scholarly journals Multilevel modelling of the risk of malaria among children aged under five years in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M Oguoma ◽  
Anayochukwu E Anyasodor ◽  
Adeniyi O Adeleye ◽  
Obiora A Eneanya ◽  
Evaristus C Mbanefo
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Malaria Parasitaemia ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Individual Household

Abstract Background:Malaria is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five (U5) years. This study assessed individual, household, and community risk factors for malaria in Nigerian children U5 years of age.Methods:Data from the Nigerian Malaria Health Indicator Survey 2015 were pooled for analyses. This comprised of national survey of 329 clusters. Children aged 6-59 months who were tested for malaria using microscopy were retained. Multilevel logit model accounting for sampling design was used to assess individual, household and community factors associated with malaria parasitaemia. Results:A total of 5742 children were assessed for malaria parasitaemia with overall prevalence of 27% (95% CI 26-28%). Plasmodium falciparum constituted 98% of the Plasmodium species. There was no significant difference in parasitaemia between older children, and those ≤12 months. In adjusted analyses, rural living, Northwest region, household size of >7, dependence on river and rain water as primary water source were associated with higher odds of parasitaemia; while higher wealth index, all U5s who slept under bed net and dependence on packaged water were associated with lower odds of parasitaemia.Conclusion:Despite sustained investment in malaria control and prevention, a quarter of the overall study population of U5s suffer from malaria. Across the six geopolitical zones, the highest burden was in children living in poorest rural households.

scholarly journals Multilevel modelling of the risk of malaria among children aged under five years in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M Oguoma ◽  
Anayochukwu E Anyasodor ◽  
Adeniyi O Adeleye ◽  
Obiora A Eneanya ◽  
Evaristus C Mbanefo
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Malaria Parasitaemia ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Primary Water ◽  
Individual Household

Abstract Background Malaria is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children aged <5 y (U5s). This study assessed individual, household and community risk factors for malaria in Nigerian U5s. Methods Data from the Nigerian Malaria Health Indicator Survey 2015 were pooled for analyses. This comprised a national survey of 329 clusters. Children aged 6–59 mo who were tested for malaria using microscopy were retained. Multilevel logit model accounting for sampling design was used to assess individual, household and community factors associated with malaria parasitaemia. Results A total of 5742 children were assessed for malaria parasitaemia with an overall prevalence of 27% (95% CI 26 to 28%). Plasmodium falciparum constituted 98% of the Plasmodium species. There was no significant difference in parasitaemia between older children and those aged ≤12 mo. In adjusted analyses, rural living, northwest region, a household size of >7, dependence on river and rainwater as primary water source were associated with higher odds of parasitaemia, while higher wealth index, all U5s who slept under a bed net and dependence on packaged water were associated with lower odds of parasitaemia. Conclusion Despite sustained investment in malaria control and prevention, a quarter of the overall study population of U5s have malaria. Across the six geopolitical zones, the highest burden was in children living in the poorest rural households.

scholarly journals Multilevel modelling of malaria risk in children under five years old in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M Oguoma ◽  
Anayochukwu E Anyasodor ◽  
Adeniyi O Adeleye ◽  
Obiora A Eneanya ◽  
Evaristus C Mbanefo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Malaria Parasitaemia ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Individual Household

Abstract Background:Malaria remains a major public health threat in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite efforts to eradicate the disease in Nigeria, it is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality; especially among children under five (U5) years. This study assessed individual, household, and community risk factors for malaria in Nigerian children U5 years of age.Methods:Data from the Nigerian Malaria Health Indicator Survey 2015 were pooled for analyses. This comprised of national survey of 329 clusters. Children aged 6-59 months who were tested for malaria using microscopy were retained. Multilevel logit model accounting for sampling design was used to assess individual, household and community factors associated with malaria parasitaemia. Results:A total of 5742 children were assessed for malaria parasitaemia with overall prevalence of 27% (95% CI 26-28%). Plasmodium falciparum constituted 98% of the Plasmodium species. There was no significant difference in parasitaemia between older children, and those ≤12 months. In adjusted analyses, rural living, Northwest region, household size of >7, dependence on river and rain water as primary water source were associated with higher odds of parasitaemia; while higher wealth index, all U5s who slept under bed net and dependence on packaged water were associated with lower odds of parasitemia.Conclusion:Malaria remains a substantial public health burden in Nigeria, especially in U5 children, despite sustained investment in malaria control and prevention. A quarter of the overall national burden are in the U5s. Across the six geopolitical zones, the highest burden was in children living in poorest rural households.

