scholarly journals Little Akaki River Sediment Enrichment with Heavy Metals, Pollution Load and Potential Ecological Risks in Downstream, Central Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deshu Mamo Mekuria ◽  
Alemnew Berhanu Berhanu Kassegne ◽  
Seyoum Leta Leta Asfaw
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
River Sediment ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
High Enrichment ◽  
Akaki River ◽  
Very High

Abstract Background: The Addis Ababa City’s river ecosystem is under extreme pressure as a result of inappropriate practices of dumping domestic and industrial wastes; thus, threatening its ability to maintain basic ecological, social and economic functions. Little Akaki River which drains through Addis Ababa City receives inorganic and organic pollutants from various anthropogenic sources. Most of inorganic pollutants such as toxic heavy metals relased into the river are eventually adsorbed and settled in the sediment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enrichment levels, pollution load and ecological risks of selected heavy metals ( Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb) using various indices .Results: The mean concentrations of heavy metals in Little Akaki River sediment were: Zn (78.96±0.021 - 235.2 ±0.001mg / kg); Cr (2.19±0.014 - 440.8±0.003 mg / kg); Cd (2.09±0.001-4.16 ±0.0001mg / kg) and Pb (30.92±0.018 -596.4±0.066 mg / kg). Enrichment factor values indicated that sediments were moderate to significant enrichment with Zn and Cr; moderate to very high enrichment with Pb, and very high enrichment in all sampled sites with Cd. Geo-accumulation index and contamination factor values indicated that the sediments were moderate to very high contamination with toxic Cd and Pb. The decreasing order of pollution load index (PLI) in downstream was: (S9) > (S4) > (S8) > (S3)> (S6) > (S10) > (S5) > (S2)> (S7) > (S1). PLI and hierarchal cluster analysis revealed that highest pollution load occurred in the lower course of the river (S9) which may be due to metals inputs from anthropogenic sources; hence, its quality was deteriorated showing that the site is polluted. The ecological risk (RI =350.62) suggested that the contaminated Little Akaki River (LAR) sediment can pose considerable ecological risks of pollution.Conclusions: The concentrations of Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb in Little Akaki River sediment surpassed eco-toxicological guideline limits of USEPA (threshold effect concentration) and CCME (Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines). Thus, the contaminated sediments can occasionally pose adverse biological effects on sediment dwelling organisms. Thus, measures must be taken to regulate discharge of untreated wastes into river and surrounding environment.

scholarly journals Little Akaki River sediment enrichment with heavy metals, pollution load and potential ecological risks in downstream, Central Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deshu Mamo Mekuria ◽  
Alemnew Berhanu Kassegne ◽  
Seyoum Leta Asfaw
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
River Sediment ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Akaki River

Abstract Addis Ababa City’s river ecosystem is under extreme pressure as a result of inappropriate practices of dumping domestic and industrial wastes; thus, threatening its ability to maintain basic ecological, social and economic functions. Little Akaki River which drains through Addis Ababa City receives inorganic and organic pollutants from various anthropogenic sources. Most of inorganic pollutants such as toxic heavy metals released into the river are eventually adsorbed and settle in the sediment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enrichment levels, pollution load and ecological risks of selected heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb) using various indices. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in Little Akaki River sediment were: Zn (78.96 ± 0.021–235.2 ± 0.001 mg/kg); Cr (2.19 ± 0.014–440.8 ± 0.003 mg/kg); Cd (2.09 ± 0.001–4.16 ± 0.0001 mg/kg) and Pb (30.92 ± 0.018–596.4 ± 0.066 mg/kg). Enrichment factor values indicated that sediments were moderate to significantly enriched with Zn and Cr; moderate to very highly enriched with Pb, and very highly enriched in all sampled sites with Cd. Geo-accumulation index and contamination factor values indicated that the sediments were moderate to very highly contaminated with toxic Cd and Pb. The decreasing order of pollution load index (PLI) in downstream was: (S9) > (S4) > (S8) > (S3) > (S6) > (S10) > (S5) > (S2) > (S7) > (S1). PLI and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the highest pollution load occurred in the lower course of the river (S9) which may be due to metals inputs from anthropogenic sources. The ecological risk (RI = 350.62) suggested that the contaminated Little Akaki River sediment can pose considerable ecological risks of pollution. The concentrations of Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb in Little Akaki River sediment surpassed eco-toxicological guideline limits of USEPA (threshold effect concentration) and CCME (Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines). Thus, the contaminated sediments can pose adverse biological effects on sediment dwelling organisms.

