scholarly journals Effects of aging on the skin and gill microbiota of farmed seabass and seabream

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Rosado ◽  
Marcos Pérez-Losada ◽  
Ana Pereira ◽  
Ricardo Severino ◽  
Raquel Xavier
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Important changes in microbioal composition related to sexual maturation have been already reported in the gut of several vertebrates including mammals, amphibians and fish. Such changes in fish are linked to reproduction and growth during developmental stages, diet transitions and critical life events. We used amplicon (16S rRNA) high-throughput sequencing to characterize the skin and gill bacterial microbiota of farmed seabass and seabream belonging to three different developmental age groups: early and late juveniles and mature adults. We also assessed the impact of the surrounding estuarine water microbiota in shaping the fish skin and gill microbiota. Results: Microbial diversity, composition and potential metabolic functions varied across fish maturity stages. Alpha-diversity in the seabass microbiota varied significantly between age groups and was higher in older fish. Conversely, in the seabream, no significant differences were found in alpha diversity between age groups. Microbial structure varied significantly across age groups; moreover, high structural variation was also observed within groups. Different bacterial metabolic pathways were predicted to be enriched in the microbiota of both species. Finally, we found that the water microbiota is significantly distinct from all the fish microbiota across the studied age groups, although a high percentage of ASVs is shared with the skin and gill microbiota. Conclusions: We report important microbial differences in composition and potential functionality across the different ages of farmed seabass and seabream. These differences may be related to somatic growth and the onset of sexual maturation. Importantly, some of the inferred metabolic pathways could enhance the host coping mechanisms during stressful conditions. Our results provide new evidence suggesting that growth and sexual maturation have an important role in shaping the external mucosa microbiota of fish and highlight the importance of considering different life stages in microbiota studies.

scholarly journals Effects of aging on the skin and gill microbiota of farmed seabass and seabream

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Rosado ◽  
Marcos Pérez-Losada ◽  
Ana Pereira ◽  
Ricardo Severino ◽  
Raquel Xavier
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Important changes in microbial composition related to sexual maturation have been already reported in the gut of several vertebrates including mammals, amphibians and fish. Such changes in fish are linked to reproduction and growth during developmental stages, diet transitions and critical life events. We used amplicon (16S rRNA) high-throughput sequencing to characterize the skin and gill bacterial microbiota of farmed seabass and seabream belonging to three different developmental age groups: early and late juveniles and mature adults. We also assessed the impact of the surrounding estuarine water microbiota in shaping the fish skin and gill microbiota. Results: Microbial diversity, composition and predicted metabolic functions varied across fish maturity stages. Alpha-diversity in the seabass microbiota varied significantly between age groups and was higher in older fish. Conversely, in the seabream, no significant differences were found in alpha-diversity between age groups. Microbial structure varied significantly across age groups; moreover, high structural variation was also observed within groups. Different bacterial metabolic pathways were predicted to be enriched in the microbiota of both species. Finally, we found that the water microbiota was significantly distinct from the fish microbiota across all the studied age groups, although a high percentage of ASVs was shared with the skin and gill microbiotas.Conclusions: We report important microbial differences in composition and potential functionality across different ages of farmed seabass and seabream. These differences may be related to somatic growth and the onset of sexual maturation. Importantly, some of the inferred metabolic pathways could enhance the fish coping mechanisms during stressful conditions. Our results provide new evidence suggesting that growth and sexual maturation have an important role in shaping the microbiota of the fish external mucosae and highlight the importance of considering different life stages in microbiota studies.

scholarly journals Characterization of the skin and gill microbiomes in farmed seabass and seabream across different age groups