scholarly journals Diarrhea and associated factors among under five children in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from demographic and health surveys of 34 sub-Saharan countries

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257522
Author(s):  
Getu Debalkie Demissie ◽  
Yigizie Yeshaw ◽  
Wallelign Aleminew ◽  
Yonas Akalu
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Sub Saharan

Introduction Diarrhea is responsible for the death of more than 90% of under-five children in low and lower-middle income countries. Regionally, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 88% of deaths with the same age group. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of diarrhea among children under-five years in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods The appended, most recent demographic and health survey datasets of 34 sub-Saharan African countries were used to determine the prevalence and associated factors of diarrhea among under-five children in the region. A total weighted sample of 330,866 under-five children were included in the study. Both bivariable and multivariable multilevel logistic regression were done to determine the associated factors of diarrhea among under five children in sub-Saharan Africa. The Odds Ratio (OR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was calculated for those potential factors included in the final model. Result The overall prevalence of diarrhea in this study was 15.3% (95% CI: 15.1–15.4). Those children of mothers aged 15–24 (AOR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.30) and 25–34 years (AOR = 1.15; 95%CI: 1.12, 1.18), those children of mothers with no education (AOR = 1.69; 95%CI: 1.57–1.82), primary education (AOR = 1.73; 95%CI: 1.61–1.86) and secondary education (AOR = 1.49; 95%CI: 1.38–1.59) had higher odds of having diarrhea. Those children from poorest (AOR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.10, 1.19), poorer (AOR = 1.12; 95%CI: 1.08–1.17), middle (AOR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.10), and richer (AOR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.04–1.12) households had higher chance of having diarrhea compared to their counterparts. Conclusion This study found that the prevalence of childhood diarrhea morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa was high. Maternal age, wealth index, maternal education, maternal occupation, age of child, time of initiation of breast feeding and time to get water source were significantly associated with diarrhea. Therefore, intervention through health education and health promotion for mothers/caretakers who are poor, less educated, and young should be designed to prevent diarrhea in the region.

scholarly journals Spatial Variations and Determinants of Acute Malnutrition among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: Evidence from 2019 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binyam Tariku Seboka ◽  
Tilahun Dessie Alene ◽  
Habtamu Setegn Ngusie ◽  
Samuel Hailegebreal ◽  
Delelegn Emwodew Yehualashet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Cold Spot ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Abstract Background: Childhood acute malnutrition, in the form of wasting defined by a severe weight loss as a result of acute food shortage and/or illness. It is a critical public health problem that needs urgent attention in developing countries, like Ethiopia. Despite its variation between localities, the risk factors and its geospatial variation were not addressed enough across the various corner of the country. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to assess spatial variation and factors associated with acute malnutrition among under-five children in Ethiopia.Methods: A total weighted sample of 4,955 under-five children were included from the 2019 Demographic and Health Survey. Getis-Ord spatial statistical tool used to identify the hot and cold spot areas of severe and acute malnutrition. A multilevel multivariable logistic regression model using was used to examine predictors of acute malnutrition. In the multivariable multilevel analysis, Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% CI was used to declare significant determinants of acute malnutrition among children.Result: Among 4,955 under-five children, 7% of them were wasted and 1% of them were severely wasted in Ethiopia during the 2019 national demographic survey. The distribution was followed some spatial geo-locations where most parts of Somali were severely affected (RR=1.46, P37 value < 0.001), and the distribution affected few areas of Afar, Gambella, and Benishangul Gumz regions. Factors that significantly associated with childhood wasting were: gender(male)1.9(1.3-2.7), age (above 36 months) 0.5 (0.2-0.9), wealth index(richest) 0.5(0.2-0.8), and water source(unimproved source) 1.5(1.0-2.3).Conclusion and Recommendation: Our finding implies, the distribution of childhood wasting was not random. Regions like Afar, Somali, and pocket areas in Gambella and SNNP should be considered as priority areas nutritional interventions for reducing acute malnutrition. The established socio-demographic and economic characteristics can be also used to develop strategies.