scholarly journals Little Akaki River Sediment Enrichment with Heavy Metals, Pollution Load and Potential Ecological Risks in Downstream, Central Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deshu Mamo Mekuria ◽  
Alemnew Berhanu Berhanu Kassegne ◽  
Seyoum Leta Leta Asfaw
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
River Sediment ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Akaki River

Abstract Background: Addis Ababa City’s river ecosystem is under extreme pressure as a result of inappropriate practices of dumping domestic and industrial wastes; thus, threatening its ability to maintain basic ecological, social and economic functions. Little Akaki River which drains through Addis Ababa City receives inorganic and organic pollutants from various anthropogenic sources. Most of inorganic pollutants such as toxic heavy metals released into the river are eventually adsorbed and settle in the sediment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enrichment levels, pollution load and ecological risks of selected heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb) using various indices.Results: The mean concentrations of heavy metals in Little Akaki River sediment were: Zn (78.96 ± 0.021 - 235.2 ± 0.001mg/kg); Cr (2.19 ± 0.014 - 440.8 ± 0.003 mg/kg); Cd (2.09 ± 0.001-4.16 ± 0.0001mg/kg) and Pb (30.92 ± 0.018 -596.4 ± 0.066 mg/kg). Enrichment factor values indicated that sediments were moderate to significantly enriched with Zn and Cr; moderate to very highly enriched with Pb, and very highly enriched in all sampled sites with Cd. Geo-accumulation index and contamination factor values indicated that the sediments were moderate to very highly contaminated with toxic Cd and Pb. The decreasing order of pollution load index (PLI) in downstream was: (S9) > (S4) > (S8) > (S3)> (S6) > (S10) > (S5) > (S2)> (S7) > (S1). PLI and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the highest pollution load occurred in the lower course of the river (S9) which may be due to metals inputs from anthropogenic sources. The ecological risk (RI =350.62) suggested that the contaminated Little Akaki River sediment can pose considerable ecological risks of pollution.Conclusions: The concentrations of Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb in Little Akaki River sediment surpassed eco-toxicological guideline limits of USEPA (threshold effect concentration) and CCME (Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines). Thus, the contaminated sediments can pose adverse biological effects on sediment dwelling organisms.

scholarly journals Little Akaki River Sediment Enrichment with Heavy Metals, Pollution Load and Potential Ecological Risks in Downstream, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deshu Mamo Mekuria ◽  
Alemnew Berhanu Berhanu Kassegne ◽  
Seyoum Leta Leta Asfaw
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
River Water ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
High Enrichment ◽  
Akaki River ◽  
Very High

