Risk factor of growth faltering in infants aged 2-12 months

Background: Growth faltering is a condition of growth disturbance that marked by slower growth velocity compared with previous growth chart. Growth faltering can cause effects in immune response, cognitive, & physical and psychomotor disturbance, behavioral disorder, learning problems, higher risk of infection and mortality.Objectives: To analyze risk factor of growth faltering in infant aged 2-12 months.Materials and Methods: A case control study was conducted in Public Health Center in Semarang city. Subject were infants aged 2 until 12 months with growth faltering. Variables were divided to exclusive breastfeeding, mother’s education, mother’s employment, social economic status, infection, mother’s nutrition and gestational age. Anthropometric and questionnaire data were obtained and analyzed among 116 infants. Statistic test used Chi square and multivariate analysis.Results: Chi-square analysis showed that breastfeeding (p=0.016) and gender (p=0.04) had a significant relationship with growth faltering in infant 2-12 months. Under standard parent’s income (p=0.809), Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARTI) (p=0.377), diarrhea (p=0.243), mother’s nutrition (p=1.00), gestational age (p=0.77), low mother’s education (p=0.83) and working mother (p=0.26) didn’t have a significant relationship with growth faltering in infant aged 2-12 months. Multivariate analysis showed that gender (p=0.035) and breastfeeding (p=0.019) were the most influencing variable to growth faltering. In 2-6 group, breastfeeding pattern had significant relationship with growth faltering (p=0.77)Conclusions: Breastfeeding and gender were risk factors of growth faltering in infant aged 2-12 months. Further research needed on how to prevent growth faltering in first 1000 days of life so it may avoid stunting in later life.

Epidemiological Study and Associated Risk Factors for Developing Bacterial Meningitis in Children of Odisha, India

Background: Bacterial meningitis is a leading cause of high childhood transience. It is the foremost cause of fatality in pediatric age group of 0-5 years in India accounting 0.5 to 2.6% of hospital admissions with CFR 16-30%. Based on above scenario, the study was undertaken to address the prevalence, etiology, social determinants of health factors of bacterial meningitis among under five children Odisha, India. Methods: A cross sectional study comprising of children under five years of age admitted to tertiary care hospital and teaching institutions in Cuttack with suspected clinical diagnosis of bacterial meningitis during April, 2012 to September 2013. About 634 children enrolled into the study after getting appropriate consent from parents or their legal guardians. Lumbar puncture was done and CSF was sent for biochemical analysis, cell counts, staining, culture, latex agglutination test (LAT) and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). Results: About 61 children (10.4%) were confirmed with diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by either culture, latex or RT PCR. Male children (74.7%) were significantly more prone to bacterial meningitis than females (24.3%). The common isolated pathogens were Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza type b, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebseilla pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus pneumoniae was observed to be most common pathogen (57.6%) followed by Haemophilus influenzae type b (26.2%). The risk factors analyzed showed statistically significant association (p<0.01) with low household income, mother’s education, overcrowding (more than 3 persons in a single room), smoking and poor ventilation of household. Conclusion: Strengthening early detection of bacteria meningitis by rapid diagnostic test like LATEX, RT PCR and prompt treatment of emergent case at the household level, improvement in mother’s education and awareness, transportation to local hospital and facility for treatment and care should be utmost priority in the present scenario. It is crucial to assess the burden of bacterial meningitis with its etiology is in this region as vaccines are yet to be introduced in the child vaccine program.

Evaluating the Relationships among the Sociodemographic Variables and Gender Perceptions of Undergraduate Students in Turkey: A Meta-Analysis Study

This study seeks to examine gender perceptions in Turkey. After completing a literature review, the research compiles and analyzes academic studies on Turkish undergraduate students and their gender perceptions. Of the 763 studies included in the literature review, 15 were included in the meta-analysis. The study uses Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) Software (Biostat Inc, 2021) for the analysis and has concluded four different sociodemographic variables to be suitable for the meta-analysis. The variables used are undergraduates’ (1) gender, (2) school year, (3) mother’s education, and (4) father’s education. The paper presents the findings for each variable separately. The results show gender assigned at birth to have the biggest effect on undergraduate students’ gender perceptions, mother’s education to have a small effect, and father’s education to have no effect. The most striking and notable result from the meta-analysis is the lack of difference between the gender perceptions of freshman and senior undergraduate students.