In Vitro Shoot Regeneration from Callus Derived from Marubakaido Apple Rootstock under Different Aluminium Concentrations

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 460e-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa F. de Oliveira ◽  
Gerson R. de L. Fortes ◽  
João B. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Apple Rootstock ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Shoot Regeneration

The aim of this work was to evaluate the organogenesis of Marubakaido apple rootstock under different aluminium concentratons. The explants were calli derived from apple internodes treated with either 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or pichloram at 0.5 and 1.0 μM and under five different aluminium concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/L). These calli were then treated with aluminium at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L. It was observed shoot regeneration only for those calli previously treated with pichloram. There were no significant difference among the aluminium concentrations.

scholarly journals Adolescents’ pain and distress during peripheral intravenous cannulation in a paediatric emergency setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Cozzi ◽  
Marta Cognigni ◽  
Riccardo Busatto ◽  
Veronica Grigoletto ◽  
Manuela Giangreco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Local Anaesthesia ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Emergency Setting ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Paediatric Emergency Department ◽  
Paediatric Emergency ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThe objective of the study is to investigate pain and distress experienced by a group of adolescents and children during peripheral intravenous cannulation in a paediatric emergency department. This cross-sectional study was performed between November 2019 and June 2020 at the paediatric emergency department of the Institute for Maternal and Child Health of Trieste, Italy. Eligible subjects were patients between 4 and 17 years old undergoing intravenous cannulation, split into three groups based on their age: adolescents (13–17 years), older children (8–12 years), and younger children (4–7 years). Procedural distress and pain scores were recorded through validated scales. Data on the use of topical anaesthesia, distraction techniques, and physical or verbal comfort during procedures were also collected. We recruited 136 patients: 63 adolescents, 48 older children, and 25 younger children. There was no statistically significant difference in the median self-reported procedural pain found in adolescents (4; IQR = 2–6) versus older and younger children (5; IQR = 2–8 and 6; IQR = 2–8, respectively). Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the rate of distress between adolescents (79.4%), older (89.6%), and younger (92.0%) children. Adolescents received significantly fewer pain relief techniques.Conclusion: This study shows that adolescents experience similar pain and pre-procedural distress as younger children during peripheral intravenous cannulation. What is Known:• Topical and local anaesthesia, physical and verbal comfort, and distraction are useful interventions for pain and anxiety management during intravenous cannulation in paediatric settings. • No data is available on pain and distress experienced by adolescents in the specific setting of the emergency department. What is New:• Adolescents experienced high levels of pre-procedural distress in most cases and similar levels of pain and distress when compared to younger patients• The number of pain relief techniques employed during procedures was inversely proportional to patient’s age, topical or local anaesthesia were rarely used

scholarly journals Bivariate binary analysis on composite index of anthropometric failure of under-five children and household wealth-index

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Demeke Lakew Workie ◽  
Lijalem Melie Tesfaw
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Study Results

Abstract Background Malnutrition is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity of children in low and middle income countries including Ethiopia and household wealth index shares the highest contribution. Thus, in this study it is aimed to conduct bivariate binary logistic regression analysis by accounting the possible dependency of child composite index anthropometric failure and household wealth index. Methods In this study the data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 involved 9411 under five children was considered. Child Composite Index Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) measures the aggregate child undernourished derived from the conventional anthropometric indices (stunting, underweight and wasting). The correlation between CIAF and wealth index was checked and significant correlation found. To address the dependency between the two outcome variables bivariate binary logistic regression was used to analyze the determinants of child CAIF and household wealth index jointly. Results Study results show that region, place of residence, religion, education level of women and husband/partner, sex of child, source of drinking water, household size and number of under five children in the household, mothers body mass index, multiple birth and anemia level of child had significant association with child CIAF. Female children were 0.82 times less likely to be CIAF compared to male and multiple birth children were more likely to be CIAF compared to single birth. Children from Oromia, Somalie, Gambela, SNNPR, Harari and Addis Ababa region were 0.6, 0.56, 0.67, 0.52, 0.6 and 0.44 times less likely to be CIAF compared to Tigray. A household from rural area were 15.49 times more likely poor compared to a household. The estimated odds of children whose mothers attended primary, and secondary and higher education was 0.82, and 0.52 times respectively the estimated odds of children from mothers who had never attended formal education. Conclusion The prevalence of children with composite index anthropometric failure was high and closely tied with the household wealth index. Among the determinants, region, religion, family education level, and anemia level of child were statistically significant determinants of both CIAF and household wealth index. Thus, the authors recommend to concerned bodies and policymakers work on household wealth index to reduce the prevalence of child composite anthropometric failure.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Nutritional Status of the Under Five Children