Abstract Background: Little Akaki River (LAR) passes through Addis Ababa City, receives inorganic and organic pollutants from various sources. The objective of this study was to investigate the pollution level of LAR by selected heavy metals and evaluate sediment quality using contamination indices.Methods: sediment samples were collected from 10 stations along LAR, processed, digested and heavy metal content was analyzed using ICP-OES. Enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk index (RI) were determined. Comparison was made with standard sediment qualities (SQGs) to evaluate ecological and toxicological implication.Results: the mean concentrations of heavy metals in LAR sediment were: Zn (78.96-235.2 mg / kg); Cr (2.19-440.8 mg / kg); Cd (2.09-4.16 mg / kg) and Pb (30.92-596.4 mg / kg). EF values indicated that LAR sediments were moderate to significant enrichment with Zn and Cr; moderate to very high enrichment with Pb, and very high enrichment in all sampled sites with Cd. Igeo and CF values indicated that the sediments were moderate to very high contamination with toxic Cd and Pb.PLI and hierarchal cluster analysis revealed that highest pollution load occurred at sampling site (S9), in lower course of the river mainly due to anthropogenic metals inputs from industrial wastes, municipal wastewater treatment plant and agrochemical wastes; hence, its quality was deteriorated and depicted polluted site. The decreasing order of PLI in downstream was: (S9) > (S4) > (S8) > (S3)> (S6) > (S10) > (S5) > (S2)> (S7) > (S1). Pearson correlation indicated that Zn and Cd were generated from common sources of pollution. The ecological risk (RI =350.62) suggested that the contaminated LAR sediment can pose considerable ecological risks of pollution.Conclusions: The concentrations of Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb in LAR sediment were surpassed sediment quality guidelines (USEPA) and eco-toxicological guideline limit values of USEPA (TEC) and CMME (ISQGs). Thus, the contaminated sediments can occasionally pose adverse biological effects on sediment dwelling organisms and impairs the quality of river water. Thus, monitoring and addressing sediment contamination becomes necessary to sustain beneficial uses of river water for various development purposes.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Metal Contamination Risk in Sediments of the Mohammad Abad River, Northern Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 696-704
Author(s):  
Hassan Malvandi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Degree Of Contamination ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Very High

Background: Sediments in the aquatic ecosystems can be used as suitable indicators for monitoring contaminants. Then, objectives of this study were to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Mohammad Abad River, to determine the degree of pollution of heavy metals in sediments using some major contamination indices; to identify the major sources (anthropogenic or natural sources) of the studied metals; and to evaluate the “reference river” of the river under study for ecotoxicology studies. Methods: Samples of sediment were taken from six sites of the river. The present study, eleven heavy metals (chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, selenium, magnesium, silver, aluminum and arsenic) were studied. Results: Comparison of metal concentrations with those of Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) showed no association with harmful biological effects for the heavy metals studied except for Se and As. The results of the contamination factor index showed low pollution levels for most metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn and Al), moderate pollution levels for As, and very high pollution levels for Se. The degree of contamination (Cd) and modified degree of contamination (mCd), showing the total contamination of elements, demonstrated very high degree contamination status in the study area. According to the index of quantification of contamination, the values of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn and Al were derived mainly from geogenic sources of enrichment, while the values for Se and As were enriched by anthropogenic source of enrichment. Conclusion: These findings suggest that continuous monitoring of Se and As in sediment and organisms of the Mohammad Abad River should be directed to evaluate the threat of these elements to the public health and to the ecology of the river under study.

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment in Fluvial Sediment of San Juan –Taxco River System in Mining Region of Taxco Guerrero, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith R. Salcedo Sanchez ◽  
Manuel Martínez Morales ◽  
Juan Manuel Esquivel Mart ◽  
Oscar Talavera Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
River System ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
San Juan ◽  
Mining District ◽  
Geochemical Indices ◽  
Very High

Abstract The hydrological system of San Juan-Taxco Rivers in located inside of one of the oldest and major mining district in Mexico. Several communities in the area use the rivers water along its flow for domestic water supply and crop irrigation. Sediment is an essential, integral and dynamic part of river basins, in polluted environments these act as sink of heavy metals and as a source of contaminants on the fluvial system. The management and sustainability of sediment should be assessed and secured to achieve good ecological status of the basins, for this task, approaches as ecological risk identification and geochemical indices are being used.Superficial sediment samples were collected in San Juan-Taxco river system. The results demonstrated that the degree of pollution from thirteen heavy metals and metalloids studied decreases in the following sequence: Cd> Zn > Pb > Cu > As > B > Mn > Ni > Fe > Co > Ba > Al and Cr. Cd made the most dominant contribution. Geochemical indices revealed important external anthropogenic influences in the rivers. The geochemical indices indicated very high enrichment for As, Cu, Pb and Zn, and extremely high for Cd in the three-rivers. The calculation of Pollution Load Index (PLI) showed in Cacalotenago River and in Taxco River are the sites with the highly contaminated sediments. PLI values were very high in all the samples sites due mining tailings erosion, wastewater and agriculture run off. Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and As were the main potential risk elements that will cause harmful biological effects in the riverine environment.

