scholarly journals Genetic Markers Associated with Antimalarial Drug Resistance and Haemoglobin Genotypes Among Malaria Patients in Kaduna State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Yakusak Benjamin ◽  
Helen Ileigo Inabo ◽  
Hassan Isa Doko Muhammad ◽  
Busayo O Olayinka
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Antimalarial Drug ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Antimalarial Drug Resistance ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Malaria is a disease of public health concern in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa. The emergence of drug resistance, particularly among P. falciparum strains, has been a major contributor to the global burden of malaria. This research was aimed at detecting genetic markers associated with antimalarial drug resistance and assessing the distribution of haemoglobin genotypes among malaria patients in of Kaduna State, Nigeria.Methods Three hundred (300) blood samples were collected from consenting individuals attending selected hospitals, in the three senatorial districts of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain relevant data from the study participants. The samples were screened for malaria parasites by microscopy and malaria rapid diagnostic test kit. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from one third of the malaria positive samples, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for detection of the drug resistance genes. Pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, pfdhps and pfatpase6 genes were detected at expected amplicon sizes from the malaria positive samples. The pfatpase6 PCR amplicons were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was created using MEGA X to determine their relatedness to published sequences.Results Pfcrt (80%) had the highest prevalence, followed by pfdhfr (60%), pfmdr1 (36%) and pfdhps (8%). Pfatpase6 was also detected in 73.3% of the samples. The phylogenetic tree showed that all the pfatpase6 gene sequences (both the ones from this study and those published in NCBI Genbank) had the same origin and were closely related. However, the sequences from NCBI Genbank were from one clade; arising from a common ancestor (monophyletic) thus they were more closely related to themselves, than to the pfatpase6 sequences obtained in this study. Of all the malaria positive participants, those with HbAA (73%) haemoglobin genotype had the highest percentage followed by HbAS (23%), HbAC (3%) and HbSS (1).Conclusion We detected Plasmodium falciparum genes associated with drug resistance to commonly used antimalarials in the study area. Expression of these genes could have serious consequences in the treatment of malaria. Persons with HbAS, HbAC and HbSS may enjoy some protection from falciparum malaria than those with HbAA.

scholarly journals Genetic markers associated with antimalarial drug resistance and haemoglobin genotypes among malaria patients in Kaduna State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Yakusak Benjamin ◽  
Helen Ileigo Inabo ◽  
Hassan Isa Doko Muhammad ◽  
Busayo O Olayinka
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Antimalarial Drug ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Antimalarial Drug Resistance ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background Malaria is a disease of public health concern in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa. The emergence of drug resistance, particularly among P. falciparum strains, has been a major contributor to the global burden of malaria. This research was aimed at detecting genetic markers (pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, pfdhps, pfatpase6) associated with antimalarial drug resistance and assessing the distribution of haemoglobin genotypes among malaria patients in of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Methods Three hundred (300) blood samples were collected from consenting individuals attending selected hospitals, in the three senatorial districts of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain relevant data from the study participants. The samples were screened for malaria parasites by microscopy and malaria rapid diagnostic test kit. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from one third of the malaria positive samples, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for detection of the drug resistance genes. Pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, pfdhps and pfatpase6 genes were detected at expected amplicon sizes from the malaria positive samples. The pfatpase6 PCR amplicons were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was created using MEGA X to determine their relatedness to published sequences. Results Pfcrt (80%) had the highest prevalence, followed by pfdhfr (60%), pfmdr1 (36%) and pfdhps (8%). Pfatpase6 was also detected in 73.3% of the samples. The phylogenetic tree showed that all the pfatpase6 gene sequences (both the ones from this study and those published in NCBI Genbank) had the same origin and were closely related. However, the sequences from NCBI Genbank were from one clade; arising from a common ancestor (monophyletic) thus they were more closely related to themselves, than to the pfatpase6 sequences obtained in this study. Of all the malaria positive participants, those with HbAA (73%) haemoglobin genotype had the highest percentage followed by HbAS (23%), HbAC (3%) and HbSS (1). Conclusion We detected Plasmodium falciparum genes associated with drug resistance to commonly used antimalarials in the study area. Expression of these genes could have serious consequences in the treatment of malaria. The percentage of Plasmodium falciparum malaria was higher among persons with HbAA than those with HbAS, HbAC and HbS.

