structure to adapt to changing conditions and meet the needs of society. One of the fundamental changes in the health system of Iran is the health transformation plan (HTP), the effects of which must be examined from different aspects. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of HTP on the performance indicators of public hospitals in Yazd city, Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out in all public hospitals in city of Yazd. Six performance indicators were examined monthly and in two time periods of 12 months before and 12 months after the implementation of Health Transformation Plan (HTP). The data was analyzed by SPSS software program version 22, using the paired T-test, and the Interrupted Time Series (ITS) model. Findings Findings showed that the performance indicators of the studied hospitals have improved after the implementation of the HTP. According to the ITS model, the implementation of HTP did not have a significant effect on the level and trend of the bed rotation distance, average length of stay and the ratio of surgical operations to bed indicators. However, it had a statistically significant effect on the level and trend of mortality and hospitalization rates. Moreover, the implementation of HTP had a significant effect on the level of the bed occupancy rate, but did not have a significant effect on the trend of this indicator. Conclusion Based on the research findings, all the selected indicators changed to some extent after the implementation of HTP, which showed the effect of this plan on the performance of hospitals. However, not all indicators were statistically significant as the findings sub-section revealed.

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Estimating the burden of influenza-related and associated hospitalizations and deaths in France: an eight-season data study, 2010-2018

10.22541/au.164022553.38752452/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Magali Lemaitre ◽

Fouad Fayssoil ◽

Fabrice Carrat ◽

Pascal Crepey ◽

Jacques Gaillat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Average Length ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Substantial Impact ◽

Public Health Burden ◽

Average Length Of Stay ◽

Severe Influenza ◽

French Hospital

Background: In France, each year, influenza viruses are responsible for seasonal epidemics leading to 2-6 million cases. Influenza can cause severe disease that may lead to hospitalization or death. As severe disease may be due to the virus itself or to disease complications, estimating the burden of severe influenza is complex. The present study aimed at estimating the epidemiological and economic burden of severe influenza in France during eight consecutive influenza seasons (2010-2018). Methods: Influenza-related hospitalization and mortality data and patient characteristics were taken from the French hospital information database, PMSI. An ecological approach using cyclic regression models integrating the incidence of influenza syndrome from the Sentinelles Network supplemented the PMSI data analysis in estimating excess hospitalization and mortality (CépiDc – 2010-2015) and medical costs. Results: Each season, the average number of influenza-related hospitalizations was 18,979 (range: 8,627-44,024), with an average length of stay of 8 days. The average number of respiratory hospitalizations indirectly related with influenza (i.e., influenza-associated) was 31,490 (95% CI: 24,542-39,012), with an average cost of \euro141 million (range: 54-217); 70% of these hospitalizations and 77% of their costs concerned individuals ≥ 65 years of age (65+). More than 90% of excess mortality was in 65+ subjects. Conclusions: The combination of two complementary approaches allowed estimation of both influenza-related and associated hospitalizations and deaths and their burden in France, showing the substantial impact of complications. The present study highlighted the major public health burden of influenza and its severe complications, especially in 65+ subjects.

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839. Examining the Effects of HIV Infection on Severity of Outcomes in Those with COVID-19

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S511-S511

Author(s):

Melissa Parkinson ◽

Rebecca Gerrity ◽

Rachel Strength ◽

Christian J Fuchs ◽

Christopher Jackson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Charlson Comorbidity Index ◽

Average Length ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Large Hospital ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Average Length Of Stay ◽

Chi Squared ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Comorbidity Index

Abstract Background Throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there have been many questions about how COVID-19 affects patients living with HIV (PLWH). We examined the clinical courses of 45 PLWH who required hospitalization with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study in which ICD-10 codes were used to identify PLWH who were admitted to three large hospital systems in Memphis, TN with COVID-19. We included all patients ≥ 18 years of age with HIV and a documented positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. After manual abstraction from the electronic health records, chi-squared and T-tests were performed to evaluate associations between patient-level factors and outcomes. Results A total of 45 patients with HIV who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were admitted to Memphis, TN area hospitals between March 2020 and October 2020. 18 (40%) were female, 43 (95.6%) were Black, and the average age was 50.3 years (SD 12.6). The average BMI was 30.2 (SD 8.6). 40 (88.9%) patients admitted had at least one comorbidity with the most common being hypertension (28 patients, 62.2%) and diabetes (14 patients, 31.1%). 24 (46.7%) patients had a Charlson Comorbidity Index > 3. 15/43 (48.4%) patients had a CD4 count < 200, and 35 (77.8%) were on ART. 30 (66.7%) patients met SIRS criteria within 24 hours of admission, and 27 (60%) required some form of oxygen supplementation during hospitalization, including 4 (8.9%) who required intubation. The average length of stay was 10.4 days (SD 12.5). 9 (20%) patients required an ICU stay, and 3 (6.7%) died. BMI > 30, CD4 count < 200, and viral load > 1000 were not associated with worse outcomes. Both a Charlson Comorbidity Index > 3 and the absence of ART were associated with need for ICU-level care. Conclusion Viral load, CD4 count, and BMI were not correlated with differences in mortality or oxygen use in our study. Patients with higher Charlson Comorbidity Indices and patients who were not on ART at presentation were significantly more likely to require the ICU. Further study is needed to definitively determine factors affecting the outcomes of PLWH with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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PREDICTING ADVERSE OUTCOMES IN ED PATIENTS USING THE CLINICAL FRAILTY SCALE AND A FRAILTY INDEX

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.2875 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S781-S782

Author(s):

Kenneth Rockwood ◽

Mohammad Pulok ◽

Alex van der Valk ◽

Olga Theou

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Average Length ◽

Frailty Index ◽

Hazard Ratio ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Care Plan ◽

Prognostic Information ◽

Clinical Frailty Scale ◽

Average Length Of Stay

Abstract Our aim was to use the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) database to investigate whether the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) measuring the baseline state, and a Frailty Index (FI) based on a CGA (current state, with acute illness) can predict adverse outcomes in acutely ill Emergency Department (ED) patients. It contains CFS and FI scores on 1028 ED patients referred to internal medicine at the Halifax Infirmary between 2009-2019 (Mage 80.69 ± SD 8.28, range 57-103; 54.9% female). The mean scores were 0.44±0.14 (FI) and 5.58±1.66 (CFS). Most patients (72%) arrived via ambulance. The average length of stay was 27.0±20.5 hours. Overall, 22% were discharged home, and 63.5% had died by December 2017 with a mean survival time of 1.98±2.01 years. Controlling for age, sex, and Canadian Triage Acuity Score, the odds ratio (95% Confidence Interval) of being discharged home and the hazard ratio (95% Confidence Interval) for mortality was 0.94 (0.92-0.95) and 1.02 (1.02-1.03), respectively per 0.01-point increase in FI. For the CFS, using score ≤4 as the reference, the odds ratio and the hazard ratio were 0.70 (0.42-1.16) and 2.02 (1.51-2.69), respectively for the CFS 5 group, 0.47 (0.27-0.81) and 2.72 (2.05-3.61), respectively for the CFS 6 group, and 0.38 (0.21-0.70) and 4.67 (3.51-6.20), respectively for the CFS 7-9 group. Even controlling for acuity, both the CFS and the FI independently predict adverse outcomes in ED patients. These add prognostic information to the routinely collected ED assessments, and establish targets for care plan based on recovery to baseline.

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