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amita Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Size At Birth

Objective: To identify factors associated to the nutritional status of under five children.Method: The data used in this analysis are from Demographic and Health Survey 2006 conducted in Nepal. Total 5262 cases are included in the present study. A multinomial logistic regression model is used to study the relation between various factors and nutritional status.Results: Increasing body mass index of mothers and wealth index shows decreasing likelihood of malnutrition among children. Rural children show insignificant higher likelihood of different forms of underweight and wasting as compared to urban area. Frequency of listening radio does not show significant association in case of mild and moderate wasting and shown very high unusual odds ratio in case of severe wasting.  Similarly, lower frequency of watching television also does not show significantly higher likeliness of different form of stunting, underweight and wasting. Female children are more likely to be stunted, underweight and wasted as compared to male. Female headed households are more likely to have moderately and mildly stunted children and mixed results are observed for underweight and wasting. The likelihood for all forms of malnutrition is higher among children with smaller than average size at birth as compared to average or bigger size at birth.  Mixed results are observed regarding likelihood of different forms of malnutrition among children with mothers having different educational level.Conclusion: Body mass index of mothers is found significant variable while explaining children's nutritional status. Similarly, Size at birth is significantly associated with nutrition during the childhood.Keywords: Stunting; wasting; under weight; under five childrenDOI: 10.3126/ajms.v1i1.2927Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.1(1) 2010 p.6-8

scholarly journals Stunting in children under five years old is still a health problem in the Western Brazilian Amazon: a population-based study in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2257-2266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulo Augusto Silva Mantovani ◽  
Alanderson Alves Ramalho ◽  
Thasciany Moraes Pereira ◽  
Fernando Luiz Cunha Castelo Branco ◽  
Humberto Oliart-Guzmán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Despite the process of nutritional transition in Brazil, in some places, such as the Amazon region, stunting is still an important public health problem. We identified the prevalence and factors associated with stunting in children under five years old residing in the urban area of Assis Brasil. A survey was conducted in which a questionnaire on socioeconomic, maternal and children’s conditions was applied, and height or length was measured. The children with height for age index below -2 Z-scores were considered stunted, according to the criteria by the World Health Organization. Four hundred and twenty-eight children were evaluated. Of these, 62 were stunted. Factors associated with stunting, according to adjusted models, were: the presence of open sewer, the wealth index for households, the receipt of governmental financial aid and the mother’s height, age and education. Therefore, it was observed that family and the mother’s characteristics as well as environmental and socioeconomic factors were closely related to the occurrence of stunting in the population studied, and such nutritional disturbance is still a health problem in the Brazilian Amazon.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic and Demographic Determinants of Body Mass Index in Sudan: A Predictive Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 478-483
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdallah ◽  
Mohammed Mohammed ◽  
Dawit Ayele
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Body Mass Index Status ◽  
Mother’S Education ◽  
Mother's Education

Background: This paper aimed to determine the socioeconomic and demographic determinants related to Body Mass Index (BMI) for children under five years in Sudan. The objective of the study was to identify the factors of BMI for under-five children. Methods: This study used the Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in the year 2014. The multinomial logistic regression model was adopted. Results: Results revealed that the prevalence of underweight infants under five years was 86.3% in females and 85.3% in males, while the proportion of the normal weight of infants under five years of age for males was slightly higher than females; there was a correlation amid geographic determinants, state, and BMI status. Also, there was a significant association between the mother’s education and body mass index status and the wealth index and body mass index status. The variables place of residence and sex did not show a statistically significant relationship with body mass index status for children under five years of age in Sudan. Conclusion: The risk factors significantly associated with body mass were the state, whether the child had ever been breastfed, sex, mother’s education, wealth index, and age in the month.

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