Relationship between Characteristics of Breastfeeding Mother with Exclusive Breastfeeding in Leran Village Kalitidu District Bojonegoro Regency

ABSTRACTBackground: Breast milk (ASI) is a liquid created specifically that comes directly from the breast of a mother for babies and is the best food for babies especially aged 0-6 months. Factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding to mothers include maternal sociodemographic factors, pre/post natal factors, and psychosocial factors. Bojonegoro Regency is one of the regions in Indonesia that has quite good exclusive breastfeeding coverage in 2018 to reach 87%. However, there are still a number of sub-districts and public health service in Bojonegoro that have not been able to reach the target of breastfeeding coverage by the Ministry of Health in 2015, one of them is Leran Village, Kalitidu District, Bojonegoro Regency.Objective: This study determined the relation between characteristics of breastfeeding mothers consisting of age, education, occupation, and parity with exclusive breastfeeding in Leran Village, Kalitidu District, Bojonegoro Regency.Methods: The method is observational type and analytic descriptive which uses cross sectional approach. Variables studies had a relationship with exclusive breastfeeding if p < 0,05.Result: As many as 56% of mothers do not give exclusive breastfeeding. Most of the mothers who do not provide exclusive breastfeeding have low education (78,6%), aged 36-45 years (57,1%), are housewives (64,3%), and multiparous (50%). Statistical analysis showed no relation to the variables age (p=0,099), occupation (p=0,165), parity (p=0,208) with exclusive breastfeeding. While the education (p=0,003) have a relation with exclusive breastfeeding.Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that there is no relation between age, occupation, and parity of mothers with exclusive breastfeeding. However, there is a relation between mother’s education and exclusive breastfeedingKeywords: exclusive breastfeeding, mother’s age, mother’s education, mother’s occupation, parity

The impact of structured awareness programme on effects of alcoholism among the adolescence of Mizoram

Alcoholism is now becoming a major problem of all the nations. Approximately 2.5 million die each year from the harmful use of alcohol accounting for about 4 % of all deaths in the world. Because of these problems created by alcoholism, the study was conducted with the aim to create awareness on effects of alcoholism among adolescence students of higher secondary students of Mizoram as a preventive program.An evaluative research approach was adopted with one group pre-test and post-test design. The sample comprised of 100 students selected by using lottery method from three higher secondary schools in Aizawl, Mizoram. The tool was developed and reliability of the tool was established by Pearson’s covariance co-efficient i.e. 0.87. The teaching programme was found to be effective in increasing the knowledge of students as evidenced by‘t’ (99) = 27.13, p &#60; 0.05. The study also reports that there was significant association between pre-test knowledge score with mother’s education as evident from p = 0.020 at 0.05 level of significance, but no significant association between pre-test knowledge score and other selected demographic variables were found.: The planned awareness programme was an effective method to increase the knowledge of the students. Mother’s education played an important role in educating their children towards effects of alcoholism. The study can be implicated in practical nursing field for health promotion and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol related disorders.

Socioeconomic and Demographic Determinants of Body Mass Index in Sudan: A Predictive Model

Background: This paper aimed to determine the socioeconomic and demographic determinants related to Body Mass Index (BMI) for children under five years in Sudan. The objective of the study was to identify the factors of BMI for under-five children. Methods: This study used the Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted in the year 2014. The multinomial logistic regression model was adopted. Results: Results revealed that the prevalence of underweight infants under five years was 86.3% in females and 85.3% in males, while the proportion of the normal weight of infants under five years of age for males was slightly higher than females; there was a correlation amid geographic determinants, state, and BMI status. Also, there was a significant association between the mother’s education and body mass index status and the wealth index and body mass index status. The variables place of residence and sex did not show a statistically significant relationship with body mass index status for children under five years of age in Sudan. Conclusion: The risk factors significantly associated with body mass were the state, whether the child had ever been breastfed, sex, mother’s education, wealth index, and age in the month.

Determinants of Stunting Incidence in Children Under Five Years of Age at the Rumbia Health Center, Indonesia

Background: Stunting is linear growth retardation and a major public health problem among children worldwide. This study was done to investigate the determinants of stunting in children under five years at the Rumbia Health Center, Indonesia. Methods: This case-control study was done on 82 (41 cases and 41 controls) subjects matched by age and sex, taken by purposive sampling involving infants and children aged 6-59 months in Rumbia District, Bombana Regency, Indonesia, consisting of 5 Village. Data were collected using medical records and a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed by odds ratios and logistic regression using SPSS software version 16. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The results based on multivariate analysis showed that the incidence of stunting was influenced by a number of factors, including a history of exclusive breastfeeding (OR=0.352), birth weight (OR=5.106), family income (OR=0.703), and mother’s education level (OR=0.175). However, the mother’s education level was significantly related to the incidence of stunting in this analysis model (p=0.003). Conclusion: Indonesian mothers should be more active in accessing information about stunting and how to prevent it. Community health nurses and other members of the health care team are recommended to intensify the provision of stunting education and information to the community, especially to at-risk families. Also, special attention must be paid to women’s access to higher education.

