Factors Influencing Childhood Immunization Uptake in Africa: A Systematic Review

Abstract Background:Vaccine Preventable Diseases are still the most common cause of childhood mortality with an estimated of approximately 3 million death every year mainly in Africa and Asia and about 29% of deaths among children aged 1–59 months were as a result of vaccine preventable.Despite the benefit of childhood immunization uptake, routine vaccination coverage for all recommended Expand Program on Immunization vaccines has remained poor in some African countries such as Nigeria (31%), Ethiopia (43%), Uganda (55%) and Ghana (57%). The aim of this study is to collate evidence on the factors that influences childhood immunization uptake in Africa and also provide evidence for future researchers in developing, implementing and evaluating intervention among African populations that will improve childhood immunization uptake.Methods: We conducted a systematic review of articles on the factors influencing under-five childhood immunization uptake in Africa through using various keywords and we searched multiple databases (Medline, PubMed, CINAHL and Psychology and behavioural data collection) dated from inception to 2019. Results: Of 17,208 records citations retrieved, 240 abstracts were screened leading to 46 included studies: Thefactors that were found to influence the childhood immunization uptake were classified into modifiable and non-modifiable factors and were further classified into different groups based on its relevance. Themodifiable factors include: obstetric factors, maternal knowledge, maternal attitude and self-efficacy and maternal outcome expectation. Whereas non-modifiable factors were sociodemographicfactors of parent and child, logistic factors and administration factors.Conclusion: There were different factors found to be influencing under-five childhood immunization uptake among parents in Africa. Immunization health education intervention should be designed among pregnant women using social cognitive theory SCT which will enable researchers to tackle cognitive factors as well as some environmental factors that could be modifiable which may hopefully improve childhood immunization uptake in a country with poor coverage like Nigeria.

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Factors influencing childhood immunisation uptake in Africa: a systematic review

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11466-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abubakar Nasiru Galadima ◽

Nor Afiah Mohd Zulkefli ◽

Salmiah Md Said ◽

Norliza Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Childhood Mortality ◽

Outcome Expectation ◽

Maternal Knowledge ◽

Childhood Immunisation ◽

African Countries ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Under Five ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Modifiable Factors

Abstract Background Vaccine preventable diseases are still the most common cause of childhood mortality, with an estimated 3 million deaths every year, mainly in Africa and Asia. An estimate of 29% deaths among children aged 1–59 months were due to vaccine preventable diseases. Despite the benefits of childhood immunisation, routine vaccination coverage for all recommended Expanded Programme on Immunization vaccines has remained poor in some African countries, such as Nigeria (31%), Ethiopia (43%), Uganda (55%) and Ghana (57%). The aim of this study is to collate evidence on the factors that influence childhood immunisation uptake in Africa, as well as to provide evidence for future researchers in developing, implementing and evaluating intervention among African populations which will improve childhood immunisation uptake. Methods We conducted a systematic review of articles on the factors influencing under-five childhood immunisation uptake in Africa. This was achieved by using various keywords and searching multiple databases (Medline, PubMed, CINAHL and Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection) dating back from inception to 2020. Results Out of 18,708 recorded citations retrieved, 10,396 titles were filtered and 324 titles remained. These 324 abstracts were screened leading to 51 included studies. Statistically significant factors found to influence childhood immunisation uptake were classified into modifiable and non-modifiable factors and were further categorised into different groups based on relevance. The modifiable factors include obstetric factors, maternal knowledge, maternal attitude, self-efficacy and maternal outcome expectation, whereas non-modifiable factors were sociodemographic factors of parent and child, logistic and administration factors. Conclusion Different factors were found to influence under-five childhood immunisation uptake among parents in Africa. Immunisation health education intervention among pregnant women, focusing on the significant findings from this systematic review, would hopefully improve childhood immunisation uptake in African countries with poor coverage rates.