Detection of Genetic markers associated with Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance among malaria patients in Kaduna State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-213
Author(s):  
G.Y. Benjamin ◽  
H.I. Inabo ◽  
M.H.I. Doko ◽  
B.O. Olayinka
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Test Kit

Malaria is a disease of public health concern in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by intracellular parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The aim of this study was to detect genetic markers associated with Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance among malaria patients in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study was a cross-sectional study that lasted from May 2018 to October 2018. Three hundred blood samples were collected from consenting individuals attending selected hospitals, in the three senatorial districts of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaire were used to obtain relevant data from study participants. The blood samples were screened for malaria parasites using microscopy and rapid diagnostic test kit. Polymerase Chain Reaction was used for detection of the drug resistance genes. Pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, pfdhps and pfatpase6 genes were detected at expected amplicon sizes from the malaria positive samples. The pfatpase6 PCR amplicons were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was created to determine their relatedness. Result showed that Pfcrt (80%) had the highest prevalence, followed by pfdhfr (60%), pfmdr1 (36%) and pfdhps (8%). Pfatpase6 was also detected in 73.3% of the samples, and a phylogenetic tree showed relatedness between the pfatpase6  sequences in this study and those deposited in the GenBank. In conclusion, the study detected that Plasmodium falciparum genes were associated with drug resistance to commonly used antimalarials.

scholarly journals The impact of HIV-1 on the malaria parasite biomass in adults in sub-Saharan Africa contributes to the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Van geertruyden ◽  
Joris Menten ◽  
Robert Colebunders ◽  
Eline Korenromp ◽  
Umberto D'Alessandro
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimalarial Drug ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Antimalarial Drug Resistance ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Chloroquine and Sulfadoxine–Pyrimethamine Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa—A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra T. Roux ◽  
Leah Maharaj ◽  
Olukunle Oyegoke ◽  
Oluwasegun P. Akoniyon ◽  
Matthew Adekunle Adeleke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimalarial Drug ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Antimalarial Drug Resistance ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Insecticide Treated Bed Nets ◽  
Emergence Of Resistance

Malaria is a great concern for global health and accounts for a large amount of morbidity and mortality, particularly in Africa, with sub-Saharan Africa carrying the greatest burden of the disease. Malaria control tools such as insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, and antimalarial drugs have been relatively successful in reducing the burden of malaria; however, sub-Saharan African countries encounter great challenges, the greatest being antimalarial drug resistance. Chloroquine (CQ) was the first-line drug in the 20th century until it was replaced by sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) as a consequence of resistance. The extensive use of these antimalarials intensified the spread of resistance throughout sub-Saharan Africa, thus resulting in a loss of efficacy for the treatment of malaria. SP was replaced by artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) after the emergence of resistance toward SP; however, the use of ACTs is now threatened by the emergence of resistant parasites. The decreased selective pressure on CQ and SP allowed for the reintroduction of sensitivity toward those antimalarials in regions of sub-Saharan Africa where they were not the primary drug for treatment. Therefore, the emergence and spread of antimalarial drug resistance should be tracked to prevent further spread of the resistant parasites, and the re-emergence of sensitivity should be monitored to detect the possible reappearance of sensitivity in sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Antimalarial Drug Resistance: An Existential Burden for the Developing World

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Amadi ◽  
I. M. Ezeonu ◽  
O. N. Akoma
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimalarial Drug ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Antimalarial Drug Resistance ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

Malaria has been a major epidemic that has ravaged millions predominantly in the developing countries of the world with variability in symptoms, causative agents and use of chemotherapy or vector control as preventive measures. Malaria transmission occurs primarily in tropical and subtropical regions in the sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America. Currently, malaria diagnosis rests mainly on the microscopic detection of parasites in blood samples or rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Preventing drug resistance involves orientation programmes, identification of new treatment modalities, artemisinin (ACT) etc. Treatment failures has been reported for these ACTs leading to an urgency in the need for further novel discoveries and advances in the fight against this menance (antimalarial drug resistance) in developing countries of the world. Understanding the mechanism of action of the antimalarial drugs and most significantly, monitoring the drug resistance to the available antimalarial drugs via regular molecular investigations of resistant markers would definitely aid implementation of effective drug policy.

