scholarly journals The Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment among Children in Kenya – The Kenya Eye Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadrack Muma ◽  
Stephen Obonyo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract BackgroundVisual impairment impacts negatively on quality of life. Kenya has a total fertility rate of 3.5 an indication of more younger generation. However, little is known on the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the children population of Kenya.MethodsThis cross-sectional population-based study included 3400 (1800, 52.9% female) randomly selected children with a mean age of 12 ± 2 years (range 5–16 years) in Kenya. Visual acuity was taken using snellens chart at 6 meters. Anterior and posterior segments were assessed using slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. The World Health Organization formed the baseline for calculating prevalence of visual impairment.ResultsVisual acuity measurements were available for 3240 (95.3%) participants. The prevalence of visual impairment, based on pin-hole value, using World Health Organization, was 1.7 ± 0.3%. The prevalence of visual impairment, based on presenting visual acuity value, was 2.4 ± 0.7%, using the World Health Organization definition. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of visual impairment on pin-hole, according to World Health Organization definition increased significantly with increasing age (odds ratio 1.230, P = .021) and increased astigmatism (odds ratio 0.834, P = .032), but not significantly associated with socioeconomic, ocular conditions after adjusting for age and astigmatism. Lack of refractive error correction was the most common reason for presenting visual impairment. Causes of visual impairment due to presenting visual acuity were amblyopia (24%), nystagmus (14%), myopia (49%) and hyperopia (13%).ConclusionThe prevalence of visual impairment in Kenya increased significantly with socio-economic activities. Uncorrected refractive error remains the major causes of visual impairment.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment among Children in Kenya – The Kenya Eye Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadrack Muma ◽  
Stephen Obonyo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error

Abstract Background: Visual impairment is the partial or complete loss of vision and it is attributed to uncorrected refractive error. In Kenya, little attention has been directed towards children vision and causes of visual impairment. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the children population of Kenya.Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study included 3400 (1800, 52.9% female) randomly selected children with a mean age of 12 ± 2 years (range 5–16 years). Visual acuity was taken using Snellens chart at 6 meters. Anterior and posterior segment was assessed using slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. The World Health Organization definition formed the baseline for calculating the mean prevalence of visual impairment.Results: Visual acuity measurements were available for 3240 (95.3%) participants. The mean prevalence of visual impairment, based on pin-hole value, using World Health Organization definition, was 1.7 ± 0.3%. The prevalence of visual impairment, based on presenting visual acuity value, was 2.4 ± 0.7%, using the World Health Organization definition. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of visual impairment on pin-hole, according to World Health Organization definition increased significantly with increasing age (odds ratio 1.230, P=.021) and increased uncorrected refractive error (odds ratio 0.834, P = .032). Cases of uncorrected refractive error remained the main cause for presenting visual impairment. Causes of visual impairment due to presenting visual acuity were nystagmus (14%), amblyopia (24%) and uncorrected refractive error (62%).Conclusion: The prevalence of visual impairment in Kenya is associated with age. Uncorrected refractive error remains the major causes of visual impairment.

scholarly journals The prevalence and causes of visual impairment among children in Kenya – the Kenya eye study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadrack Muma ◽  
Stephen Obonyo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error

Abstract Background Visual impairment is the partial or complete loss of vision in which the presenting visual acuity lie between 6/18-no perceptions of light. In Kenya, little attention has been directed towards children vision and causes of visual impairment. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the children population of Kenya. Methods This cross-sectional population-based study included 3400 (1800, 52.9% female) randomly selected children with a mean age of 12 ± 2 years (range 5–16 years). Visual acuity was taken using Snellens chart at 6 m. Anterior and posterior segment was assessed using slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. The World Health Organization definition formed the baseline for calculating the mean prevalence of visual impairment. Results Visual acuity measurements were available for 3240 (95.3%) participants. The mean prevalence of visual impairment based on pin-hole value was 1.7 ± 0.3% using World Health Organization definition. The prevalence of visual impairment based on presenting visual acuity value was 2.4 ± 0.7% using the World Health Organization definition. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of visual impairment on pin-hole increased significantly with increasing age (odds ratio 1.230, P = .021) and uncorrected refractive error (odds ratio 0.834, P = .032) according to World Health Organization definition. Cases of uncorrected refractive error remained the major cause for presenting visual impairment. Causes of visual impairment due to presenting visual acuity were nystagmus (14%), amblyopia (24%) and uncorrected refractive error (62%). Conclusion The prevalence of visual impairment in Kenya is associated with age. Uncorrected refractive error remains the major causes of visual impairment.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment among Children in Kenya – The Kenya Eye Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadrack Muma ◽  
Stephen Obonyo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error

