scholarly journals Investigation of Leishmania infection and blood sources analysis in Phlebotomus chinensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) along extension region of the Loess Plateau, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanming Chen ◽  
Huiying Chen ◽  
Feng Tao ◽  
Jingpeng Gao ◽  
Kaili Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures

Abstract BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) was one of the most important parasitic diseases in China, caused by Leishmania protozoans and transmitted by sandflies. Recently VL cases have reappeared in China, including the extension region of the Loess Plateau. The purpose of this study was to detect the infection rate of Leishmania and analyze the blood sources of the sandflies vectors to guide the development of prevention and control measures. MethodsSandflies were collected by light traps from rural areas in Shanxian, Henan, China in 2015, as well as in Wuxiang and Yangquan, Shanxi, China in 2017. The blood sources of sandflies were analyzed by PCR detecting the host-specific mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtDNA Cyt b) gene fragments. Leishmania infection in sandflies was detected by amplifying and sequencing ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). The Leishmania specific antibodies in the sera of local dogs were detected by ELISA. ResultsBlood sources showed diversity in the extension region of the Loess Plateau, including human, chicken, dog, cattle, pig and goat. Multiple blood sources within a sandfly individual were observed in samples from Yangquan (17/118, 14.4%) and Wuxiang (12/108, 11.1%). Leishmania DNA was detected in sandflies collected from Yangquan, of which 8.5% pooled and 1.9% individual samples were positive. The ITS1 sequences were conserved with the Leishmania donovani complex. The positive rate of Leishmania specific antibodies in dogs was 5.97%. ConclusionThis study detected the blood sources and Leishmania parasites infection of sandflies by molecular methods in the extension region of Loess Plateau, China. A high epidemic risk of leishmaniasis is currently indicated by the results as the infection of Leishmania in sandflies, the extensive blood sources of sandflies including humans, and positive antibody of Leishmania in local dog sera. Given the recent increase of VL cases, asymptomatic patients, dogs and other potential infected animals should be screened and treated. Furthermore, the density of sandflies needs to be controlled and personal protection should be strengthened.

scholarly journals Leishmania infection and blood sources analysis in Phlebotomus chinensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) along extension region of the Loess Plateau, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanming Chen ◽  
Huiying Chen ◽  
Feng Tao ◽  
Jingpeng Gao ◽  
Kaili Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients

Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was one of the most important parasitic diseases in China, caused by Leishmania protozoans and transmitted by sand flies. Recently VL cases have reappeared in China, including the extension region of the Loess Plateau. The purpose of this study was to collect fundamental data on the host-vector VL system in the Loess Plateau to assist in the development of prevention and control measures.Methods Sand flies were collected by light traps from rural areas in Shanxian, Henan, China in 2015, as well as in Wuxiang and Yangquan, Shanxi, China in 2017. The blood sources of sand flies were analyzed by PCR detecting the host-specific mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtDNA Cyt b) gene fragments. Leishmania infection in sand flies was detected by amplifying and sequencing ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). The Leishmania specific antibodies in the sera of local dogs were detected by ELISA kit. Results Blood sources showed diversity in the extension region of the Loess Plateau, including human, chicken, dog, cattle, pig and goat. Multiple blood sources within a sand fly were observed in samples from Yangquan (17/118, 14.4%) and Wuxiang (12/108, 11.1%). Leishmania DNA was detected in sand flies collected from Yangquan with minimum infection rate of 1.00%. The ITS1 sequences were conserved with the Leishmania donovani complex. The positive rate of Leishmania specific antibodies in dogs was 5.97%. Conclusions This study detected the blood sources and Leishmania parasites infection of sand flies by molecular methods in the extension region of Loess Plateau, China. A high epidemic risk of leishmaniasis is currently indicated by the results as the infection of Leishmania in sand flies, the extensive blood sources of sand flies including humans, and positive antibody of Leishmania in local dog sera. Given the recent increase of VL cases, asymptomatic patients, dogs and other potential infected animals should be screened and treated. Furthermore, the density of sand flies needs to be controlled and personal protection should be strengthened.

scholarly journals Investigation of Leishmania infection and blood sources analysis in Phlebotomus chinensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) along extension region of the Loess Plateau, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanming Chen ◽  
Huiying Chen ◽  
Feng Tao ◽  
Jingpeng Gao ◽  
Kaili Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B

Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was one of the most important parasitic diseases in China, caused by Leishmania protozoans and transmitted by sand flies. Recently VL cases have reappeared in China, including the extension region of the Loess Plateau . The purpose of this study was trying to reveal the reason of reappearance to the developing the prevention and control measures. Methods Sand flies were collected by light traps from rural areas in Shanxian, Henan, China in 2015, as well as in Wuxiang and Yangquan, Shanxi, China in 2017. The blood sources of sand flies were analyzed by PCR detecting the host-specific mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtDNA Cyt b ) gene fragments. Leishmania infection in sand flies was detected by amplifying and sequencing ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 ( ITS1 ). The Leishmania specific antibodies in the sera of local dogs were detected by ELISA kit. Results Blood sources showed diversity in the extension region of the Loess Plateau, including human, chicken, dog, cattle, pig and goat. Multiple blood sources within a sand fly were observed in samples from Yangquan (17/118, 14.4%) and Wuxiang (12/108, 11.1%). Leishmania DNA was detected in sand flies collected from Yangquan with minimum infection rate of 1.00%. The ITS1 sequences were conserved with the Leishmania donovani complex. The positive rate of Leishmania specific antibodies in dogs was 5.97%. Conclusion This study detected the blood sources and Leishmania parasites infection of sand flies by molecular methods in the extension region of Loess Plateau, China. A high epidemic risk of leishmaniasis is currently indicated by the results as the infection of Leishmania in sand flies, the extensive blood sources of sand flies including humans, and positive antibody of Leishmania in local dog sera. Given the recent increase of VL cases, asymptomatic patients, dogs and other potential infected animals should be screened and treated. Furthermore, the density of sand flies needs to be controlled and personal protection should be strengthened.

scholarly journals Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ping Wang ◽  
◽  
Shi-Xia Zhou ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Qing-Bin Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractNational-based prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute diarrhea was conducted in China between 2009‒2018. Here we report the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of the 152,792 eligible patients enrolled in this analysis. Rotavirus A and norovirus are the two leading viral pathogens detected in the patients, followed by adenovirus and astrovirus. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella are the two leading bacterial pathogens, followed by Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Patients aged <5 years had higher overall positive rate of viral pathogens, while bacterial pathogens were more common in patients aged 18‒45 years. A joinpoint analysis revealed the age-specific positivity rate and how this varied for individual pathogens. Our findings fill crucial gaps of how the distributions of enteropathogens change across China in patients with diarrhea. This allows enhanced identification of the predominant diarrheal pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Presymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 in a cluster of cases occurred in confined space: a case report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyi Liu ◽  
Jinru Wu ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
Yingying Dai ◽  
Dan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Confined Space ◽  
Health Prevention ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: COVID-19 is spreading rapidly intercity and international despite rigid public health prevention and control measures been taken.Case presentation: In a cluster of infection, six out of seven participants engaged in persistent singing and talking in confined space were later diagnosed COVID-19 patients. One of the cases was asymptomatic with no SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detected, but positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. None of the household contacts was infected during the following month.Conclusions: This epidemiological evidence revealed that asymptomatic patients transmitted the coronavirus in confined space with relatively high efficiency, suggesting that it is important to provide better ventilation in public buildings to prevent COVID-19 transmission.

Gastrointestinal parasites in rural dogs and cats in Selangor and Pahang states in Peninsular Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romano Ngui ◽  
Soo Lee ◽  
Nan Yap ◽  
Tiong Tan ◽  
Roslan Aidil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Concentration Technique ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures

AbstractTo estimate the current prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in dogs and cats, a total of 105 fresh faecal samples were collected from rural areas in Peninsular Malaysia. Each faecal sample was examined for the presence of GI parasites by microscopic examination after formalin-ether concentration technique and for protozoa, trichrome and Ziehl-Neelsen staining were employed. The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infection was 88.6% (95% CI = 82.5–94.7) in which 88.3% of dogs and 89.3% of cats were infected with at least one parasites species, respectively. There were 14 different GI parasites species (nematodes, cestodes and protozoa) detected, including Ancylostoma spp. (62.9%), Toxocara spp. (32.4%), Trichuris vulpis (21.0%), Spirometra spp. (9.5%), Toxascaris leonina (5.7%), Dipylidium caninum (4.8%), Ascaris spp. (2.9%), Hymenolepis diminuta (1.0%) and others. General prevalence of GI parasites showed a significant difference between helminth (84.4%) and protozoa (34.3%) infections. Monoparasitism (38.1%) was less frequent than polyparasitism (46.7%). As several of these GI parasites are recognized as zoonotic agents, the results of this investigation revealed that local populations may be exposed to a broad spectrum of zoonotic agents by means of environmental contamination with dogs and cats faeces and this information should be used to mitigate public health risks. Prevention and control measures have to be taken in order to reduce the prevalence rates especially in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities where animals live in close proximity to people, poor levels of hygiene and overcrowding together with a lack in veterinary attention and zoonotic awareness.

