scholarly journals Spatiotemporal and Source Analysis of Ultrafine Particulates (PM1) over Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjunatha A S ◽  
Ganesh K E
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Standard Limit ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract Measurement and analysis of Particulate Matter (PM1) of aerodynamic diameter less than 1µm (PM1) has been carried out using indigenously built air sampler APM 577 from IIT-K for the period July 2018 - July 2019. Bengaluru being one of the megacities of India requires constant follow up of air quality. Following locations of Bengaluru city have been selected for the study: Basavanagudi (BAS), Domlur (DOM), Hosur road (HOS) and DC Halli (DCH). The mass concentrations of collected PM1 samples have been observed to vary from 20.16 to 68.64 µg m-3 during the study period. The highest mass concentration of 68.64 µg m-3 was observed for the location BAS and the lowest mass concentration of 20.16 µg m-3 was observed for the location DOM. The seasonal average mass concentration of PM1 around Bengaluru for winter, summer, monsoon & post monsoon season during the entire study period is observed to be 47.60, 40.24, 30.85 and 38.76 µg m-3 respectively. The average 24 h mass concentrations of PM1 in winter season that is in December month at BAS location is found to be higher than National Ambient Air Quality Standard limit of 60 µg m-3 for PM2.5 however in January and February months mass concentration is found to be less than the standard limit. The Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Analysis X-ray techniques were used to understand the morphology and elemental composition of PM1. Scanning electron microscope images confirms the presence of particulates both from anthropogenic (primary) and natural (secondary) activities. Also, some of the collected samples showed the presence of microorganisms and biological particles such as Bacillus. Elemental composition analysis showed the presence of non-metals such as Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulphur and traces of metals such as Sodium, Aluminium, Calcium and Potassium. A detailed study along with the possible conclusion is the subject matter of this paper.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Active Carbon from Utilization of Red Chili Trees (Capsicum annuum L)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
Ni Made Dwidiani ◽  
Putu Wijaya Sunu ◽  
Gusti Ngurah Nitya Santhiarsa
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Made In

This work studies the use of red chilli tree (capsicum anuumm L) waste as material of activated carbon and examines the morphological structure and elemental composition of the activated chili trees. The morphological structure was measured at TekMIRA (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara, Bandung) by using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the composition of the elements of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and ash is determined by the ultimate testing analysis with the ASTM D5373 standard. In the testing procedure, activated carbon is made from red chili tree waste by dehydration with a temperature of 2000 C for 1 hour and carbonized with a temperature of 3750 C for 1 hour. Then, the chemical activation (NaOH) is made in variation of concentration of 1%, 3%, and 5% with soaked time 24 hours, and dried at 2000 C for one hour. The carbonization at a concentration of 1% (NaOH) gave the best result on activated carbon from red chili trees.

scholarly journals Ortsteins in the sod-podzolic pseudogleyed soils of the Beskydy Precarpathians

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 277-287
Author(s):  
Zinoviy Pankiv ◽  
Olena Kalynych
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Accumulation Factor ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Modern Soil ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Made In

On the basis of morphological and laboratory-analytical researches it is established that in the profile of sod-podzolic pseudogleyed soils of the Beskydy Precarpathians are formed ortsteins that have clear outer contours, concentric inner structure with alternation of rust-red circles. Two ranges for the formation of ortsteins in the investigation soils were established: in the overiluvial part of the profile and the transition to the rock horizon. Within the НЕgl horizon, the content of ortsteins is 2.8 %, and in the fractional composition, the fraction is from 2.1 to 3.0 mm (37.5 %). The highest content of ortsteins (7.7 %) is characteristic of the Ehgl horizon, within which the fraction from 7.1 to 10.0 mm (27.2 %) prevails. Within the Pigl horizon, large ortsteins of 1.0 to 5.0 cm in size are oval and tubular with a concentric inner structure, and their content is 17.6 %. Ortsteins in the sod-podzolic pseudogleyed soils were formed as a result of alternation of redox conditions with the participation of specific, nonspecific microflora and glesish-eluvial, segregation processes of soil formation. The small ortsteins in the overiluvial part of the profile are the result of modern soil formation, and the large ones within the Pigl horizon are relict and associated with the early stages of soil formation in the Precarpathians. In order to identify the genesis and elemental composition, a plate of tubular ortstein with a diameter of 1.2 cm, which was selected from the Pigl horizon (220–240 cm), was made. In different parts of the plate, differing in colour, four points up to 1 μm in size (two against a light background and two against a dark one) were selected, within which elemental composition was determined by micro-X-ray spectrometry. The measurements were performed on a scanning electron microscope REM-106 (Ukraine) with a resolution of 5 nm and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. The study of ortstein using a scanning electron microscope revealed that the formation of black rings within the tubular ortstein is due to an increase in the percentage of Manganese in 1.6–3.4, Aluminium in 1.4–2.3 and Calcium in 2.1–5.4 times. The percentage of Ferum in different parts of the ortstein is approximately the same, which determines its rusty-brown colour. Key words: ortsteins, sod-podzolic pseudogleyed soils, Beskydy Precarpathians, the accumulation factor, electron-scanning microscope.

