scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies Key Cellulose Synthase Genes (CESA) and Cellulose Synthase-Like Genes (CSL) in Bast Fiber Development Stage of Flax (Linum Usitatissimum L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Guo ◽  
Lan Wen ◽  
Jikang Chen ◽  
Gen Pan ◽  
Zhimin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Fiber Development ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Stem Tissue ◽  
Galactose Metabolism ◽  
Galactosyl Transferase

Abstract Background: The cellulose synthase gene superfamily, including the cellulose synthase (CESA) and cellulose synthase-like (CSL) gene families, is vital for cell wall construction during plant growth, particularly for fiber development of flax, which is an old and important fiber crop. Results: This study performed a sequencing search of key CESA and CSL genes from several flax stem parts at different fiber development stages by comparing RNA-Seq. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to validate the expression of these genes. This study revealed that CESA4 genes (Lus10008225.g and Lus10008226.g), CESA6 genes (Lus10006161.g and Lus10041063.g), CESA8 genes (Lus10007296.g and Lus10029245.g), CSLD4 gene (Lus10026568.g), CSLE1 (Lus10016625.g) and CSLG genes (Lus10023056.g and Lus10023057.g) were specifically expressed in stem tissue below the snap point where fibers is increased amounts of secondary cell wall deposition. LusCESA4 genes, LusCESA8, genes and LusCSLD4 gene were specifically expressed in fiber development stage during the fast growth period of flax plants. Based on GO and KEGG analyses, it was found that genes involved in pathways of cellulose microfibril organization, galactosyl transferase activity and galactose metabolism were specifically enriched in the stem tissue of the fiber development stage. Other genes involved in cellulose biosynthesis were also analyzed and discussed. Conclusion: The results of this study will provide an important foundation for understanding fiber cell wall biogenesis, particularly the roles of LusCESAs and LusCSLs in the process of fiber development.

scholarly journals Identification of Putative Cell Wall Synthesis Genes in Betula pendula

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Chen ◽  
Xin Lin ◽  
Xiyang Zhao ◽  
Su Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis

Abstract BackgroundCellulose is an essential structural component of plant cell wall and is an important resource to produce paper, textiles, bioplastics and other biomaterials. The synthesis of cellulose is among the most important but poorly understood biochemical processes, which is precisely regulated by internal and external cues.ResultsHere, we identified 46 gene models in 7 gene families which encoding cellulose synthase and related enzymes of Betula pendula, and the transcript abundance of these genes in xylem, root, leaf and flower tissues also be determined. Based on these RNA-seq data, we have identified 8 genes that most likely participate in secondary cell wall synthesis, which include 3 cellulose synthase genes and 5 cellulose synthase-like genes. In parallel, a gene co-expression network was also constructed based on transcriptome sequencing.ConclusionsIn this study, we have identified a total of 46 cell wall synthesis genes in B. pendula, which include 8 secondary cell wall synthesis genes. These analyses will help decipher the genetic information of the cell wall synthesis genes, elucidate the molecular mechanism of cellulose synthesis and understand the cell wall structure in B. pendula.

cDNA-AFLP profiling for the fiber development stage of secondary cell wall synthesis and transcriptome mapping in cotton

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (17) ◽  
pp. 2358-2364 ◽  
Author(s):  
YuXin Pan ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
GuiYin Zhang ◽  
GaiYing Han ◽  
XingFen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Fiber Development ◽  
Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis

scholarly journals Aberrant Expression of Critical Genes during Secondary Cell Wall Biogenesis in a Cotton Mutant, Ligon Lintless-1 (Li-1)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Bolton ◽  
Khairy M. Soliman ◽  
Thea A. Wilkins ◽  
Johnie N. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Fiber Development ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Cell Wall Biogenesis ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis

Over ninety percent of the value of cotton comes from its fiber; however, the genetic mechanisms governing fiber development are poorly understood. Due to their biochemical and morphological diversity in fiber cells cotton fiber mutants have been useful in examining fiber development; therefore, using the Ligon Lintless (Li-1) mutant, a monogenic dominant cotton mutant with very short fibers, we employed the high throughput approaches of microarray technology and real time PCR to gain insights into what genes were critical during the secondary cell wall synthesis stage. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the normal TM-1 genotype and the near isogenicLi-1 revealed that over 100 transcripts were differentially expressed at least 2-fold during secondary wall biogenesis, although the genetic profile of the expansion phase showed no significant differences in the isolines. Of particular note, we identified three candidate gene families-expansin, sucrose synthase, and tubulin—whose expression inLi-1 deviates from normal expression patterns of its parent, TM-1. These genes may contribute to retarded growth of fibers inLi-1 since they are fiber-expressed structural and metabolic genes. This work provides more details into the mechanisms of fiber development, and suggests theLigene is active during the later stages of fiber development.

scholarly journals Inhibition of cell expansion enhances cortical microtubule stability in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Giourieva ◽  
Emmanuel Panteris
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cellulose Biosynthesis ◽  
Cortical Microtubules ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Microtubule Stability