Abstract Background: Visual impairment is the partial or complete loss of vision in which the presenting visual acuity lie between 6/18-no perceptions of light. In Kenya, little attention has been directed towards children vision and causes of visual impairment. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the children population of Kenya.Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study included 3400 (1800, 52.9% female) randomly selected children with a mean age of 12 ± 2 years (range 5–16 years). Visual acuity was taken using Snellens chart at 6 meters. Anterior and posterior segment was assessed using slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. The World Health Organization definition formed the baseline for calculating the mean prevalence of visual impairment.Results: Visual acuity measurements were available for 3240 (95.3%) participants. The mean prevalence of visual impairment based on pin-hole value was 1.7 ± 0.3% using World Health Organization definition. The prevalence of visual impairment based on presenting visual acuity value was 2.4 ± 0.7% using the World Health Organization definition. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of visual impairment on pin-hole increased significantly with increasing age (odds ratio 1.230, P=.021) and uncorrected refractive error (odds ratio 0.834, P = .032) according to World Health Organization definition. Cases of uncorrected refractive error remained the major cause for presenting visual impairment. Causes of visual impairment due to presenting visual acuity were nystagmus (14%), amblyopia (24%) and uncorrected refractive error (62%).Conclusion: The prevalence of visual impairment in Kenya is associated with age. Uncorrected refractive error remains the major causes of visual impairment.

PENGARUH AKSES DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP PERILAKU IBU HAMIL DALAM MELAKUKAN KUNJUNGAN ANTENATAL DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PANCUR BATU TAHUN 2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Oktafiana Manurung ◽  
Ermawaty Arisandi Siallagan
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Indonesian women have According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Indonesian women have very bad criteria in terms of health, marriage, employment, education, equality with men. This condition is thought to lead to low maternal access to antenatal care. Goals : Antenatal care in accordance with antenatal care standards may decrease Maternal and Infant Mortality due to regular antenatal care can detect early problems that occur in the mother during pregnancy.Methods : The type of this research is analytical descriptive with cross sectional design which aims to analyze the influence of access and motivation of pregnant mother to mother behavior in doing antenatal visit. The research was conducted in Pancur Batu Puskesmas Working Area. The population is 181 people and the sample size is 61 people. Data analysis was performed using univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with Chi-Square test, and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression test.Result : The result of this research indicate that physical accessibility variable is the availability of unrelated officer (p = 0,461) to mother behavior in antenatal visit, social accessibility variable (p = 0,005) and attitude (p = 0,023), and for motivation variable is motive P = 0.005) and expectations (p = 0.019) had a significant effect on maternal behavior in antenatal visits.Conclution : Based on the results of research suggested Head of Pancur Batu Puskesmas to conduct training to officers especially midwives who provide services mainly about hospitality in providing services and to officers implementing services further improve the communication of information and education so that every pregnant women have a good understanding that can eventually cause attitude Positive, high motivation and expectation that can affect the mother in conducting standardized antenatal visits.

scholarly journals Magnitude of infertility and associated factors among women attending selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mekdes Akalewold ◽  
Getachew W. Yohannes ◽  
Ziyad Ahmed Abdo ◽  
Yonas Hailu ◽  
Aynye Negesse
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
World Health ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Introduction The World Health Organization estimated that approximately 48 million couples and 186 million people are infertile worldwide. Although the problem of infertility is increasing worldwide, as well as in Ethiopia, there are limited studies done. Therefore, this study aims to determine the magnitude of infertility and the major risk factors in three governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was used to conduct the study. The participants were selected by using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected through an interview using a structured questionnaire. The data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictor variables. Statistical significance was considered at a P < 0.05 with an adjusted odds ratio calculated at 95% CI. Result The overall prevalence of infertility was 27.6% (95%CI = 23.2, 32.0). Of these, 14.4% had primary infertility, and 13.2% had secondary infertility. Those whose duration of marriage was less than 60 months [AOR = 3.85; 95%CI 1.39, 10.64], had a history of fallopian tube obstructions [AOR = 8.27; 95%CI 2.36, 28.91], had irregular frequency of coitus [AOR = 37.4; 95%CI 11.29, 124.114], had more than one sex partner [AOR = 3.51; 95%CI 1.64, 7.54], had an abortion greater than 3 times [AOR = 6.89; 95%CI 1.28, 37.09], and had partners who currently consumed alcohol [AOR = 1.31; 95%CI 1.11, 1.86] were more likely to be infertile than their counterparts. Conclusion According to the results of this study, the prevalence of infertility was high compared to the global estimate of the World Health Organization. The government, health care providers, and researchers should emphasize developing appropriate strategies, research, education, and awareness creation of infertility and its potential causes.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Survey of Trachoma among Migrant School Aged Children in Shanghai, China