scholarly journals Deposited Particulate Matter Enrichment in Heavy Metals and Related Health Risk: A Case Study of Krakow, Poland

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

The aim of these investigations was to determine the impact of heavy metals bound with deposited particulate matter (PM) on contamination degree and related toxicological effects by calculating enrichment indices, namely, the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), and enrichment factor (EF), as well as the ecological risk index (ERI) and modified hazard quotient (mHQ). Calculations were made based on the selected element concentrations determined in deposited PM samples in Krakow. The results of the investigations revealed that deposited PM was enriched in heavy metals. As Igeo provides information on the level of metal accumulation, it was found that deposited PM was practically uncontaminated with Be, Cd, and Tl (class 0) but heavily to extremely contaminated (class 5) with Co and Sn and extremely contaminated (class 6) with As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn. On the other hand, the calculated values of CF revealed very high contamination of deposited PM with Cd and Zn, considerable contamination with Sn, Pb, and As, and moderate contamination with Cu and Li. Values of calculated EF revealed that among the investigated elements, only Zn originated from anthropogenic sources. For Cd, a small influence of anthropogenic sources was observed. For Pb and Sn, non-crustal sources of emission were expected. The calculated ERI values indicated potential ecological risk levels that were very high for Cd and considerable for Zn, as well as low potential ecological risk for As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Tl. Moreover, the calculated mHQ values of severity of contamination were extreme for Zn, considerable for Cr, and moderate for As, Cu, and Pb. The analysis revealed that the impact of atmospheric and re-suspended PM on inhabitants constitutes a complex effect of a mixture of heavy metals simultaneously affecting human health.

scholarly journals Ecological and Human Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Shooting Range Soils: A Meta Assessment from China

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Bai ◽  
Xiaofen Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Shooting Range ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Pb Contamination ◽  
Shooting Range Soils ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Very High ◽  
Shooting Ranges

Contamination of shooting ranges by heavy metals in particular Pb represents a widespread environmental issue attracting concern worldwide. Contaminant accumulation in shooting range soils can pose potential ecological risks and health risks for shooters and workers. Based on the published data on metal contamination at five shooting ranges in China, potential ecological and human health risks of several metals, and in particular, Pb were assessed for the five surveyed shooting ranges. Data show the mean concentrations of Pb, Cu, Hg, Sb, Ni and Cr in various ranges were all higher than the local soil background values, implying their accumulation was induced by shooting activities. The degree of contamination varied with sites and metals, very high Pb contamination at Range 1, Range 2 and Range 5-1, while moderate Pb contamination at Range 3 and Range 5-2. Comparatively, As, Zn and Co showed no contamination. Among the surveyed metals, Pb, Cu, Hg and Sb in shooting range soils displayed relatively high potential ecological risks. The overall degree of potential ecological risk was very high at Range 1 and Range 2, considerable at Range 4 and Range 5-1, and low at Range 3 and Range 5-2. The mean HI (hazard index) of Pb at Range 2 and the maximum HI values at Range 1 and Range 4 were higher than 1, suggesting a possibility of non-carcinogenic risks of Pb contamination at these sites. However, Pb in other range soils and other metals, across the five ranges, all exhibited no non-carcinogenic risks. The cancer risks of the four carcinogenic contaminants (As, Co, Cr, and Ni) were acceptable or negligible at all ranges. In conclusion, contamination of Pb and other metals such as Cu, Hg and Sb can cause various potential ecological risks at all the surveyed ranges, but only Pb at three ranges shows possible health risks. Contamination of Pb in the surveyed shooting ranges should be managed to reduce its possible environmental and health risks.

