scholarly journals Histopathology and Pathogenesis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Chrysanthakopoulos ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

A severe pandemic of CoronaVirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), according to World Health Organization (WHO), appeared in China in December 2019, and spread rapidly. The majority of the patients had mild symptoms and good prognosis after recovery; however some patients developed severe inflammatory reaction and passed away from multiple organ complications. The novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta-coronavirus and is similar with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). SARS-CoV-2 and -1 have the same host receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans remains unclear. The immune response is essential to control and reduce SARS-CoV-1 and -2 infections, however, irregular and exaggerated immune responses may lead to the immunopathology of the disease and the lung lesions. This article presents the immunological features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential pathogenesis based on the recent observations of the International literature.

scholarly journals Know the unknown fact of novel COVID -19 corona virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1083-1088
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
First Case ◽  
Kerala State ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Learning Points

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a contagious disease triggered by the novel coronavirus. A novel coronavirus was observed as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). In December 2019, a disruption of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and spread across China and beyond. In India, the first case of CORONA virus was reported in Kerala state on 30 January 2020. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases infection can give rise to pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and even death. The period within which the symptoms would appear is 1-14 days i.e. the incubation period of COVID-19. The present review highlights the types, etiology, transmission stages, manifestations, prevention, therapeutic options, learning points from outbreak, and initiative taken by Government of India (GOI) to control the spread of literary deathly disease.

scholarly journals Immunity Boosting measures during COVID– 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
Tuba Tanveer ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Viral pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China, in 2019 was observed and a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of this outbreak. COVID-19 was the official term given by the World Health Organization and announced this on February 11, 2020 publicly. Corona virus spreads through person to person contact. The novel corona virus has taken a few months to sweep the globe, there are certain questions that are impossible to fathom as the disease rages. As the vaccine for Covid-19 is not yet discovered, the virus is being controlled from spreading worldwide through numerous strategies. Therefore, noticing the virulence of this virus several preventive measures have been taken at a global level to protect the human race. One of the effective measures in controlling the spread of respiratory disease epidemics is maintaining social distance and, therefore, can be used as a way to reduce its spread. Improving the immune power of a person is another crucial measure adopted to obviate its spread. AYUSH system of medicine is performing a central role in the contribution of meliorating the immune system of a person. Variety of herbal combinations have proven to perform the same function. The very first and easy way to boost the immunity and kill the virus, is to drink warm water throughout the day. It is further also advised to take steam once a day. 30 minutes of daily practice of Yogasana, Pranayama and meditation contributes in boosting immunity. Also using Dhaniya, Haldi, Jeera and Lahsun in cooking helps. It is also advised to use Half teaspoon Haldi with 150 ml of Hot milk, once or twice a day. Consuming Chyavanprash 10 mg in the morning is equally helpful.

The novel coronavirus and its possible treatment by vaccines, therapeutics and drug delivery systems: Current status and future perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhurya Kadavakollu ◽  
Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri ◽  
Kuppusamy Gowthamarajan ◽  
Arun Radhakrishnan ◽  
Dhanabal Palanisamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In the mid-end of December 2019, several cases of pneumonia outbreak of unknown cause and etiology were identified in Wuhan City of Hubei province in China, a city with a population of over 11 million.Till date(April 2020) around 1,051,635 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) and 56,985 confirmed deaths have been reported according to COVID-19 Situation Report – 75 by WHO. On 7th January 2020, the causative agent was identified and named consequently as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) from throat swab samples. Later, on 12th January 2020, this coronavirus was named as 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by World Health Organization (WHO) and in 11th February 2020,it has been declared the epidemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) as it is spreading rapidly from its origin in Wuhan City to the rest of the world. In this context, the current review provides a landscape of the novel Corona Virus including its origin, transmission, epidemiology, drugs and vaccines in clinical trials for better understanding to the reads and peoples the status and future perspectives of this pandemic disease

scholarly journals Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): An Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Niranjan Nayak ◽  
SK Rai
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Wet Market

