Understanding Precipitation Characteristics of Afghanistan at Provincial Scale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakti Suryavanshi ◽  
Nitin Joshi ◽  
Hardeep Kumar Maurya ◽  
Divya Gupta ◽  
Keshav Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Asian Country ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Pattern ◽  
Precipitation Trend ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract This study examines the pattern and trend of seasonal and annual precipitation along with extreme precipitation events in a data scare, south Asian country, Afghanistan. Seven extreme precipitation indices were considered based upon intensity, duration and frequency of precipitation events. The study revealed that precipitation pattern of Afghanistan is unevenly distributed at seasonal and yearly scales. Southern and Southwestern provinces remain significantly dry whereas, the Northern and Northeastern provinces receive comparatively higher precipitation. Spring and winter seasons bring about 80% of yearly precipitation in Afghanistan. However, a notable declining precipitation trend was observed in these two seasons. An increasing trend in precipitation was observed for the summer and autumn seasons, however; these seasons are the lean periods for precipitation. A declining annual precipitation trend was also revealed in many provinces of Afghanistan. Analysis of extreme precipitation indices reveals a general drier condition in Afghanistan. Large spatial variability was found in precipitation indices. In many provinces of Afghanistan, a significantly declining trends were observed in intensity-based (Rx1-day, RX5-day, SDII and R95p) and frequency-based (R10) precipitation indices. The duration-based precipitation indices (CDD and CWD) also infer a general drier climatic condition in Afghanistan. This study will assist the agriculture and allied sectors to take well-planned adaptive measures in dealing with the changing patterns of precipitation, and additionally, facilitating future studies for Afghanistan.

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Extreme Precipitation Events in Northeast China

2012 ◽  
Vol 573-574 ◽  
pp. 395-399
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Yuan Yuan Ding ◽  
Qi Long Miao
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Ne China ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Daily Precipitation Data ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Indices ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Precipitation Events

Based on the daily precipitation data in Northeast China (NE China) from 1961 to 2010, six extreme precipitation indices (RX1day, Rx5day, R10mm, R20mm, R95T, and R99T) in NE China were calculated, and the temporal and spatial characteristics of extreme precipitation events were analyzed. The main results are summarized as follows: Except R99T, other extreme precipitation indicators all show the decreasing trend. All indicators are not significant. From the spatial distribution of extreme precipitation indicators, extreme precipitation indicators have different change situations in various regions, and the decreasing trends are dominant. This shows that the climate has become dry in NE China. It is important to forecast and reduce the climate induced flood risks and provide information for rational countermeasures.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Variations of Extreme Precipitation Events in the Jinsha River Basin, Southwestern China

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Dan Zhang ◽  
Wensheng Wang ◽  
Shuqi Liang ◽  
Shunjiu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Abrupt Change ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variations ◽  
Jinsha River ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Events

Climate extremes have attracted widespread attention for their threats to the natural environment and human society. Based on gauged daily precipitation from 1963 to 2016 in four subregions of the Jinsha River Basin (JRB), four extreme precipitation indices developed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) were employed to assess the spatiotemporal variations of extreme precipitation events. Results show the following: (1) Max one-day precipitation amount (RX1day), max consecutive five-day precipitation amount (RX5day), precipitation on very wet days (R95p), and number of heavy precipitation days (R10mm) showed increasing trends in four subregions except for the decline of R10mm in the southeastern and RX5day in the midsouthern. Extreme precipitation has become more intense and frequent in most parts of the JRB. (2) In space, the four extreme precipitation indices increased from the northwest to the southeast. Temporal trends of extreme precipitation showed great spatial variability. It is notable that extreme precipitation increased apparently in higher elevation areas. (3) The abrupt change of extreme precipitation in the northwestern, midsouthern, and southeastern mainly appeared in the late 1990s and the 2000s. For the midnorthern, abrupt change mainly occurred in the late 1980s. This study is meaningful for regional climate change acquaintance and disaster prevention in the JRB.

