scholarly journals Peculiar Histopathological Alterations of Enterocytes in a Patient Co-infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana AL-Zaidi ◽  
Nasir AL-Noor ◽  
Adel Habbash
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Right Hemicolectomy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Epithelial Injury ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Absorptive Enterocytes

Abstract The ongoing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is principally defined by its respiratory symptoms. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can affect the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and although the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is understood, the exact pathological alterations following infection require further investigation. Here, we report our histopathological findings from a right hemicolectomy specimen from a patient coinfected with COVID-19 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our observations showed that the novel SARS-CoV-2 can affect the GIT, causing epithelial injury and pathological alterations attributed to its ability to infect absorptive enterocytes by interacting with the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor. These pathological findings are regarded as viral cytopathic changes and should be considered when evaluating gastrointestinal specimens from COVID-19-infected patients.

scholarly journals Peculiar Histopathological Alterations of Enterocytes in A Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patient with Mycobacterial Tuberculosis Co-Infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana AL-Zaidi ◽  
Nasir AL-Noor ◽  
Adel Habbash
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Right Hemicolectomy ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Ileal Mucosa ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Absorptive Enterocytes

Abstract Background: The ongoing novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is principally defined by its respiratory symptoms. While it is clear that the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can affect the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 is better understood, the exact pathological alterations following infection require further investigation. The purpose of this paper is to report and share our histopathological findings from a right hemicolectomy specimen of a confirmed COVID-19 positive case, which exhibited a Mycobacterium Tuberculosis co-infection.Methods:Microscopic sections from right hemicolectomy specimen were appropriately stained and studied by two anatomical pathologists. Additionally, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases for reports/observations regarding pathological alterations of the intestine following COVID-19 infection.Results:Histological sections showed novel peculiar pathological alterations in the terminal ileal mucosa involving principally absorptive enterocytes with evidence of striking cellular injury as well as prominent erythrophagocytosis in the mesenteric lymph nodes. No specific pathological alterations were observed in the appendix or colon. The characteristic pathological features of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection were also observed throughout the specimen.Conclusions:Our observations showed that the novel SARS-CoV-2 can affect the gastrointestinal tract, causing epithelial injury and pathological alterations attributed to its ability to infect absorptive enterocytes by interacting with the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor. These pathological findings could be regarded as viral cytopathic changes and should be considered when evaluating gastrointestinal specimens from COVID-19 infected patients.

scholarly journals Histopathology and Pathogenesis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Chrysanthakopoulos ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

A severe pandemic of CoronaVirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), according to World Health Organization (WHO), appeared in China in December 2019, and spread rapidly. The majority of the patients had mild symptoms and good prognosis after recovery; however some patients developed severe inflammatory reaction and passed away from multiple organ complications. The novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta-coronavirus and is similar with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). SARS-CoV-2 and -1 have the same host receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans remains unclear. The immune response is essential to control and reduce SARS-CoV-1 and -2 infections, however, irregular and exaggerated immune responses may lead to the immunopathology of the disease and the lung lesions. This article presents the immunological features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential pathogenesis based on the recent observations of the International literature.

scholarly journals Coronavirus and Homo Sapiens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Natarajan ◽  
Muralidhar Kanchi ◽  
Vikneswaran Gunaseelan ◽  
Alben Sigamani ◽  
James Harmon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Mechanism Of Interaction ◽  
Hypoxic Respiratory Failure ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918 globally claimed death between 50 and 100 million lives. In India, it was referred to as “The Bombay Fever,” and accounted for a fifth of the global death toll at that time. The current outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a new human-infecting beta coronavirus, has demonstrated that the size of an organism does not reflect on its ability to affect almost an entire human population. COVID-19, first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, that spread rapidly worldwide. In humans, this disease ranged from flu-like symptoms to severe acute hypoxic respiratory failure. By appearance, this virus closely related to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses. Although bats were likely the original host, animals sold at the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan might have been the intermediate host that enabled the emergence of the virus in humans. Under the electron microscope, the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus grips its receptor tighter than the virus behind the SARS outbreak in 2003 to 2004. The viral particle docks onto the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and initiates viral entry. This review discusses the various aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its structure, pathophysiology, mechanism of interaction with human cells, virulence factors, and drug involved in the treatment of the disease.