Lung lymphatics cast from the airspace

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (2) ◽  
pp. L199-L205 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Hainis ◽  
J. I. Sznajder ◽  
D. E. Schraufnagel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Pleural Surface ◽  
Hyperoxic Lung Injury ◽  
Scanning Electron

Lymphatics are important in the resolution of pulmonary edema, but which lymphatics drain alveolar fluid and how they change during lung injury and edema is uncertain. To study this question 16 rats were exposed to 85% O2 for 7 days. At 0, 3, 7, and 14 days after removal from the hyperoxic chamber, the lungs of the rats were cast by instilling methyl methacrylate into the trachea. The lungs of four similar room-air breathing rats served as controls. Tissue was taken for light microscopy and the casts were examined for lymphatic filling with a scanning electron microscope. Rats exposed to hyperoxia had diffuse damage and extensive edema. On removal from hyperoxia (day 0), 29% of the rat bronchioles had saccular lymphatic casts around them and 6% of bronchioles were surrounded by these lymphatics. Twenty-five percent of bronchioles had conduit lymphatic casts. Fourteen percent of arteries had lymphatic casts around them. All were different from the rats kept in room air (P < 0.0001). Rats exposed to hyperoxia had lymphatics on the pleural surface, near alveoli and alveolar ducts, and around veins. The peribronchial and periarterial saccular lymphatics formed separate groups with communicating conduit lymphatics. The perivenous lymphatics had their own separate conduit lymphatics. Fourteen days after returning to ambient air, the lymphatics were similar to those of control animals. In this model, airway casting allows three-dimensional analysis of the lung lymphatics. It shows that lymphatic compartments expand during hyperoxic lung injury and that peribronchial and perivascular saccular lymphatics connect to conduit lymphatics of the bronchoalveolar bundle.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal and Source Analysis of Ultrafine Particulates (PM1) Over Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
manjunatha A S ◽  
K E Ganesh
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Air Atmosphere

Abstract Measurements and analysis of Particulate Matter of aerodynamic diameter 1µm (PM1) has been carried out using indigenously built air sampler APM 577from IIT-Kfor the study period July 2018- July 2019at the following locations of Bengaluru city: Basavanagudi (BAS), Domlur (DOM), Hosur road (HOS) and DC Halli (DCH).The mass concentration of collected PM1 sampleshas been observed to vary from 20.16 µg/m3 to 68.64 µg/m3during the studyperiod. The highest mass concentration of 68.64 µg/m3 was observed for the location BAS and the lowest mass concentration of20.16 µg/m3 was observed for the location DOM. The average mass concentration ofPM1 around Bengaluru for winter, summer, monsoon & post monsoon season is observed to be 47.60 µg/m3,40.24 µg/m3,30.85 µg/m3 and 38.76 µg/m3respectively. The average 24hrmass concentrations of PM1in winter season is found to be higher than National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS)limit of 60µg/m3 for PM2.5. The SEM-EDAX techniques were used to understand morphology and elemental composition of PM1. SEM Imaging technique confirms the fact that in ambient air atmosphere near the study locations the source of PM1is mainly from anthropogenic activities(primary) and natural (secondary) formation. Also,some of the collected samples showed the presence of microorganisms and biological particles such as bacillus. Elemental composition analysis made by EDAX technique showed the presence of non -metals such as Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Aluminium, Sulphur and potassium.