GAMBARAN FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN ANEMIA PADA BALITA

Background: Anemia is a condition in which the hemoglobin is below the normal value. According to Riskesdas, anemia in toddlers in 2018 was 38.5%. Many factors cause anemia in toddler, such as gender, birth weight, history of premature birth, history of exclusive breastfeeding, nutritional status and mother's education. Purpose: This study aims to determine the description of the risk factors for the incidence of anemia in toddler.Methods: This study uses secondary data in the form of a cohort with a total sampling of 53 toddler in Cirebon Regency. The analysis used in this research is univariate analysis. Results: In this study, it was shown that Toddler with anemia were seen from risk factors, namely female sex as much as 55.2%. Normal birth weight is 57.4%. Good nutritional status (BB/U) was 55.1% and Toddler short nutritional status (TB/U) were 66.6%. Those who do not have a history of exclusive breastfeeding are 60.8%, and have a history of being premature as much as 60% and with a mother's education not attending school as much as 100%Conclusion: Female gender, Toddler with short nutritional status and a history of premature birth and mothers with low education are more likely to experience anemia than other risk factors. Suggestion It is necessary to provide counseling to parents of toddlers regarding risk factors for the incidence of anemia in toddlers, especially in toddlers with female gender and toddlers experiencing stunting. Keywords: Anemia, Toddler, Risk Factor ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Anemia adalah suatu kondisi di mana hemoglobin berada dibawah nilai normal. Menurut Riskesdas anemia pada balita tahun 2018 yaitu sebesar 38,5%. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan anemia pada balita, seperti jenis kelamin, berat badan lahir, riwayat prematur, riwayat ASI Eklusif, status gizi dan pendidikan ibu.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran faktor risiko kejadian anemia pada balita.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder berupa kohort dengan total sampling sebanyak 53 balita di Kabupaten Cirebon. Analisis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis univariat.Hasil: Dalam penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa balita yang mengalami anemia dilihat dari faktor risiko yaitu jenis kelamin perempuan sebanyak 55,2%. Berat badan lahir normal yaitu 57,4%. Status gizi baik (BB/U) sebanyak 55,1% dan balita status gizi pendek (TB/U) yang mengalami anemia sebanyak 66,6%. Yang tidak memiliki riwayat ASI eklusif sebanyak 60,8%, dan memiliki riwayat prematur sebanyak 60% serta dengan pendidikan ibu tidak sekolah sebanyak 100%Kesimpulan: Jenis kelamin perempuan, balita dengan status gizi pendek dan memiliki riwayat prematur serta ibu yang berpendidikan rendah lebih banyak yang mengalami anemia dibandingkan faktor risiko lainnya.Saran perlu dilakukan penyuluhan pada orang tua balita mengenai faktor risiko kejadian anemia pada balita terutama pada balita dengan jenis kelamin perempuan dan balita yang mengalami stunting. Kata kunci : Anemia, Balita, Faktor Risiko