scholarly journals Quantitative Changes in Soil Properties and Plant Uptake of Metals on Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsite in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 152-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.T. Ogunmodede ◽  
E. Adewole ◽  
A.A. Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
P Values ◽  
Refuse Dump ◽  
Pollution Factor ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Factor C ◽  
Changes In Soil Properties

In this work concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mn were determined in soils and plants from refuse dumpsites in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The refuse dump soils were evaluation using contamination/pollution factor (C/P), Enrichment factor (EF), Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) and Pollution load index were calculated. The observation suggests high C/P values of the dump soil are polluted by Cd, Cr and Ni acts as a sink for heavy metals contributed from anthropogenic sources in the study area. C/P data, EF, PLI and (Igeo) indicated that these heavy metals originate from anthropogenic sources. Fe and Ni loads in plants from the refuse dump soils pronounced maximum concentration than Nigeria guideline. Transfer ratios for Cd, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe of plants from the control soils were higher than those from the refuse dump soils.

scholarly journals PESTICIDES BIOACCUMULATION AND THEIR SOIL POLLUTANT EFFECT

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-47
Author(s):  
B. A. Othman ◽  
E. S. Kakey
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Greenhouse Soil ◽  
Pesticides Residue ◽  
Very High

This study was aimed to investigate pesticides bioaccumulation and their soil pollutant effect. The experiment was included sixteen active greenhouses in Erbil plane, and conducted during September 2017 and March 2018. The present study revealed that the pesticides residue of pyridabine, thiamethoxam, abamectin and spirodiclofen were detected in greenhouse soil samples.   The values of soil heavy metals contaminations factor (CF) revealed, that the studied greenhouse soil samples were ranged from low to very high contamination, while for pesticides were ranged from non to high contaminated. Soil pollution load index results supported that, the greenhouse soil was contaminated especially by Cr, Ni and Co. Pollution load index (PLI) was ranged from 7.751 to 0.303; supporting that the soils were contaminated in most sites. It could be concluded that, significant need for the development of pollution prevention and scientific strategies to reduce heavy metal pollution and pesticide accumulation residuals within greenhouses in Erbil plane.

scholarly journals Geogenic and anthropogenic sources identification and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the urban soil of Yazd, central Iran

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260418
Author(s):  
Somayeh Soltani-Gerdefaramarzi ◽  
Mohsen Ghasemi ◽  
Behzad Ghanbarian
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Very High

Urban soil pollution with heavy metals is one of the environmental problems in recent years, especially in industrial cities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of geogenic and anthropogenic sources in the urban soil pollution in Yazd, Iran. For this purpose, 30 top-soil (0–10 cm) samples from Yazd within an area of 136.37 Km2 and population of nearly 656 thousand are collected, and the concentration of heavy elements is measured. To evaluate factors affecting the concentration of heavy elements in urban soils and determine their possible sources, Multivariate statistical analysis, including correlation coefficient, principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) are performed. Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and Modified potential ecological Risk Index (MRI) are used to assess the level and extension of contamination. Results of this study suggest that As, Cd, Pb and Zn are affected by anthropogenic source, while the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu and Cs have come from mostly natural geologic sources. As, Cd and Pb are considerably enriched in the area, provided moderately enriched for the elements Mn, Zn and Cu. However, the other heavy elements show minimal enrichment. Igeo reveal that Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni with negative values are unpolluted, Pb posed unpolluted to moderately polluted, and As and Cd represent high polluted. Based on the results of the ecological risk factor, the heavy metals of Mn, Ni, Cr, Zn and Cu have a low ecological risk level. More specifically, we find that Pb shows a moderated ecological risk in 39% of the urban soil in the studied area. As and Cd with respectively 100 and 72% contribution have considerable and very high ecological risk. According to the results of MRI, the area is in a very high ecological risk level, and appropriate management practice is essential to reduce the pollution of heavy elements in this area.

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