scholarly journals Stunting in children under five years old is still a health problem in the Western Brazilian Amazon: a population-based study in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2257-2266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulo Augusto Silva Mantovani ◽  
Alanderson Alves Ramalho ◽  
Thasciany Moraes Pereira ◽  
Fernando Luiz Cunha Castelo Branco ◽  
Humberto Oliart-Guzmán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Despite the process of nutritional transition in Brazil, in some places, such as the Amazon region, stunting is still an important public health problem. We identified the prevalence and factors associated with stunting in children under five years old residing in the urban area of Assis Brasil. A survey was conducted in which a questionnaire on socioeconomic, maternal and children’s conditions was applied, and height or length was measured. The children with height for age index below -2 Z-scores were considered stunted, according to the criteria by the World Health Organization. Four hundred and twenty-eight children were evaluated. Of these, 62 were stunted. Factors associated with stunting, according to adjusted models, were: the presence of open sewer, the wealth index for households, the receipt of governmental financial aid and the mother’s height, age and education. Therefore, it was observed that family and the mother’s characteristics as well as environmental and socioeconomic factors were closely related to the occurrence of stunting in the population studied, and such nutritional disturbance is still a health problem in the Brazilian Amazon.

scholarly journals Prevalence and factors associated with anemia among children under five years of age in Rombo district, Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1102
Author(s):  
Innocent B. Mboya ◽  
Redempta Mamseri ◽  
Beatrice J. Leyaro ◽  
Johnston George ◽  
Sia E. Msuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Kilimanjaro Region ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Background:  Anemia is a severe public health problem affecting more than half of children under five years of age in low-, middle- and high-income countries. We aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with anemia among children under five years of age in northern Tanzania. Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Rombo district, Kilimanjaro region, northern Tanzania in April 2016. Multistage sampling technique was used to select a total of 602 consenting mothers and their children aged 6-59 months and interviewed using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Stata version 15.1. We used generalized linear models (binomial family and logit link function) with robust variance estimator to determine factors associated with anemia. Results: Prevalence of anemia was 37.9%, and it was significantly higher among children aged 6-23 months (48.3%) compared to those aged 24-59 months (28.5%). There were no significant differences in anemia prevalence by sex of the child. Adjusted for other factors, children aged 6-23 months had over two times higher odds of being anemic (OR=2.44, 95% CI 1.71, 3.49, p<0.001) compared to those aged 24-59 months. No significant association was found between maternal and nutritional characteristics with anemia among children in this study. Conclusion: Prevalence of anemia was lower than the national and regional prevalence but it still constitutes a significant public health problem, especially among children aged 6-23 months. Interventions such as iron supplementation, food fortification and dietary diversification and management of childhood illnesses in this setting should be targeted towards mothers and children less than two years.

scholarly journals Psychososial Stimulation in Stunting and Non Stunting Firms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Rahmawati ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Psychosocial Stimulation

ABSTRACT Background: Stunting is a condition of growth failure among children under five due to chronic malnutrition. According to World Health Organization (WHO), stunting under five is a public health problem if the prevalence is 20% or more. In 2018, stunting in Indonesia is more than 20%, so it becomes a public health problem and needs to be addressed immediately. Stunting does not only affect physical growth but also psychosocial development. Stunting can reduce the quality of human resources (HR) because the body’s organs, especially the brain, are not able to develop optimally, and increase the risk of diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and stroke. The low psychosocial stimulation has an impact on the subsequent growth of the child. This study aimed to analyze the association between psychosocial stimulation and stunting. Subjects and Method: A case control study was conducted in the Village Bangkok, Kediri, East Java, in August 2020. A total sample of 25 stunting children aged 24-59 months was obtained as a case group and 25 normal toddlers aged 24-59 months as a control group. The dependent variable was the incidence of stunting, while the independent variable was psychosocial stimulation. The stunting measurement was based on the height per age (converted into a Z-score). Measurement of psychosocial stimulation was using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Revisited (HOME) questionnaire consists of 55 statements divided into 8 aspects. The data were collected and analyzed using the Chi Square test. Results: Stunting children showed that psychosocial stimulation were low (20%), medium (64%), and high (16%). While psychosocial stimulation among not stunted children were absent (0%), medium (64%), and high (36%). Psychosocial stimulation was associated with the incidence of stunting (p= 0.031), and it was statistically significant. Conclusion: Psychological stimulation is associated with the incidence of stunting. The psychosocial stimulation provided by families for stunting toddlers is still less than that of non-stunting children. Keywords: stunting, psychosocial stimulation, children under five Correspondence: Dian Rahmawati. Academy of Midwifery of Dharma Husada. Jl. Penanggungan 41A Kediri City 64114, East Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285645076003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.24