At present, a novel Corona Virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona virus (SARS-Cov-2) has caused pandemic infection. This virus has been thought to be of zoonotic origin specially originating from bats. This Virus originated from wet market in Wuhan, China in December 2019. A small cluster of Pneumonia cases that occured in Wuhan in December 2019 was named COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease) by World Health Organization (WHO). The Covid-19 is still on the rise across the globe. As there is no treatment available for the SARS-Cov-2, it is important to mantain social distance, practice frequent hand-washing and use mask.

scholarly journals Perceived Myths and Misconceptions about the Novel COVID-19 Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Michael Abiola Okunlola ◽  
Emmanuel Lamptey ◽  
Ephraim Kumi Senkyire ◽  
Serwaa Dorcas ◽  
Benita Aki Dooshima
Keyword(s):  
Face Mask ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
World Health ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The outbreak of the novel Coronavirus (Covid-19) which was first reported in Wuhan, China has now spread globally becoming a matter of international concern. The World Health Organization officially changed their classification of the situation from a Public Health Emergency of International Concern to a Pandemic on March 11, 2020. As the corona virus continues to spread rapidly so do the headline news and a host of misconceptions surrounding the outbreak. This paper investigated and highlighted some of the most common misconceptions surrounding the outbreak of the covid-19. Using a cross-sectional survey method, the study collected and analysed data on these misconceptions and examined factors that influence the levels of these misconceptions. The study identified four top misconceptions respondents believe or agree with. These are; the novel corona virus is deadly (83.3%), Hand sanitizers do kill the virus (67.5%), face mask offer protection against the virus (55.8%) and Drying the hands with hand dryer helps to prevent the virus (44.2%). However, respondents were able to disagree, identify correctly and debunked certain statements of misconception. These include coronavirus affect only the elderly (95%), the virus can spread by mosquito bites (87.5%), antibiotics are effective for treatment (60%) and homemade remedies can cure the corona virus (54. 2%). Factors such as employment status and the relatedness of respondent’s occupation to Human Health were found to influence some of these misconceptions. Exploring these misconceptions keep the general public fully educated and informed about the facts of the outbreak as well as avoiding making up these misconceptions to protect themselves.

scholarly journals Potential of CRISPR/Cas13 System in Treatment and Diagnosis of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Khodavirdipour ◽  
Motahareh Piri ◽  
Sarvin Jabbari ◽  
Mohammad Khalaj-kondori
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Rapid Action ◽  
Antiparasitic Drug ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Treatment And Diagnosis

AbstractThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) belongs to coronaviridae families, like sarbecovirus (SARS), and causes pyrexia, pertussis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in major. Started from Wuhan, China now forced the World Health Organization (WHO) to call it a pandemic. These dreadful figures elevate the need for rapid action for a rapid diagnostic tool, an efficacious therapy, or vaccine for such widespread disease. Here we reviewed all the latest research and trials including conventional antiviral medicines that have a narrow and finite effect on COVID-19. Recently, some advances have been made by a nucleotide/nucleoside analogues (NUC) inhibitor (remdesivir), ivermectin (antiparasitic drug), and convalescent plasma, the later one has more recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In addition, a clinical-grade soluble human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2), named hrsACE2, was able to inhibit the infection of human blood vessel organoids, as well as the human kidney organoids, by the virus. As of now, innovative therapeutics based on the CRISPR/Cas13d might overcome the challenge of COVID-19 either as a treatment option or precise and rapid diagnostic tool due to its rapid and precise nature. In this updated comprehensive rapid review, we try to cover all recent findings in terms of genomics, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

scholarly journals Viability of Bacillus subtilis Cells in Airborne Bioaerosols on Face Masks

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1496
Author(s):  
Eun-Hee Lee ◽  
Yunsoo Chang ◽  
Seung-Woo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Mask Material ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Sand Dust