RISIKO FAKTOR IBU TERHADAP KEJADIAN STUNTING

Background: Stunting is one of the nutritional problems experienced by todders in the world today. According to RISKESDAS data in 2018, the incidence of stunting in indonesia wasa 29,9%. in west java 29,9%, in Sumedang regency 41,08%, and in the Jatinangor Puskesmas working area in 2019 there were 381 stunting children.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between maternal risk factors and the incidence of stunting in the working area of the Jatinangor Comunity Health Center. Methods: This research is a quantitative study with an analytical research design with a case control approach. The cases in this study werw children with stunting and control, namely children who were not stunting. Sampling was carried out by proportional stratified random sampling for stunting infants and for non-stunting samples according to stunting infants ( 1:1) with a samples size of 154 respondents. Data was collected by measuring the height of children under five, filling in the questionnare and looking at the history of anemia during pregnancy in the chi-square test. Results: The results showed that maternal factors such as: mother's age, mother's education, how many children, history of exclusive breastfeeding, history of anemia during pregnancy obtained p value> 0.05 which indicates there is no relationship and there is no significant risk and maternal factors such as work. obtained p value <0.05 which indicates there is a relationship and there is a large risk, namely 2.6 times compared to mothers who do not work.Conclusion: There is no significant relationship and risk between maternal age, mother’s education, how many children, history of exclusive breastfeeding, history of anemia in pregnant women, the incidence pf p>0,05 for each variable, and there is a relationship between maternal work and the incidence of stunting with p<0,05 (p=0,009<0,005) and there is a risk of stunting in working mothers with 2,6 times compared to mothers who do not work.Suggestion: Future researchers are expected to be able to further examine what types of mother's work can affect stunting and examine more deeply about who the child's parenting pattern is assigned to and the last education of the caregiver of the child, not only the last education of the mother. Keywords: risk factors, stunting, toddlers ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Kejadian balita pendek atau sering disebut sebagai stunting merupakan salah satu masalah gizi yang dialami oleh balita di dunia saat ini. Menurut data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018 angka kejadian stunting di Indonesia terdapat 29,9%.1 Di Jawa Barat 29,9%, di Kabupaten Sumedang angkanya masih cukup tinggi yaitu sebesar 41,08%, dan berdasarkan data yang didapatkan di Kecamatan Jatinangor wilayah kerja Puskesmas pada tahun 2019 terdapat 381 balita stunting.Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara faktor risiko ibu dengan kejadian stunting di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Jatinangor Kabupaten Sumedang.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian analitik dengan pendekatan kasus kontrol. Kasus dalam penelitian ini yaitu balita stunting dan kontrol yaitu balita non stunting. Sebanyak total 154 sampel yaitu 77 balita stunting dan 77 balita non stunting. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan proportional stratified random sampling untuk balita stunting dan untuk sampel non stunting menyesuaikan dari balita stunting (1:1). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melakukan pengukuran tinggi badan balita, mengisi lembar pertanyaan serta melihat riwayat anemia ibu saat hamil dibuku KIA. Analisis data bivariat menggunakan uji chi-square.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor ibu seperti: usia ibu, pendidikan ibu, anak keberapa, riwayat ASI ekslusif, riwayat anemia pada ibu saat hamil memperoleh nilai p > 0,05 yang menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan dan tidak terdapat risiko yang signifikan dan faktor ibu seperti pekerjaan didapatkan nilai p < 0,05 yang menunjukkan terdapat hubungan dan terdapat besar risiko yaitu 2,6 kali dibanding ibu yag tidak bekerja.Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan dan risiko yang signifikan antara usia ibu, pendidikan ibu, anak keberapa, riwayat ASI eksklusif, riwayat anemia pada ibu hamil terhadap kejadian dengan diperoleh nilai p > 0,05 dari masing-masing varibel, dan terdapat hubungan antara pekerjaan ibu terhadap kejadian stunting dengan nilai p < 0,05 (p=0,009<0,05) serta terdapat risiko kejadian stunting pada ibu bekerja 2,6 kali dibanding ibu yang tidak bekerja.Saran: Peneliti selanjutnya diharapkan dapat meneliti lebih lanjut mengenai jenis pekerjaan ibu seperti apa yang dapat mempengaruhi stunting dan mengkaji lebih mendalam mengenai pola asuh anak diserahkan kepada siapa dan pendidikan terakhir pengasuh dari anak tersebut, bukan hanya pendidikan terakhir dari ibunya. Kata Kunci : faktor risiko, stunting, balita

Relationship Between Maternal Education and Knowledge on Coverage of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Ten Stunting Locus Villages in Pandeglang District, Banten

Introduction: Until now, the practice of exclusive breastfeeding is still far from the national target. The success of exclusive breastfeeding is determined by many factors, including the mother’s education, knowledge, and awareness about the importance of breastfeeding for child growth. This study aims to determine the relationship between the mother’s level of education and knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding in ten stunting locus villages located in Pandeglang Regency, Banten, Indonesia. Methods: This study uses a cross-sectional design with data collection methods through interviews and direct observation. The population consists of mothers who have children under 2 years of age. The study was conducted for 6 months from November 2019. The variables studied included the mother’s age, occupation, number of children, education, and knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. Result: As many as 99.6% of respondents have a good level of knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding. The level of education is low at 44.6%, medium at 50.9%, and high at 4.4%. The results showed there was no significant relationship between the mother’s last education and exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.860) and there was no significant relationship between the mother's level of knowledge and exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.558). Conclusion: No significant relationship was observed between the mother’s education and knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding in ten stunting locus villages located in Pandeglang Regency, Banten.