scholarly journals Mortality among children under five years admitted for routine care of severe acute malnutrition: a prospective cohort study from Kampala, Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damalie Nalwanga ◽  
Victor Musiime ◽  
Samuel Kizito ◽  
John Baptist Kiggundu ◽  
Anthony Batte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Severe Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Background Mortality among children under five years of age admitted to malnutrition units in sub-Saharan Africa remains high. The burden of HIV infection, a major risk factor for mortality among patients with severe acute malnutrition (SAM), has reduced due to concerted prevention and treatment strategies. None the less, anecdotal reports from the malnutrition unit at Uganda’s National Referral Hospital (NRH) indicate that there is high mortality among patients with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in routine care. Uganda has recently adopted the revised World Health Organization (WHO) treatment guidelines for SAM to improve outcomes. The mortality among children with SAM in routine care has not been recently elucidated. We report the magnitude and factors associated with mortality among children under five years of age admitted to the NRH for routine care of SAM. Methods This was a cohort study of all severely malnourished children admitted to the NRH between June and October 2017. The primary outcome was two-week mortality. Mortality was calculated using simple proportions and Cox regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with time to mortality. Data was entered into Epidata and analysed using Stata v14. Results: Two-hundred-sixty (98.5%) children: 59.6% male; mean age 14.4 (SD 9.4) months, completed two weeks of follow-up. Of these, 25.2% (95% CI 19.9-30.4%) died. In-hospital mortality was 20.7% (95% CI15.9-25.6%). The prevalence of HIV infection was 12.2%. Factors associated with mortality included: positive HIV status (AHR 2.2, (95% CI; 1.2-4.2), p=0.014), bacteraemia (AHR 9 (95% CI 3.4-23.0), p<0.001, and low glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), AHR 3.2; (95% CI 1.7-6.3), p=0.001). Conclusions A 25% mortality among children with severe malnutrition remains unacceptably high despite significant reduction in HIV prevalence. Children with SAM who are HIV infected, have eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73m 2 or have bacteraemia, are more likely to die. Further studies to explore the relationship between eGFR and mortality among children with SAM are needed. Studies to establish efficacious antibiotics are urgently required to inform treatment guidelines for children with SAM.

scholarly journals Mortality among children under five years admitted for routine care of severe acute malnutrition: a prospective study from Kampala, Uganda

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damalie Nalwanga ◽  
Victor Musiime ◽  
Samuel Kizito ◽  
John Baptist Kiggundu ◽  
Philippa Musoke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Severe Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
World Health ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Background: Mortality among children under five years of age admitted to malnutrition units in sub-Saharan Africa remains high. The burden of HIV infection, a major risk factor for mortality among patients with severe acute malnutrition (SAM), has reduced due to concerted prevention and treatment strategies. None the less, anecdotal reports from the malnutrition unit at Uganda’s National Referral Hospital (NRH) indicate that there is high mortality among patients with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in routine care. Uganda has recently adopted the revised World Health Organization (WHO) treatment guidelines for SAM to improve outcomes. The mortality among children with SAM in routine care has not been recently elucidated. We report the magnitude and factors associated with mortality among children under five years of age admitted to the NRH for routine care of SAM. Methods: This was a cohort study of all severely malnourished children admitted to the NRH between June and October 2017. The primary outcome was two-week mortality. Mortality was calculated using simple proportions and Cox regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with time to mortality. Data was entered into Epidata and analysed using Stata v14. Results: Two-hundred-sixty (98.5%) children: 59.6% male; mean age 14.4 (SD 9.4) months, completed two weeks of follow-up. Of these, 25.2 % (95% CI 19.9-30.4%) died. In-hospital mortality was 20.7% (95% CI 15.9-25.6%). The prevalence of HIV infection was 12.2%. Factors associated with mortality included: positive HIV status (AHR 2.2, (95% CI; 1.2-4.2), p=0.014), bacteraemia (AHR 9 (95% CI 3.4-23.0), p<0.001, and low glomerular filtration rate (GFR), AHR 3.2; (95% CI 1.7-6.3), p=0.001). Conclusions: A 25% mortality among children with severe malnutrition remains unacceptably high despite significant reduction in HIV prevalence. Children with SAM who are HIV infected, have GFR below 60 mL/min/1.73m2 or are bacteraemic, are more likely to die. Further studies to explore the relationship between GFR and mortality among children with SAM are needed. Studies to establish efficacious antibiotics are urgently required to inform treatment guidelines for children with SAM.