Abstract Background Cortical microtubules regulate cell expansion by determining cellulose microfibril orientation in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana. While the regulation of cell wall properties by cortical microtubules is well studied, the data on the influence of cell wall to cortical microtubule organization and stability remain scarce. Studies on cellulose biosynthesis mutants revealed that cortical microtubules depend on Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) function and/or cell expansion. Furthermore, it has been reported that cortical microtubules in cellulose-deficient mutants are hypersensitive to oryzalin. In this work, the persistence of cortical microtubules against anti-microtubule treatment was thoroughly studied in the roots of several cesa mutants, namely thanatos, mre1, any1, prc1-1 and rsw1, and the Cellulose Synthase Interacting 1 protein (csi1) mutant pom2-4. In addition, various treatments with drugs affecting cell expansion were performed on wild-type roots. Whole mount tubulin immunolabeling was applied in the above roots and observations were performed by confocal microscopy. Results Cortical microtubules in all mutants showed statistically significant increased persistence against anti-microtubule drugs, compared to those of the wild-type. Furthermore, to examine if the enhanced stability of cortical microtubules was due to reduced cellulose biosynthesis or to suppression of cell expansion, treatments of wild-type roots with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and Congo red were performed. After these treatments, cortical microtubules appeared more resistant to oryzalin, than in the control. Conclusions According to these findings, it may be concluded that inhibition of cell expansion, irrespective of the cause, results in increased microtubule stability in A. thaliana root. In addition, cell expansion does not only rely on cortical microtubule orientation but also plays a regulatory role in microtubule dynamics, as well. Various hypotheses may explain the increased cortical microtubule stability under decreased cell expansion such as the role of cell wall sensors and the presence of less dynamic cortical microtubules.

scholarly journals In silico and functional characterization of the promoter of a Eucalyptussecondary cell wall associated cellulose synthase gene (EgCesA1)

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (S7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicky Creux ◽  
Minique De Castro ◽  
Martin Ranik ◽  
Antanas Spokevicius ◽  
Gerd Bossinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Cellulose Synthase Gene

scholarly journals Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laszlo G Nagy ◽  
Peter Jan Vonk ◽  
Markus Kunzler ◽  
Csenge Foldi ◽  
Mate Viragh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Schizophyllum Commune ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Body Development ◽  
Fruiting Body Development

Fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates tissue differentiation, growth and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim to comprehensively identify conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distill novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterized genes. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide informed hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defense, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10% of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Key words: functional annotation; comparative genomics; cell wall remodeling; development; fruiting body morphogenesis; mushroom; transcriptome

scholarly journals Sheep Digestive Physiology and Constituents of Feeds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Medjekal ◽  
Mouloud Ghadbane
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
The Common

Sheep have a gastrointestinal tract similar to that of other ruminants. Their stomach is made up of four digestive organs: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum. The rumen plays a role in storing ingested foods, which are fermented by a complex anaerobic rumen microbiota population with different types of interactions, positive or negative, that can occur between their microbial populations. Sheep feeding is largely based on the use of natural or cultivated fodder, which is exploited in green by grazing during the growth period of the grass and in the form of fodder preserved during the winter period. Ruminant foods are essentially of plant origin, and their constituents belong to two types of structures: intracellular constituents and cell wall components. Cellular carbohydrates play a role of metabolites or energy reserves; soluble carbohydrates account for less than 10% dry matter (DM) of foods. The plant cell wall is multi-layered and consists of primary wall and secondary wall. Fundamentally, the walls are deposited at an early stage of growth. A central blade forms the common boundary layer between two adjacent cells and occupies the location of the cell plate. Most of the plant cell walls consist of polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose and pectic substances) and lignin, these constituents being highly polymerized, as well as proteins and tannins.

scholarly journals FRA1 modulates cortical microtubule localization of CMU proteins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anindya Ganguly ◽  
Chuanmei Zhu ◽  
Weizu Chen ◽  
Ram Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cortical Microtubule ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Lateral Stability ◽  
Cortical Microtubules ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Opposing Effect ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

ABSTRACTConstruction of the cell wall demands harmonized deposition of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides. Cortical microtubules orient the deposition of cellulose by guiding the trajectory of plasma membrane-embedded cellulose synthase complexes. Vesicles containing matrix polysaccharides are thought to be transported by the FRA1 kinesin to facilitate their secretion along cortical microtubules. The cortical microtubule cytoskeleton thus provides a platform to coordinate the delivery of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that the tail region of the FRA1 kinesin physically interacts with CMU proteins which are important for the microtubule-dependent guidance of cellulose synthase complexes. Interaction with CMUs did not affect microtubule binding or motility of the FRA1 kinesin but had an opposing effect on the cortical microtubule localization of CMU1 and CMU2 proteins, thus regulating the lateral stability of cortical microtubules. Phosphorylation of the FRA1 tail region by CKL6 inhibited binding to CMUs and consequently reversed the extent of cortical microtubule decoration by CMU1 and CMU2. Genetic experiments demonstrated the significance of this interaction to the growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. We propose that modulation of CMU’s microtubule localization by FRA1 provides a mechanism to control the coordinated deposition of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides.

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