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a general health crisis and has irreversible impacts on human societies. Globally, all people are at risk of being exposed to the novel coronavirus through transmission of airborne bioaerosols. Public health actions, such as wearing a mask, are highly recommended to reduce the transmission of infectious diseases. The appropriate use of masks is necessary for effectively preventing the transmission of airborne bioaerosols. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests washing fabric masks or throwing away disposable masks after they are used. However, people often use masks more than once without washing or disposing them. The prolonged use of a single mask might—as a result of the user habitually touching the mask—promote the spread of pathogens from airborne bioaerosols that have accumulated on the mask. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate how long the living components of bioaerosols can be viable on the masks. Here, we evaluated the viability of airborne Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) in bioaerosols filtered on woven and anti-droplet (non-woven) face masks. As a simulation of being simultaneously exposed to sand dust and bioaerosols, the viability rates of bioaerosols that had accumulated on masks were also tested against fine dust and airborne droplets containing bacteria. The bioaerosols survived on the masks immediately after the masks were used to filter the bioaerosols, and the bacteria significantly proliferated after one day of storage. Thereafter, the number of viable cells in the filtered bioaerosols gradually decreased over time, and the viability of B. subtilis in bioaerosols on the masks varied, depending on the mask material used (woven or non-woven). Despite the reduction in viability, bioaerosols containing living components were still found in both woven and anti-droplet masks even after six days of storage and it took nine days not to have found them on masks. The number of viable cells in bioaerosols on masks significantly decreased upon exposure of the masks to fine dust. The results of this study should provide useful information on how to appropriately use masks to increase their duration of effectiveness against bioaerosols.

scholarly journals A Bittersweet Memoir

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-135
Author(s):  
Anita Y. N. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Video Clip ◽  
Early Period ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
The Novel ◽  
National University ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract I wrote this journal in March 2020 prior to the World Health Organization declaring the COVID-19 infection as a worldwide pandemic on March 11. The situation in Singapore was unfolding even as public healthcare institutions were tasked to lead the charge to contain the novel coronavirus as it was then called. This journal describes my experiences and impressions during my work in an isolation ward at the National University Hospital during this early period. I was to be catapulted into Pandemic Team 3 in the second and third weeks of February 2020. The urgency of hospital measures to respond to the novel coronavirus meant that the general medicine consultant roster which I was on was hijacked to support the pandemic wards. I thought wryly to myself that it was a stroke of genius to commandeer the ready-made roster of senior physicians; it would have been difficult for the roster monster to solicit senior physicians to volunteer when there were still so many unknowns about this virus. Graphic images of the dire situation in Wuhan, China, were circulating widely on social media. It was heart-wrenching to read of Dr. Li Wen Liang’s death. He had highlighted the mysterious pneumonia-causing virus. The video clip of him singing at a karaoke session that went viral underscored the tragedy of a young life cut short. Questions raced in my mind. “Are we helpless to prevent the spread of this virus?” “Is the situation in China to be replicated here in Singapore?” This seemed incredulous, yet, might it be possible? The immediate responses that jumped up within me was “yes, it’s possible, but let’s pray not. Whatever has to be done, must be done.”

scholarly journals Cutaneous presentation of COVID-19 Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Khadiga Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Recent Attention

COVID-19 has high transmissibility and infectivity among human. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) in an effort to slow down the global spread of the virus declared the outbreak, “A global public health emergency of international concern". The skin manifestations of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 were not recognized at the early stages of the pandemic but have received much recent attention in scientific journals. Reported manifestations range from pseudo-chilblains to a morbilliform (measles-like) exanthem, urticaria, vesicular eruptions, a dengue-like petechial rash and ovate scaling macules, and plaques mimicking pityriasis rosea.

scholarly journals A systematic review of immune pathogenesis of SARS-COV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 978
Author(s):  
Shabarini Srikumar ◽  
Shridharan Perumal
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
World Health ◽  
Multiple Organ Dysfunction ◽  
Viral Immunity ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Rational Management ◽  
Health Organization

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a pandemic by the world health organization on March 11, 2020. The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 appears to play a critical role in disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. SARS-CoV-2 causes direct activation of anti-viral immune responses and leads to the release of uncontrolled inflammatory mediators. These SARS-CoV-2-induced immune responses may lead to various other abnormalities like lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and granulocyte and monocyte dysfunction, making the patient more prone to secondary infections by microorganisms, which may result in further further serious complications like septic shock, severe multiple organ dysfunction and eventually death. Therefore, mechanisms underlying immune abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 disease must be elucidated to guide clinical management of the disease. Rational management in combating the disease includes enhancing anti-viral immunity and inhibiting systemic inflammation, which is key to successful treatment.

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