scholarly journals Food behaviors and youth obesity in Pakistan - doi: 10.4025/actascihealthsci.v35i2.11885

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjum Hashmi ◽  
Jamil Ahmed Soomro ◽  
Khalid Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization

The epidemic of obesity took off from about 1980 and in almost all countries has been rising inexorably ever since. Only in 1997 did world health organization accept that this was a major public health problem. It is also becoming an important public health problem among Pakistani children due to changes in life style and other factors. The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity and its concomitant health risks justify widespread efforts toward prevention. A Cross-sectional study was conducted to elaborate the various types of foods and change in eating behavior leading to abnormal weight gain among the youth. A total of 504 male and female students of class six to ten were selected through simple random sampling. Anthropometric measurements were done with calibrated instruments using the age and sex specific BMI cut off points according to World Health Organization growth reference. Results showed significant proportion of girls (86%) and boys (85%) had abnormal waist to hip ratio. The determinants of the obesity lie within the rapid changes in food intake behavior and lifestyle patterns which had a clear and significant impact on the prevalence of obesity in youth of Pakistan.

scholarly journals Determinants of Undernutrition among Children under Five Years of Age in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gashu Workneh Kassie ◽  
Demeke Lakew Workie
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Proportional Odds Model ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Anthropometric Indicators ◽  
Partial Proportional Odds Model

Abstract Background: Child undernutrition is still a persistent health problem in developing country like Ethiopia. Several cross-sectional studies have used the three anthropometric indicators separately to identify the factors associated to undernutrition of children. This study aimed at identifying the factors associated with undernutrition of children using a single composite index of anthropometric indicators. Methods: Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey of 2016 was used for the analysis. A single composite index of undernutrition indicators was created using principal component analysis and recode into ordinal outcome. For this ordinal outcome, partial proportional odds model was fitted to identify significant determinants of undernutrition and its relative performance was compared with some other ordinal regression models. Results and conclusion: The Brant test of proportional odds model indicated that the null hypothesis that states the model parameters are equal across categories was rejected. Based on Akaike information criterion, partial proportional odds model suggested an improved fit compared to ordinal regression models that do not need parallel regression assumption. Hence, the fitted partial proportional odds model revealed child’s age, maternal education, region, source of drinking water, number of children under five years, wealth index, anemic status of child, multiple birth, child’s sex, fever, mother’s age at birth, body mass index of mother and husband’s education were significantly associated with children undernutrition. Finally, authors recommend that responsible bodies take interventions on improving household wealth index and food security, educating mothers and their partners, improving maternal nutritional status, and increase access to health care Keywords: Stunting; underweight; wasting; partial proportional odds model

scholarly journals Low Economic Class Might Predispose Children under Five Years of Age to Stunting in Ethiopia: Updates of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Mesfin Wudu Kassaw ◽  
Aschalew Afework Bitew ◽  
Alemayehu Digssie Gebremariam ◽  
Netsanet Fentahun ◽  
Murat Açık ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Pooled Prevalence