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2: A Doorway for SARS-CoV-2

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas Pandey ◽  
Indu Lata Kanwar ◽  
Tanweer Haider ◽  
Vishal Gour ◽  
Monika Vishwakarma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic, as declared by WHO in March 2020 producing the deleterious effects to patients worldwide. The angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) has been recognized as the co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infections and may acts as a therapeutic step in blocking the enzyme to reduce SARS-CoV-2 expression and further cellular entry. Presently, the role of ACE-2 in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has been known and the experts have started working on the enzyme ACE-2 for the management and treatment of this pandemic disease. The binding of spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 to these receptors is the most important step and plays a key role in viral replication, thus this enzyme is becoming the doorway for the entry and spread in the human body causing asymptomatic pneumonia and severe of which is leading to death. As no specific method to prevent and treat this disease is available, the use of ACE-2 as a targeting ligand with COVID-19 virus spike protein could be helpful in the proper management of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.

scholarly journals Blocking Effect of Demethylzeylasteral on the Interaction between Human ACE2 Protein and SARS-CoV-2 RBD Protein Discovered Using SPR Technology

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Zhi-Ling Zhu ◽  
Xiao-Dan Qiu ◽  
Shuo Wu ◽  
Yi-Tong Liu ◽  
Ting Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Blocking Effect ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Binding Affinities ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Effective Drugs

The novel coronavirus disease (2019-nCoV) has been affecting global health since the end of 2019, and there is no sign that the epidemic is abating. Targeting the interaction between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor is a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used as the primary method to screen a library of 960 compounds. A compound 02B05 (demethylzeylasteral, CAS number: 107316-88-1) that had high affinities for S-RBD and ACE2 was discovered, and binding affinities (KD, μM) of 02B05-ACE2 and 02B05-S-RBD were 1.736 and 1.039 μM, respectively. The results of a competition experiment showed that 02B05 could effectively block the binding of S-RBD to ACE2 protein. Furthermore, pseudovirus infection assay revealed that 02B05 could inhibit entry of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus into 293T cells to a certain extent at nontoxic concentration. The compoundobtained in this study serve as references for the design of drugs which have potential in the treatment of COVID-19 and can thus accelerate the process of developing effective drugs to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections.

scholarly journals ACE2 Nascence, trafficking, and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis: the saga continues

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Badawi ◽  
Bassam R. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Viral Attachment ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Effective Medication ◽  
Potential Use

AbstractWith the emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 since December 2019, more than 65 million cases have been reported worldwide. This virus has shown high infectivity and severe symptoms in some cases, leading to over 1.5 million deaths globally. Despite the collaborative and concerted research efforts that have been made, no effective medication for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is currently available. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an initial mediator for viral attachment and host cell invasion. ACE2 is widely distributed in the human tissues including the cell surface of lung cells which represent the primary site of the infection. Inhibiting or reducing cell surface availability of ACE2 represents a promising therapy for tackling COVID-19. In this context, most ACE2–based therapeutic strategies have aimed to tackle the virus through the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or neutralizing the virus by exogenous administration of ACE2, which does not directly aim to reduce its membrane availability. However, through this review, we present a different perspective focusing on the subcellular localization and trafficking of ACE2. Membrane targeting of ACE2, and shedding and cellular trafficking pathways including the internalization are not well elucidated in literature. Therefore, we hereby present an overview of the fate of newly synthesized ACE2, its post translational modifications, and what is known of its trafficking pathways. In addition, we highlight the possibility that some of the identified ACE2 missense variants might affect its trafficking efficiency and localization and hence may explain some of the observed variable severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Moreover, an extensive understanding of these processes is necessarily required to evaluate the potential use of ACE2 as a credible therapeutic target.

scholarly journals Building Telemedicine Capacity for Trainees During the Novel Coronavirus Outbreak: a Case Study and Lessons Learned

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 2675-2679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Lawrence ◽  
Kathleen Hanley ◽  
Jennifer Adams ◽  
Daniel J Sartori ◽  
Richard Greene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

scholarly journals Severe neutropenia in infants with severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 259-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Venturini ◽  
Giordano Palmas ◽  
Carlotta Montagnani ◽  
Elena Chiappini ◽  
Francesco Citera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Severe Neutropenia ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

scholarly journals Quinoline and Quinazoline Alkaloids against COVID-19: An In Silico Multitarget Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Esraa M. O. A. Ismail ◽  
Shaza W. Shantier ◽  
Mona S. Mohammed ◽  
Hassan H. Musa ◽  
Wadah Osman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Socioeconomic Impacts ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Potential Inhibitors

The recent outbreak of the highly contagious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has created a global health crisis with socioeconomic impacts. Although, recently, vaccines have been approved for the prevention of COVID-19, there is still an urgent need for the discovery of more efficacious and safer drugs especially from natural sources. In this study, a number of quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids with antiviral and/or antimalarial activity were virtually screened against three potential targets for the development of drugs against COVID-19. Among seventy-one tested compounds, twenty-three were selected for molecular docking based on their pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. The results identified a number of potential inhibitors. Three of them, namely, norquinadoline A, deoxytryptoquivaline, and deoxynortryptoquivaline, showed strong binding to the three targets, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, spike glycoprotein, and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. These alkaloids therefore have promise for being further investigated as possible multitarget drugs against COVID-19.

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