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Determinants of compliance with child immunization among mothers of children under five years of age in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Journal of Health Research ◽

10.1108/jhr-05-2018-024 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 229-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patience Esohe Konwea ◽

Funmilayo Alice David ◽

Seyi Elizabeth Ogunsile

Keyword(s):

Tertiary Education ◽

Educational Status ◽

Well Being ◽

Childhood Mortality ◽

Childhood Immunization ◽

Child Immunization ◽

Content Type ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Validated Questionnaire

Purpose Vaccine preventable diseases are major threats to the health and well-being of children under five years of age. They contribute a great deal to childhood illnesses and disabilities, and are accountable for a high percentage of childhood mortality worldwide. In Nigeria, the government has made a lot of effort to provide immunizations against these childhood diseases. It is however sad to note that many children still do not complete their routine immunization. The purpose of this paper is to determine factors which influence mothers’ compliance with childhood immunization. Design/methodology/approach This was a descriptive study carried out among 600 mothers of under-five children randomly selected from nine postnatal clinics in Ekiti State between January and August 2016. A self-structured validated questionnaire containing items to explore demographic characteristics of respondents, compliance with child immunization (Cronbach’s α=0.92) and determinants of compliance (Cronbach’s α=0.83) was the instrument for data collection. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify determinants of mothers’ compliance with childhood immunization. Findings The level of compliance of mothers with childhood immunization was high (80 percent). The two factors which contributed significantly to mothers’ compliance were the mothers’ knowledge of childhood immunization (β weight= 0.243) and mothers’ educational status (β weight=0.169). Mothers with tertiary education had the highest level of compliance (76.8 percent). Originality/value Having good knowledge of childhood immunization and a high educational status positively influence a mothers’ compliance with child immunization.

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Modifiable factors influencing relatives' decision to offer organ donation: systematic review

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.b991 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 338 (apr21 2) ◽

pp. b991-b991 ◽

Cited By ~ 150

Author(s):

A. L. Simpkin ◽

L. C. Robertson ◽

V. S. Barber ◽

J. D. Young

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Organ Donation ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Modifiable Factors

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Why do doctors blog continuously? Factors influencing doctors’ continuous blogging (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.22162 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

David Yen ◽

Hui-Mei Hsu ◽

I-Chiu Chang

Keyword(s):

Social Cognitive Theory ◽

Online Survey ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

Cognitive Theory ◽

Medical Information ◽

Outcome Expectations ◽

Outcome Expectation ◽

Subject Field ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Negative Outcome

BACKGROUND Many studies concluded that sharing medical information and giving advices are both important motivation for physicians to blog. However, most articles available in this subject field only describe the blog phenomena without providing a theoretical background and an empirical analysis of the phenomena. OBJECTIVE Since many studies were conducted to investigate the reasons why Physicians blog without a theoretical framework for a rigorous discussion. This study based on social cognitive theory (SCT) to explore the factors influencing physicians’ intention of continuously blogging. METHODS Eight Hundreds and seventy seven physicians’ bloggers were invited to participate an online survey and 128 valid responses returned. The SCT is proved to be useful in explaining 36.8 % of the variation in physicians' continuous intention to blog. RESULTS This study based on social cognitive theory (SCT) to explore the factors influencing physicians’ intention of continuously blogging by adding negative outcome expectations that most IS studies excluded. Further, the results of this study can remedy the insufficient knowledge and make a significant contribution to the IS literature. CONCLUSIONS Helping others is a creed for physicians, including those who seek helps from the Internet, the healing counts. Using the blog as a vehicle to educate, heal, and prevent disease is coincident with physicians’ oath. Therefore, this study strongly recommends physicians to create blogs to communicate with the public and blogging in a continuous manner. To motivate physicians to continue to blog, the platform developers can promote physicians by equipping them to have higher blog self-efficacy, a high positive performance/personal outcome expectation and lower negative outcome expectation from blogging, and also a higher satisfaction with their blogging behavior.