Spatiotemporal Changes in Precipitation Extremes over Canada and Their Teleconnections to Large-Scale Climate Patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Thian Yew Gan ◽  
Xuezhi Tan
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Daily Precipitation Data ◽  
Climate Patterns ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract In the past few decades, there have been more extreme climate events occurring worldwide, including Canada, which has also suffered from many extreme precipitation events. In this paper, trend analysis, probability distribution functions, principal component analysis, and wavelet analysis were used to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of extreme precipitation events of Canada. Ten extreme precipitation indices were calculated using long-term daily precipitation data (1950–2012) from 164 Canadian gauging stations. Several large-scale climate patterns such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), Pacific–North American (PNA), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) were selected to analyze the relationships between extreme precipitation and climate indices. Convective available potential energy (CAPE), specific humidity, and surface temperature were employed to investigate potential causes of trends in extreme precipitation. The results reveal statistically significant positive trends for most extreme precipitation indices, which means that extreme precipitation of Canada has generally become more severe since the mid-twentieth century. The majority of indices display more increasing trends along the southern border of Canada while decreasing trends dominated the central Canadian Prairies. In addition, strong teleconnections are found between extreme precipitation and climate indices, but the effects of climate patterns differ from region to region. Furthermore, complex interactions of climate patterns with synoptic atmospheric circulations can also affect precipitation variability, and changes to the summer and winter extreme precipitation could be explained more by the thermodynamic impact and the combined thermodynamic and dynamic effects, respectively. The seasonal CAPE, specific humidity, and temperature are correlated to Canadian extreme precipitation, but the correlations are season dependent, which could be positive or negative.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Extreme Precipitation Based on Three Long-Term Gridded Products Over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3010
Author(s):  
Qingshan He ◽  
Jianping Yang ◽  
Hongju Chen ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Qin Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Indices ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau ◽  
Precipitation Events

Accurate estimates of extreme precipitation events play an important role in climate change studies and natural disaster risk assessments. This study aimed to evaluate the capability of the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD), Asian Precipitation-Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources (APHRODITE), and Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) to detect the spatiotemporal patterns of extreme precipitation events over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) in China, from 1981 to 2014. Compared to the gauge-based precipitation dataset obtained from 101 stations across the region, 12 indices of extreme precipitation were employed and classified into three categories: fixed threshold, station-related threshold, and non-threshold indices. Correlation coefficient (CC), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE), were used to assess the accuracy of extreme precipitation estimation; indices including probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), and critical success index (CSI) were adopted to evaluate the ability of gridded products’ to detect rain occurrences. The results indicated that all three gridded datasets showed acceptable representation of the extreme precipitation events over the QTP. CMFD and APHRODITE tended to slightly underestimate extreme precipitation indices (except for consecutive wet days), whereas CHIRPS overestimated most indices. Overall, CMFD outperformed the other datasets for capturing the spatiotemporal pattern of most extreme precipitation indices over the QTP. Although CHIRPS had lower levels of accuracy, the generated data had a higher spatial resolution, and with correction, it may be considered for small-scale studies in future research.

scholarly journals Trend Analyses of Extreme Precipitation Events in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, China Using a High-Resolution Precipitation Product

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Fan ◽  
Wenchao Sun ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Baolin Xue ◽  
Depeng Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Lower Reach ◽  
Precipitation Product ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Yarlung Zangbo River ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Precipitation Events

The Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (YZRB) is an important transboundary river basin in Tibet, China with south Asian countries. Changes in precipitation are important driving factors of river flow changes. Extreme Precipitation Events (EPE), in particular, have serious impacts on human life and sustainable development. The objective of this study is to explore the temporal changes and the spatial distribution of EPE over the YZRB in recent decades using a precipitation product with a 5 km spatial resolution and the Mann–Kendall nonparametric statistical test method. A more thorough understanding of the spatial heterogeneity in precipitation was expected from using this high resolution dataset. At both basin and pixel scale, both annual precipitation amounts and number of rain days had significant upward trends, indicating that the increase in the number of rain days is one possible cause of the annual precipitation amounts increases. The annual precipitation and number of rain days increased significantly in 50.8% and 75.8% of the basin area, respectively. The areas showing upward trends for the two indexes mostly overlapped, supporting the hypothesis that the increasing number of rain days is one possible cause of the increases in annual precipitation in these areas. General precipitation intensity and EPE intensity increased in the Lhasa regions and in the southern part of the lower-reach region. However, the intensity of general precipitation and EPE decreased in the Nyangqu River Basin. A total of 43.0% of the area in the YZRB exhibits significant upward trends in EPE frequency. The contributions of EPE to total rainfall increase significantly in the Lhasa and Shannan regions. Overall, it was shown that the risk of disasters from EPE in the YZRB increases in the eastern middle-reach region and southern lower-reach region.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal variation characteristics of extreme precipitation in the upper reaches of the Hongshui River Basin during 1959–2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Huang ◽  
Ling Yi ◽  
Weihua Xiao ◽  
Guibing Hou ◽  
Yuyan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract Understanding changes in the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation is vital for flood control, disaster mitigation, and water resource management. In this study, 12 extreme precipitation indices and the best-fitting extreme value distribution were used to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of extreme precipitation in the upper reaches of the Hongshui River Basin (UHRB). The possible links between extreme precipitation and large-scale circulation were also investigated. Most extreme precipitation indices increased from west to east in the UHRB, indicating that the eastern region is a humid area with abundant precipitation. The indices for consecutive wet days (CWD) and precipitation events (R0.1) decreased significantly, indicating that the UHRB tends to be dry, with few precipitation events. The probability distribution functions of most extreme precipitation indices, especially that of R0.1, shifted significantly to the left in 1988–2016 compared with 1959–1987, further indicating that the UHRB has experienced a significant drying trend in recent decades. The East Asian summer monsoon and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation/Pacific Decadal Oscillation were confirmed to influence extreme precipitation in the UHRB. These findings are helpful for understanding extreme precipitation variation trends in the UHRB and provide references for further research.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Trend Analysis of Precipitation Extremes in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam During 1980–2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Trong Quan ◽  
Dao Nguyen Khoi ◽  
Nguyen Xuan Hoan ◽  
Nguyen Ky Phung ◽  
Thanh Duc Dang
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Precipitation Extremes ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Indices ◽  
The City