Background. Malnutrition is major public health problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries including Ethiopia. In 2016, out of 667 million children under five years of age, 159 million were stunted worldwide. The prevalence of stunting has been decreasing greatly from 58% in 2000 to 44% in 2011 and 38% in 2016 in Ethiopia. However, the prevalence of stunting is still high and considered as public health problem for the country. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the prevalence of stunting and its associations with wealth index among children under five years of age in Ethiopia. Methodology. The databases searched were MEDLINE, Scopus, HINARI, and grey literature studies. The studies’ qualities were assessed by two reviewers independently, and any controversy was handled by other reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. The JBI checklist was used in assessing the risk of bias and method of measurement for both outcome and independent variables. Especially, the study design, study participants, definition of stunting, statistical methods used to identify the associations, results/data presentations, and odds ratios (ORs) with confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed. In the statistical analysis, the funnel plot, Egger’s test, and Begg’s test were used to assess publication bias. The I2 statistic, forest plot, and Cochran’s Q-test were used to deal with heterogeneity. Results. In this review, 35 studies were included to assess the pooled prevalence of stunting. Similarly, 16 studies were used to assess the estimated effect sizes of wealth index on stunting. In this meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of stunting was 41.5% among children under five years of age, despite its considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 97.6%, p < 0.001 , Q = 1461.93). However, no publication bias was detected (Egger’s test p = 0.26 and Begg’s test p = 0.87 ). Children from households with a medium or low/poor wealth index had higher odds of stunting (AOR: 1.33, 95% CI 1.07, 1.65 or AOR: 1.92, 95% CI 1.46, 2.54, respectively) compared to children from households with a high/rich wealth index. Both of the estimated effect sizes of low and medium wealth indexes had substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 63.8%, p < 0.001 , Q = 44.21 and I2 = 78.3%, p < 0.001 , Q = 73.73) respectively). In estimating the effect, there was no publication bias (small-studies effect) (Egger and Begg’s test, p > 0.05 ). Conclusions. The pooled prevalence of stunting was great. In the subgroup analysis, the Amhara region had the highest prevalence of stunting, followed by the Oromia and Tigray regions, respectively. Low economic status was associated with stunting in Ethiopia. This relationship was found to be statistically more accurate in Oromia and Amhara regions. The government should emphasize community-based nutrition programs by scaling up more in these regions, just like the Seqota Declaration.

scholarly journals Determinants of anemia in children under five years in Angola, Malawi and Senegal: A comparative study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS KHULU ◽  
Shuan Ramroop
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Score Test ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Background: Anemia is defined as a condition where there is an insufficient quantity of homoglobin, hematocrit or red cell in the human body [1, 2]. Unicef (2017) report urged all countries to reduce under ve years mortality by 2030, thereof there is a need of understanding and determining factors contributing to child mortality. The significance of this study underpins the improvement in collaboration among the three countries and recommend to government the area to invest in order to meet the SDG target.Method: The current study used demographic health survey data from Angola (2016), Malawi (2016) and Senegal (2016). Using World Health Organisation (WHO) classification guidelines of anemia, the ordinal dependent variable was developed. The three categories of anemia condition used in this study are Mild (10.0 - 10.9 g/dl), Moderate (7.0 - 9.9 g/dl) and severe (<7 g/dl). Results: Gamma measure and chi-square test of independence was conducted to explore the association between anemia status and factors. The score test and Brant test were used to test the proportional odds model assumption and it was satisfied.Results from ordinal survey logistic regression model found place of residence, age of the child, wealth index, mother level of education and nutritional status to be significant factors associated with anemic condition of under five year children in all three countries. Discussion: The health institutions of Angola, Malawi and Senegal need to monitor under five years children that are suffering from malnutrition condition. The study showed that there is a high chance for under five years children to suffer from both malnutrition and anemia condition. This finding is similar to the results of the study that was conducted in Bangladesh and Burma [27, 28].Conclusion: The study identifieed place of residence, age of the child, wealth index, mother level of education and nutritional status as common factors associated with anemia in Angola, Malawi and Senegal. This nding is in agreement with that of the studies conducted by [27, 26, 36]. The results showed the necessity of collaboration between Angola, Malawi and Senegal in order to achieve the SGD target.

The incidence of pneumonia using data from a computerized general practice database

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 709-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. MYLES ◽  
T. M. McKEEVER ◽  
Z. POGSON ◽  
C. J. P. SMITH ◽  
R. B. HUBBARD
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
General Practice ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Deprived Areas

SUMMARYDespite being widely recognized as a significant public health problem there are surprisingly few contemporary data available on the incidence of pneumonia in the UK. We conducted a general population-based cohort study to determine the incidence of pneumonia in general practice in the United Kingdom. Data were obtained from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) – a computerized, longitudinal, general practice database. Recorded diagnoses of pneumonia between 1991 and 2003 were used to calculate the incidence of pneumonia stratified by year, sex, age group and deprivation score. The overall incidence of pneumonia was 233/100 000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 231–235] and this rate was stable between 1991 and 2003. The incidence of pneumonia was slightly lower in females compared to males [age-adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0·88, 95% CI 0·86–0·89]. Pneumonia was most common in children aged <4 years and adults aged >65 years. There was an increased incidence of pneumonia with higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage such that people living in the most deprived areas of the United Kingdom were 28% more likely to get pneumonia than those in the least deprived areas (age- and gender-adjusted IRR 1·28, 95% CI 1·24–1·32). In conclusion, pneumonia is an important public health problem and the incidence of pneumonia is higher in people at the extremes of age, men and people living in socially deprived areas.

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