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Childhood Mortality: Trends and Determinants in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2015—A Systematic Review

Advances in Public Health ◽

10.1155/2017/7479295 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yohannes Mehretie Adinew ◽

Senafikish Amsalu Feleke ◽

Zelalem Birhanu Mengesha ◽

Shimelash Bitew Workie

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Child Survival ◽

Millennium Development Goal ◽

Childhood Mortality ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Development Goal ◽

Under Five ◽

National Medical

Background. Millennium Development Goal 4 calls for reducing under-five mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. The aim of this review was to assess trend of childhood mortality and its determinants from 1990 to 2015 in Ethiopia. Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases of PubMed and Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library, national medical journals, government websites, and Google Scholar. Original observational study designs and reports conducted entirely or in part in Ethiopia that included a primary outcome variable of childhood mortality and published between 1990 and 2015 were included. Ascertained relevant articles were appraised and the findings were integrated into a systematic review. Results. Childhood mortality has declined in Ethiopia with more pronounced reduction over the last 10 years. Under-five mortality is 72% lower now than it was 25 years ago, with the pace of decline in infant mortality (83%) somewhat faster than child mortality (76%). The corresponding decline in neonatal and postneonatal mortality over the same period was 64% and 68%, respectively. Parental sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables and nutritional, environmental, and sanitary factors have been identified to affect child survival. Conclusion. Ethiopia has successfully achieved the Millennium Development Goal 4 to reduce under-five mortality.

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SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNIZATION OF CHILDREN IN RURAL ABIA STATE, NIGERIA

International Journal of Child Youth and Family Studies ◽

10.18357/ijcyfs73-4201616128 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (3-4) ◽

pp. 404

Author(s):

Ezebunwa E. Nwokocha ◽

Chioma Obioma

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Rational Choice Theory ◽

Choice Theory ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Childhood Mortality ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Childhood Immunization ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Selection Of

<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 24pt 36pt;"><span style="color: #131413; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">The role of adequate and timely immunization in the reduction of infant and childhood mortality cannot be overstated, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This study, anchored in the Health Belief Model and Rational Choice Theory, investigated the sociocultural factors influencing childhood immunization in the rural state of Abia, Nigeria, an area with a high infant mortality rate. A multistage sampling technique involving the random selection of 3 communities in Bende Local Government Area and the purposive selection of 433 respondents with children under the age of 5 was adopted. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 respondents — 3 health personnel, 3 traditional birth attendants, 4 community leaders (2 men and 2 women), 2 church representatives, and the head of the health department in the local government headquarters. Findings reveal that the majority of respondents had heard about childhood immunization and largely understood its essence. Religious beliefs and the mother’s economic activities (especially when market day coincides with immunization day) were identified as major influences on immunization. More attention should be directed to providing adequate education for rural dwellers on the importance of immunization for childhood mortality reduction.</span></p>

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Analysing the factors influencing customer engagement and value co-creation during COVID-19 pandemic: the case of online modest fashion SMEs in Egypt

Journal of Islamic Marketing ◽

10.1108/jima-09-2020-0294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Kesmat AbdelAziz ◽

Nor Hasliza Md Saad ◽

Ramayah Thurasamy

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

Cognitive Theory ◽

Least Squares Method ◽

Outcome Expectation ◽

Customer Engagement ◽

Muslim Country ◽

Content Type ◽

Factors Influencing

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the factors which influence value co-creation intention through customer engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper studies the online modest fashion small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Egypt as a Muslim country. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on the social cognitive theory (SCT) and the literature to develop a theoretical framework of the factors influencing customers’ value co-creation intention on social media. The framework is then tested quantitatively through structural equation modelling based on partial least squares method (SEM-PLS) approach using the SmartPLS software. Findings The empirical analysis supported the SCT through the following conclusions: first, regarding the subject factors, self-efficacy has a positive significant effect on all dimensions of customer engagement and outcome expectation has a positive significant effect on cognitive customer engagement. Concerning the environmental factors, community experience has a positive significant effect on affective and behavioural customer engagement, whereas content quality has a positive significant effect on affective customer engagement. Second, customer engagement is a significant mediator through the dimensions of affective and behavioural customer engagement. Practical implications The findings of this study can help online modest fashion SMEs better comprehend the factors which influence the customers’ engagement for value co-creation intention whether it is subject factors or environmental factors. Therefore, they can better operate online and encourage customers to contribute to the development of new products and services and hence achieve a competitive advantage and survive in times of COVID-19. Originality/value Most of the existing studies focused on the value co-creation behaviour and output. However, there is limited research focusing on what contributes to the customers’ engagement for value co-creation intention, especially for online modest fashion and Muslim countries. Therefore, this study attempts to examine and bridge this research gap.

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