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Rosado ◽  
Marcos Pérez-Losada ◽  
Ana Pereira ◽  
Ricardo Severino ◽  
Raquel Xavier
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Important changes in microbiome composition related to sexual maturation have been already reported in the gut of several vertebrates including mammals, amphibians and fish. Such changes in fish are linked to reproduction and growth during developmental stages, diet transitions and critical life events. We used amplicon (16S rRNA) high-throughput sequencing to characterize the skin and gill bacterial microbiomes of farmed seabass and seabream belonging to three different developmental age groups: early and late juveniles and mature adults. We also assessed the impact of the surrounding estuarine water microbiome in shaping the fish skin and gill microbiomes.Results Microbiome diversity, composition and potential metabolic functions varied across fish maturity stages. Alpha-diversity in the seabass microbiome varied significantly between age groups and was higher in older fish. Conversely, in the seabream, no significant differences were found in alpha diversity between age groups, although it was higher in the skin of juveniles. Microbiome structure varied significantly across age groups. Different bacterial metabolic pathways were predicted to be enriched in the microbiomes of both species. Finally, we found that the water microbiome is significantly distinct from all the fish microbiomes across the studied age groups, although a high percentage of ASVs is shared with the skin and gill microbiomes.Conclusions We report important microbial differences in composition and potential functionality across the different ages of farmed seabass and seabream. These differences may be related to somatic growth and the onset of sexual maturation. Importantly, some of the inferred metabolic pathways could enhance the host coping mechanisms during stressful conditions. Our results provide new evidence suggesting that growth and sexual maturation have an important role in shaping the external mucosa microbiomes of fish and highlight the importance of considering different life stages in microbiome studies.

scholarly journals Effects of aging on the skin and gill microbiota of farmed seabass and seabream

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Rosado ◽  
Marcos Pérez-Losada ◽  
Ana Pereira ◽  
Ricardo Severino ◽  
Raquel Xavier
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Important changes in microbial composition related to sexual maturation have been already reported in the gut of several vertebrates including mammals, amphibians and fish. Such changes in fish are linked to reproduction and growth during developmental stages, diet transitions and critical life events. We used amplicon (16S rRNA) high-throughput sequencing to characterize the skin and gill bacterial microbiota of farmed seabass and seabream belonging to three different developmental age groups: early and late juveniles and mature adults. We also assessed the impact of the surrounding estuarine water microbiota in shaping the fish skin and gill microbiota. Results Microbial diversity, composition and predicted metabolic functions varied across fish maturity stages. Alpha-diversity in the seabass microbiota varied significantly between age groups and was higher in older fish. Conversely, in the seabream, no significant differences were found in alpha-diversity between age groups. Microbial structure varied significantly across age groups; moreover, high structural variation was also observed within groups. Different bacterial metabolic pathways were predicted to be enriched in the microbiota of both species. Finally, we found that the water microbiota was significantly distinct from the fish microbiota across all the studied age groups, although a high percentage of ASVs was shared with the skin and gill microbiotas. Conclusions We report important microbial differences in composition and potential functionality across different ages of farmed seabass and seabream. These differences may be related to somatic growth and the onset of sexual maturation. Importantly, some of the inferred metabolic pathways could enhance the fish coping mechanisms during stressful conditions. Our results provide new evidence suggesting that growth and sexual maturation have an important role in shaping the microbiota of the fish external mucosae and highlight the importance of considering different life stages in microbiota studies.

scholarly journals High-Throughput Sequencing is a Crucial Tool to Investigate the Contribution of Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) to Human Biology and Development

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Paola Pisano ◽  
Nicole Grandi ◽  
Enzo Tramontano
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Human Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Retroviral Infections ◽  
The Impact

Human Endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections that represent a large fraction of our genome. Their transcriptional activity is finely regulated in early developmental stages and their expression is modulated in different cell types and tissues. Such activity has an impact on human physiology and pathology that is only partially understood up to date. Novel high-throughput sequencing tools have recently allowed for a great advancement in elucidating the various HERV expression patterns in different tissues as well as the mechanisms controlling their transcription, and overall, have helped in gaining better insights in an all-inclusive understanding of the impact of HERVs in biology of the host.

scholarly journals Children at Play: Thoughts about the impact of networked toys in the game of life and the role of law

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Product Liability ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
The Impact