Effects of photochemical smog on growth, injury, and gas exchange of pine seedlings

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 2175-2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Bytnerowicz ◽  
David M. Olszyk ◽  
Satu Huttunen ◽  
Brent Takemoto
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Photochemical Smog ◽  
Air Treatment ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Scanning Electron

One-year-old seedlings of Pinus coulteri, P. pondersosa, P. jeffreyi, and P. sylvestris were exposed for 5 months to ambient photochemical smog (average 24-h monthly concentrations of ozone 0.067 to 0.108 ppm) in the San Gabriel Mountains of the Los Angeles Basin. Plants were grown in open-top chambers ("ambient-air" and "clean-air" treatments) and in outside plots. Rinsing of needles as well as scanning electron microscope observations revealed the highest deposition of particles to plants in the outside plots. No significant changes in growth in any of the studied species were observed. Exposure to photochemical smog had no significant effect on net photosynthesis and dark respiration in P. coulteri and P. ponderosa. Visual observation of injury showed that, by the end of the exposures, the P. ponderosa foliage in the ambient-air treatments was more damaged than in the clean-air treatment, but no negative effects on P. coulteri and P. jeffreyi foliage were seen. A tendency towards greater injury of P. sylvestris foliage in the ambient-air chambers and in the outside plots was also determined. Scanning electron microscope observations showed some subtle changes in the surface of P. coulteri and P. sylvestris in the ambient air treatment. Longer, multiseasonal exposures seem to be needed to study the effects of ambient concentrations of photochemical pollutants on forest trees.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF OIL SHALE COMBUSTION BYPRODUCTS OBTAINED BY PLASMA TREATMENT

2018 ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
O. G. Volokitin ◽  
V. V. Shekhovtsov ◽  
G. G. Volokitin ◽  
N. K. Skripnikova
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Fiber Production ◽  
Mineral Fiber ◽  
Product Surface ◽  
Melting Product ◽  
Scanning Electron

This paper presents research into a possibility of synthesizing a silicate melt based on oil shale combustion byproducts obtained in  Dalian Province (China). The energy of thermal plasma is used for this in the mineral fiber production. An experimental electroplasma unit is developed to provide melting of refractory nonmetallic materials, the stationary power of which is 30 kW. During the melting process of the mixture, the formation of the gaseous phase is observed. Using scanning electron microscope, maps of the qualitative distribution of the elemental composition on the surface of the melting product were obtained. Using the scanning electron microscope, the elemental composition maps are obtained for the melting product surface.

The Alteration of the Pore Spaces in Sandstones

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
R. E. Ferrell ◽  
G. G. Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Depositional Fabric ◽  
Soluble Components ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Shape And Size

The pore spaces in sandstones are the result of the original depositional fabric and the degree of post-depositional alteration that the rock has experienced. The largest pore volumes are present in coarse-grained, well-sorted materials with high sphericity. The chief mechanisms which alter the shape and size of the pores are precipitation of cementing agents and the dissolution of soluble components. Each process may operate alone or in combination with the other, or there may be several generations of cementation and solution.The scanning electron microscope has ‘been used in this study to reveal the morphology of the pore spaces in a variety of moderate porosity, orthoquartzites.

The Broad Applications of the Scanning Electron Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 20-21
Author(s):  
C. T. Nightingale ◽  
S. E. Summers ◽  
T. P. Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Surface Topography ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Pictorial Representations ◽  
Scanning Electron

The ease of operation of the scanning electron microscope has insured its wide application in medicine and industry. The micrographs are pictorial representations of surface topography obtained directly from the specimen. The need to replicate is eliminated. The great depth of field and the high resolving power provide far more information than light microscopy.

Observability of Very Thick Specimen by Using Transmission Scanning Electron Microscope

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
K. Shibatomi ◽  
T. Yamanoto ◽  
H. Koike
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Thick Specimen ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the observation of a thick specimen by means of a transmission electron microscope, the intensity of electrons passing through the objective lens aperture is greatly reduced. So that the image is almost invisible. In addition to this fact, it have been reported that a chromatic aberration causes the deterioration of the image contrast rather than that of the resolution. The scanning electron microscope is, however, capable of electrically amplifying the signal of the decreasing intensity, and also free from a chromatic aberration so that the deterioration of the image contrast due to the aberration can be prevented. The electrical improvement of the image quality can be carried out by using the fascionating features of the SEM, that is, the amplification of a weak in-put signal forming the image and the descriminating action of the heigh level signal of the background. This paper reports some of the experimental results about the thickness dependence of the observability and quality of the image in the case of the transmission SEM.

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