Adolescent Suicidality as Seen in Rural Northeastern Uganda

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Kinyanda ◽  
Ruth Kizza ◽  
Jonathan Levin ◽  
Sheila Ndyanabangi ◽  
Catherine Abbo
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Psychosocial Risk ◽  
Psychiatric Nurses ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Suicidal behavior in adolescence is a public health concern and has serious consequences for adolescents and their families. There is, however, a paucity of data on this subject from sub-Saharan Africa, hence the need for this study. Aims: A cross-sectional multistage survey to investigate adolescent suicidality among other things was undertaken in rural northeastern Uganda. Methods: A structured protocol administered by trained psychiatric nurses collected information on sociodemographics, mental disorders (DSM-IV criteria), and psychological and psychosocial risk factors for children aged 3–19 years (N = 1492). For the purposes of this paper, an analysis of a subsample of adolescents (aged 10–19 years; n = 897) was undertaken. Results: Lifetime suicidality in this study was 6.1% (95% CI, 4.6%–7.9%). Conclusions: Factors significantly associated with suicidality included mental disorder, the ecological factor district of residence, factors suggestive of low socioeconomic status, and disadvantaged childhood experiences.

scholarly journals The Search for a Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Australia’s Contribution

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 872
Author(s):  
Donald P. McManus
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Neglected Tropical Disease ◽  
Vaccine Research ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Sub Saharan

Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, results in considerable human morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, but also parts of the Middle East, South America, and Southeast Asia. The anti-schistosome drug praziquantel is efficacious and safe against the adult parasites of all Schistosoma species infecting humans; however, it does not prevent reinfection and the development of drug resistance is a constant concern. The need to develop an effective vaccine is of great importance if the health of many in the developing world is to be improved. Indeed, vaccination, in combination with other public health measures, can provide an invaluable tool to achieve lasting control, leading to schistosomiasis elimination. Australia has played a leading role in schistosomiasis vaccine research over many years and this review presents an overview of some of the significant contributions made by Australian scientists in this important area.

scholarly journals Addressing Pediatric HIV Pretreatment Drug Resistance and Virologic Failure in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Diagnostic-Based Strategies in Children ≥3 Years Old

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 567
Author(s):  
Mutita Siriruchatanon ◽  
Shan Liu ◽  
James G. Carlucci ◽  
Eva A. Enns ◽  
Horacio A. Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Virologic Failure ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Switching Strategy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv

Improvement of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen switching practices and implementation of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) testing are two potential approaches to improve health outcomes for children living with HIV. We developed a microsimulation model of disease progression and treatment focused on children with perinatally acquired HIV in sub-Saharan Africa who initiate ART at 3 years of age. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic-based strategies (improved switching and PDR testing), over a 10-year time horizon, in settings without and with pediatric dolutegravir (DTG) availability as first-line ART. The improved switching strategy increases the probability of switching to second-line ART when virologic failure is diagnosed through viral load testing. The PDR testing strategy involves a one-time PDR test prior to ART initiation to guide choice of initial regimen. When DTG is not available, PDR testing is dominated by the improved switching strategy, which has an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of USD 579/life-year gained (LY), relative to the status quo. If DTG is available, improved switching has a similar ICER (USD 591/LY) relative to the DTGstatus quo. Even when substantial financial investment is needed to achieve improved regimen switching practices, the improved switching strategy still has the potential to be cost-effective in a wide range of sub-Saharan African countries. Our analysis highlights the importance of strengthening existing laboratory monitoring systems to improve the health of children living with HIV.

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