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenwen Xue ◽  
Lina Lu ◽  
Jianfeng Zhu ◽  
Xiangui He ◽  
Jiangnan He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
World Health ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gender Comparison ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Population Based Survey

We investigated the prevalence of clinical trachoma in 154,265 children aged 6 to 16 years in 206 Shanghai migrant schools. Clean water availability in school, each child’s facial cleanliness, eyelids, corneas, and the presenting distance visual acuities were examined. Trachoma was clinically diagnosed in accordance with the World Health Organization simplified classification. Eyes diagnosed with trachoma were swabbed to test for ocularChlamydia trachomatisinfections (OCTI) with a rapid latex immunochromatographic test. Among 153,977 students, no blindness was found related to trachoma. Trachoma was diagnosed in 8029 children (5.2%). In 87 schools clinical trachoma prevalence was higher than 5%. OCTI was confirmed in 2073 of 6823 trachoma diagnosed children (30.4%). Clinical trachoma prevalence was higher among females than males (p<0.001), but gender comparison showed no statistical difference in the prevalence of OCTI (p=0.077). Age and clinical trachoma (r=-0.014;p<0.001) or OCTI (r=-0.026;p=0.031) prevalence were negatively correlated. Clinical trachoma was different in different districts and counties (p<0.001). Trachoma warrants close attention in Shanghai migrant children because the condition remains endemic in some schools.

scholarly journals Cultivated autologous oral mucosal epithelial transplantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
S. A. Borzenok ◽  
B. E. Malyugin ◽  
M. Yu. Gerasimov ◽  
D. S. Ostrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
World Health ◽  
Epithelial Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
Corneal Blindness ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Health Organization

According to the World Health Organization, corneal blindness is the fourth most common cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. In Russia, up to 18% of blindness is caused by corneal damage. Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is one of the causes of corneal blindness and visual impairment due to anterior epithelial replacement with fibrovascular pannus. Bilateral LSCD may develop in patients with aniridia, Steven-Jones syndrome, and severe corneal burns of both eyes, leading to severe decrease in visual acuity in both eyes and, as a consequence, physical disability associated with blindness. In such cases, cell therapy, based on autologous oral epithelial culture as an alternative to allogeneic limbus transplants, is proposed for reconstruction of the anterior corneal epithelium. This new treatment method promotes corneal reepithelization, better visual acuity, reduced nonspecific ocular complaints and improved quality of life of patients. The effectiveness and significant increase in the frequency of transparent engraftment of donor corneas after cell therapy drives huge interest in this topic all over the world. This review presents literature data on the features of histotopography and methods for obtaining a cultured autologous oral mucosal epithelium, on cell markers that are used to identify epithelial cells, and on methods for creating cell grafts for subsequent transplantation to the corneal surface in LSCD patients.

GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN TENTANG KEPUTIHAN PADA SISWI SMA DI KABUPATEN OKU SELATAN TAHUN 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhemy Zurizah Yuhemy Zurizah
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
World Health ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