Abstract In this study, the spatiotemporal variability of trends in extreme precipitation events in Ho Chi Minh City during the period 1980–2017 was analyzed based on several core extreme precipitation indices (Rx1day, Rx5day, CDD, CWD, R20mm, R25mm, R95p, and SDII). The non-parametric Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope methods were used to compute the statistical strength, stability, and magnitude of trends in annual rainfall, as well as the extreme precipitation indices. We found that 64% of the stations had statistically significant upward trends in yearly rainfall, with high magnitudes frequently observed in the northern and southern regions of the city. For the extreme precipitation indices, only SDII and R25mm showed dominantly significant trends. Additionally, there were increasing trends in the frequency and duration at the southern and central regions of the city during the study period. Furthermore, El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation positively correlated with the duration and negatively correlated with the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation. Thus, water management plans should be adjusted appropriately to reduce the severe impacts of precipitation extremes on communities and ecosystems.

Long-term changes of precipitation in Latvia

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lita Lizuma ◽  
Agrita Briede ◽  
Maris Klavins
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Pattern ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Long Term Trend

This study investigated long-term variability and trends in Latvia's annual, seasonal, monthly and daily precipitation using data from 10 meteorological stations for the period 1925–2006 and from station Riga University for the period 1850–2006. The obtained results indicate that during the 20th century a significant increase in precipitation has occurred in the cold season while the warm period showed a decreasing tendency. The annual precipitation totals showed a slight decrease, at half of the studied stations, due to opposite tendencies in cold season and warm season. The long-term trend in the annual precipitation in Riga (from 1850) was positive with large interannual and interdecadal variability. The extreme precipitation events were evaluated using a set of nine climate change indices. Of these, number of wet days, 1-day and 5-days maximum precipitation, moderate wet days and very wet days showed a well pronounced positive tendency in the cold period of the year particularly in winter. No overall long-term trend was detected in extreme precipitation in summer. As in the case of 150-year precipitation pattern, extreme precipitation exhibited cyclic fluctuations that were more pronounced than linear changes. The close correlation between North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) and extreme precipitation was found for winter season.

scholarly journals SPREAD: A high-resolution daily gridded precipitation dataset for Spain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Serrano-Notivoli ◽  
Santiago Beguería ◽  
Miguel Ángel Saz ◽  
Luis Alberto Longares ◽  
Martín de Luis
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Daily Precipitation ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Complete Dataset ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Indices ◽  
Precipitation Indices

Abstract. A high-resolution daily gridded precipitation dataset was built from raw data of 12,858 observatories covering a period from 1950 to 2012 in peninsular Spain and 1971 to 2012 in Balearic and Canary Islands. The original data were quality controlled and gaps were filled on each day and location independently. Using the serially-complete dataset, a grid with a 5 x 5 kilometres spatial resolution was constructed by estimating daily precipitation amounts and their corresponding uncertainty at each grid node. Daily precipitation estimations were compared to original observations to assess the quality of the gridded dataset. Four daily precipitation indices were computed to characterize the spatial distribution of daily precipitation and nine extreme precipitation indices were used to describe the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events. The use of the total available data in Spain, the independent estimation of precipitation for each day and the high spatial resolution of the grid allowed for a precise spatial and temporal assessment of daily precipitation that are difficult to achieve when using other methods, pre- selected long-term stations or global gridded datasets. SPREAD dataset is publicly available at http://dx.doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/7393.

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