Information communication technology is spreading fast and wide. Driven by convenience, it enables people to undertake personal tasks and make decisions more easily and efficiently. Convenience enjoys an air of liberation as well as self-expression affecting all areas of life. The industry for children's toys is a major economic market becoming ever more tech-related and drawn into the battle for convenience. Like any other tech-related industry, this battle is about industry dominance and, currently, that involves networked toys. Networked toys aim to enhance convenience for children and parents alike. Increasingly difficult to resist, these convenient networked devices are also a societal game changer. Neatly nestled in a lacuna juris and surrounded by a lack of clinical evidence, networked toys raise complex ethical issues concerning human development. This article lays bare the regulatory nexus for networked toys and invites ethical thinking to fill the gap to ensure sufficient protection for all human developmental stages. Networked toys not only affect but also might interfere with child development. Therefore, the article initially summarises the four key psychological stages through which the neurological development of the human brain processes. Each of these stages involves vital windows for human development in cognitive, emotional and social dimensions. Missing any of these developmental windows changes an individual human for life. The article then takes a look at the two main legal frameworks protecting the stages of human development which are applicable to networked toys: First, the examination of the human rights framework with its major segments emanating from the fundamental rights to privacy for family and home, to a child's education as well as to personal data reveals the use of current networked toys as a shielded part of parenting which tends to be at odds with privacy and data protection requirements. Second, the product liability framework for toy manufacturers requires evidence-based causality for putting a child's safety at risk. Unfortunately, these legal frameworks fail to offer sufficient protection of the human developmental stages. There is a lacuna juris. Although networked toys involve the risk of negatively impacting human development in every dimension, clinical psychological studies are impossible to acquire as court evidence for product liability because they take too long to provide reliable data while exposing several generations of children to the examined risk in the process. Meanwhile the temptation of convenience continues to drive the industry and consumers of networked toys and devices, which are already impacting children of all age groups. Accepting this phenomenon as an element of cognitive dissonance in society and in science falls far short of an appropriate ethical balance. The need for creating such an ethical balance concerning networked toys is all the more imperative because even if the networked toy industry managed to eliminate all psychological risks for human development and every legal conflict with privacy and security, significant ethical and societal risks of networked toys remain due to inevitable technological bias. Against these mounting changes, it is suggested that only an ethical approach of interdisciplinary research and learning seems most promising to develop an appropriate equilibrium between the complex challenges posed by networked toys and the societal values at stake.

scholarly journals Time-Dependent Effect of Graphene on the Microbial Activity of the Soil Under Single and Repeated Exposures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjuan Liu ◽  
Yufeng Guo ◽  
Guoli Chai ◽  
Wenbo Deng
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Soil Bacterial Community ◽  
Soil Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Soil Bacterial ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Graphene (GR) has huge industrial and biomedical potential, and its adverse effect on soil microorganisms has been evaluated in some ecotoxicological studies. These studies focus on a single exposure to GR, but repeated exposures are more likely to occur in soil. In this study, we compared the impact of single and repeated exposures (one, two and three exposures that resulted in the same final concentration) of GR on structure, abundance and function of soil bacterial community based on soil enzyme activity and high-throughput sequencing. The activities of urease and fluorescein diacetate esterase and alpha diversity demonstrate that repeated exposure to GR increase the diversity of soil bacterial diversity after 4 days of incubation following the last application of GR to soil. And the PCoA and sample level clustering tree showed single exposure to GR after 4 days alter the soil bacterial community to some extent, but the difference has been narrowed with the extension of time. During the entire incubation process, no matter what kind of exposure scenarios to GR, the majority of bacterial phylotypes remained unchanged except for Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria according to the relative abundance of phylotypes.

scholarly journals Time-dependent Effect of Graphene on the Microbial Activity of the Soil Under Single and Repeated Exposures

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
wenjuan liu ◽  
yufeng guo ◽  
guoli chai ◽  
wenbo deng
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Soil Bacterial Community ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Time Dependent Effect ◽  
Soil Bacterial ◽  
And Function ◽  
Clustering Tree ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Graphene (GR) has huge industrial and biomedical potential, and its adverse effect on soil microorganisms has been evaluated in ecotoxicological studies. These studies focus on a single exposure to GR, but repeated exposures are more likely to occur. In this study, we compared the impact of single and repeated exposures of GR on structure, abundance and function of soil bacterial community based on soil enzyme activity and high-throughput sequencing. The activities of urease and fluorescein diacetate esterase and alpha diversity demonstrate that repeated exposure to GR increase the diversity of soil bacteria. The PCoA and sample level clustering tree showed single exposure to GR after 4 days alter the soil bacterial community to some extent. During the entire incubation process, no matter what kind of exposure scenarios to GR, the majority of bacterial phylotypes remained unchanged except for Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria according to the relative abundance of phylotypes.

scholarly journals Tibetan wild asses (Equus Kiang) were superior to domestic donkeys (Equus Asinus) in terms of the composition and function of gut microbial community