The Research of the Available and Utilization of Solar Energy in Rural Areas - The Example from the Loess Plateau Area

2013 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
Xiao Feng ◽  
Shu Wen Niu ◽  
Xiu Fang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Evaluation Index System ◽  
Local Energy ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Exploitation And Utilization ◽  
Plateau Area

The rural economy is underdeveloped in china, especially in the Loess Plateau, the land is barren and per capita income is not high, prominently they lack the energy. It had been vicious cycle between the biological energy consumption for basic survival and ecological deterioration of the environment. Therefore, it’s a breakthrough in using the new and local energy of exploitation and utilization for solving the shortage of rural energy. This article construct the availability of evaluation index system of Solar with surveying quantitative empirical analysis Anding district in Gansu province of loess plateau areas Northwest China.Conclusion is that the solar level is different in An-Ding district but it has great potential to be developed . The available amount is abundant but the Utilization is inadequate.Due to the poor taste of the local energy, to develop solar energy rational will improve the ecological, address poverty and narrow the economic gap in regions.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Gully Land Consolidation Project on Soil Erosion and Crop Production on a Typical Watershed in the Loess Plateau

Land ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoliang Han ◽  
Peiyi Lv ◽  
Sen Zhao ◽  
Yan Sun ◽  
Shiyu Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Agricultural Sustainability ◽  
Land Consolidation ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Land Consolidation Project

The Gully Land Consolidation Project (GLCP) was launched to create more arable land by excavating soil from the slopes on both sides of gullies, combined with simultaneous comprehensive gully prevention and control measures. The purpose of the GLCP is to increase crop production and reduce soil erosion to achieve ecological and agricultural sustainability. In this study, we assess the effects of the GLCP on soil erosion and crop production by studying the BaoChengGou Watershed in the Loess Plateau, primarily by means of high spatial-resolution satellite images (taken by the GF-1 and ZY-3 satellites) combined with the InVEST model and field investigations. Sloping cropland, sparse forestland, and natural grassland are the main land use types in the study area. After implementing the GLCP, consolidated land in the cropland increased by 7.35%, an increase that has come largely at the expense of grassland and forestland. The GLCP has markedly reduced soil erosion in the BaoChengGou Watershed, especially in the sense that soil erosion intensity was also reduced significantly in the project region on the whole, despite intensifying in certain places, such as excavated slopes; furthermore, it has improved crop yields in the study area by 10.9%. Comprehensive measurement shows the GLCP to be scientific, reasonable, and clearly efficacious. This study presents findings regarding the positive significance of the GLCP in promoting ecological and agricultural sustainability in the Loess Plateau.

scholarly journals Investigation of the prevalence ofMycoplasma ovipneumoniaein Southern Xinjiang, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-yu Zhao ◽  
Yi-zhou Du ◽  
Ya-ping Song ◽  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Yue-feng Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Universal Primer ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
High Level ◽  
Southern Xinjiang

AbstractIntroductionIt is very important to monitor the infection ofMycoplasma ovipneumoniaeas a potential threat to the sheep industry. Southern Xinjiang is a major sheep breeding base in China, however, there is no relevant information concerning the infection of the region’s ovine stock with this bacteria at present. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap.Material and MethodsA total of 824 nasal swabs and the lungs of six sheep that died of pneumonia were collected in four regions between 2018 and 2020. Primers specific forM. ovipneumoniaeand universal ones for the genus were used for PCR. Sequencing was undertaken of 159 universal primer-positive samples (153 nasal swabs and 6 lungs) and of 84 specific primer-positive samples (80 nasal swabs, 20 per region; and 4 lungs, 1 per region). The lungs were also sampled for the isolation ofM. ovipneumoniae. A phylogenetic tree based on partial sequences of theMycoplasma16S rRNA gene was built.ResultsThe overall nasal swab positive rate forM. ovipneumoniaewas 40.78%; the rate of animals older than 12 months was significantly different to those of younger sheep (< 3 months, 53.39%; 3 – 12 months, 46.01%; >12 months, 31.76%). Four strains ofM. ovipneumoniaewere isolated from six lungs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated their origin outside southern Xinjiang. Two other species were also detected:M. arginineandM. conjunctivae.ConclusionOur survey indicated that a high level ofM. ovipneumoniaeasymptomatic colonisation in sheep, especially in lambs, affects southern Xinjiang and also confirmed the existence ofM. conjunctivaeandM. arginine. Our results showed that the health of sheep in southern Xinjiang is facing a great threat, and relevant prevention and control measures should be strengthened.

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