  ABSTRAK Flour Albous is the liquid that comes out of the vagina is not excessive blood. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) research on reproductive health Data show that 75 women in the world are experiencing vaginal discharge is normal and 45 of them may experience abnormal vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge is caused by some common factor, among other personal hygiene which is less good, stress, drug use, wearing tight underwear, rinse the genitals from the wrong direction, did not immediately replace the pads when the menstruation, and a dirty sanitary environment. The design of this research is a survey with cross sectional approach analytic where the independent variables (understanding, messes, symptoms, causes, complications, and cope, prevent vaginal discharge)and the dependent variable (an overview knowledge on students about whiteness) collected within 2 days. He knew an overview knowledge of whiteness on the HIGH SCHOOL students in the County's southern OKU 2016. This population is all 3rd grade HIGH SCHOOL students in the County's southern OKU 2016. Samples of penelian this is a 3rd grade HIGH SCHOOL students in the South 2016dan OKU taken total engineering population, methods of sampling by disseminating a questionnaire with the amount of 150 respondents. Univarat analysis results showed that respondents found out about understanding whiteness good of 79 respondents (52,6%) while less knowledge of 71 respondents (47,4%), response based on the knowledge of the various good whiteness 112 respondents (74,6%) and while less knowledge i.e. 38 respondents (25,4%). respondents to the investigation of knowledge about signs of vaginal discharge either 95 respondents (63,4%) and while less knowledge i.e. 55 respondents (36,6%) respondents based on the cause of vaginal discharge either 60 respondents (40%) and while less knowledge i.e. 90 respondents (60%),reponden based on knowledge about overcoming good whiteness 62 respondents (41,3%) and while less knowledge i.e. 88 respondents (58,7%),respondents to the investigation of the knowledge of good whiteness complications 78 respondents (52%) and while less knowledge i.e. 72 respondents (48%), and the respondent investigation knowledge how to prevent vaginal discharge either 52 respondents (34,6%) and while less knowledge i.e. 98 respondents (65,4%).       Keputihan adalah cairan yang keluar berlebihan dari vagina bukan merupakan darah. Menurut World Health Organization (WHO) Data penelitian tentang kesehatan reproduksi menunjukan bahwa 75% perempuan di dunia mengalami keputihan normal dan 45% diantaranya dapat mengalami keputihan abnormal.Keputihan disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor umum, antara lain personal hygiene yang kurang baik, stress, penggunaan obat-obatan, memakai pakaian dalam yang ketat, membilas alat kelamin dari arah yang salah, tidak segera mengganti pembalut saat menstruasi, dan lingkungan sanitasi yang kotor.Desain penelitian ini adalah survey analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional dimana variabel independen (pengertian, macam-macam, gejala, penyebab, mengatasi, komplikasi, dan mencegah keputihan) dan variable dependen (gambaran pengetahuan pada siswi tentang keputihan) dikumpulkan dalam waktu 2 hari. Diketahuinya gambaran pengetahuan tentang keputihan pada siswi SMA DI Kabupaten OKU SelatanTahun 2016. Populasi ini adalah semua kelas 3 siswi SMA DI Kabupaten OKU Selatan Tahun 2016. Sampel penelian ini adalah kelas 3 siswi SMA DI Kabupaten OKU Selatan Tahun 2016dan diambil metode teknik total populasi, pengambilan sampel ini dengan cara menyebarkan kuesioner dengan jumlah 150 responden. Hasil analisis univarat menunjukan responden yang mengetahui tentang pengertian keputihan baik sebesar 79 responden (52,6%), Respon berdasarkan pengetahuan tentang macam-macam keputihan baik 112 responden (74,6%) dan berdasarkan pengetahuan tentang mengatasi keputihan baik 62 responden (41,3%) dan responden berdasarakan pengetahuan cara mencegah keputihan baik 52 responden (34,6%)      

scholarly journals New World Health Organization reference values for semen analysis: where do we stand?

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Vieira
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
New World ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
References Values

Semen analysis is of paramount importance to study potential male fertility, couple's infertility, the effects of gonadotoxic agents on spermatogenesis and as follow-up test during treatment of male infertility. Since 1987, the World Health Organization proposes the standardization of this test and its reference values based on population-based data. The latest version of the World Health Organization guidelines was published in 2010. It introduced a new methodology that produced new references values, which triggered a discussion that lies inconclusive. We revised the original World Health Organization paper focusing on methodological changes and its results, the new references values and their impact on clinical practice.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional survey of COVID-19 preparedness in governmental hospitals of North-West Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212199329
Author(s):  
Abebe Tiruneh ◽  
Tikuneh Yetneberk ◽  
Denberu Eshetie ◽  
Bassazinew Chekol ◽  
Moges Gellaw
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
South Gondar

Introduction: The novel coronavirus was first reported in December 2019, from Wuhan, China, and it has been declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization on 7 January 2020, and from that time till now the disease transmitted across the world. Hospitals need to be prepared for the overwhelming COVID-19 cases in their respective hospitals. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the level of hospital preparedness for COVID-19 in South Gondar Zone Governmental Hospitals, 2020. Methods: The institutionally based survey was conducted in South Gondar Zone Hospitals from 20 July to 25 July 2020. We used the World Health Organization preparedness checklist for COVID-19, and the checklist has three options for eight hospitals (not started, in progress, and started), so each hospital evaluated out of 208 points (104 items × 2) to assess each hospital their preparedness based on the checklist. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Version 21, is used for the analysis of the data. We used descriptive statistics and explained by using text and tables. Results: We evaluated all eight hospitals in these zone hospitals and only one hospital was in an acceptable level of preparation (>146 points), three hospitals were in an insufficient level of preparation (73–145 points), and the other four hospitals were grouped under the unacceptable level of preparation (<72 points) for COVID-19. And in all hospitals, there was no laboratory diagnostic method and treatment center for the COVID-19 virus. Conclusion: From the level of COVID-19 pandemic preparation from eight hospitals, only one hospital reaches the level of an acceptable level of preparedness. Mobilizing the community and other stakeholders to equip the hospital with resources and prioritization is recommended to mitigate the impact of COVID-19.

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