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongjin Liu ◽  
Xinquan Zhao ◽  
Shixiao Xu ◽  
Liang Zhao ◽  
Xueping Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Equus Asinus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Function ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

Abstract Tibetan wild asses (Equus Kiang) are the only wild species of perissodactyls on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and appears on the International Union for Conversation of Nature (IUCN) 2012 Red List of threatened species. Therefor, understanding the gut microbita composition and function can provide a theoretical for the situ conservation of wild animals in the future. This study analyzed the intestinal microbiota of wild asses and domestic donkeys by high-throughput sequencing of the 16s rDNA regions. No significant difference in alpha diversity was detected between these two groups. Beta diversity showed that the bacterial community structure of wild asses was acutely different from domestic donkeys. At the phylum level, the two dominant phyla of Bacteroidetes and Firmcutes in wild asses were significantly higher than that in domestic donkeys. At the genus level, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214, Phascolarctobacterium, Coprostanoligenes_group, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group and Akkermansia in wild asses were significantly higher than domestic donkeys. Moreover, statistical comparisons showed that 40 different metabolic pathways exhibited significant differences. Among them, 29 pathways had richer concentrations in wild asses than domestic donkeys, mainly included amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism. Of note, network analysis showed that wild asses harbored a relatively more complex bacterial network than domestic donkeys, possibly reflecting the specific niche adaption of gut bacterial communities through species interactions. The overall results indicated that wild asses were superior to that of domestic in gut bacteria community composition and function, and wild asses should be more suitable to survive in wild than to be domesticated or captive.

scholarly journals Age differences in privacy attitudes, literacy and privacy management on Facebook

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Kezer ◽  
Barış Sevi ◽  
Zeynep Cemalcilar ◽  
Lemi Baruh
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Online Privacy ◽  
Privacy Management ◽  
Protective Behavior ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
The Impact

Privacy has been identified as a hot button issue in literature on Social Network Sites (SNSs). While considerable research has been conducted with teenagers and young adults, scant attention has been paid to differences among adult age groups regarding privacy management behavior. With a multidimensional approach to privacy attitudes, we investigate Facebook use, privacy attitudes, online privacy literacy, disclosure, and privacy protective behavior on Facebook across three adult age groups (18-40, 41-65, and 65+). The sample consisted of an online convenience sample of 518 adult Facebook users. Comparisons suggested that although age groups were comparable in terms of general Internet use and online privacy literacy, younger groups were more likely to use SNSs more frequently, use Facebook for social interaction purposes, and have larger networks. Also, younger adults were more likely to self-disclose and engage in privacy protective behaviors on Facebook. In terms of privacy attitudes, older age groups were more likely to be concerned about privacy of other individuals. In general, all dimensions of privacy attitudes (i.e., belief that privacy is a right, being concerned about one’s privacy, belief that one’s privacy is contingent on others, being concerned about protecting privacy of others) were positively correlated with engagement in privacy protective behavior on Facebook. A mediation model demonstrated that amount of disclosure mediated the relationship between age groups and privacy protective behavior on Facebook. Finally, ANCOVA suggested that the impact of privacy attitudes on privacy protective behavior was stronger among mature adults. Also, unlike older age groups, among young adults, considering privacy as a right or being concerned about privacy of other individuals had no impact on privacy protective behavior.

Effects of aging on axon terminals in the dentate molecular layer

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 928-929
Author(s):  
K. Cullen-Dockstader ◽  
E. Fifkova
Keyword(s):  
Granule Cells ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Perforant Path ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Spatial Memory Deficit ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Normal aging results in a pronounced spatial memory deficit associated with a rapid decay of long-term potentiation at the synapses between the perforant path and spines in the medial and distal thirds of the dentate molecular layer (DML), suggesting the alteration of synaptic transmission in the dentate fascia. While the number of dentate granule cells remains unchanged, and there are no obvious pathological changes in these cells associated with increasing age, the density of their axospinous contacts has been shown to decrease. There are indications that the presynaptic element is affected by senescence before the postsynaptic element, yet little attention has been given to the fine structure of the remaining axon terminals. Therefore, we studied the axon terminals of the perforant path in the DML across three age groups.5 Male rats (Fischer 344) of each age group (3, 24 and 30 months), were perfused through the aorta.

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