scholarly journals Blocked pollen release prevents fruit formation in the halophyte Elaeagnus angustifolia in non-saline habitats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianrong Guo ◽  
Baoshan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Elaeagnus Angustifolia ◽  
Anther Dehiscence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Saline Habitats ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Pollen Vitality

Abstract Background: Anther development affects the reproduction of flowering plants. Halophyte Elaeagnus angustifolia can bear fruits when grown in saline soils. However, no fruits are born in non-saline soils. The possible reasons and differences in E. angustifolia under two conditions were elucidated.Results: We examined features including pollen vitality and germination, in situ pollen germination after natural and hand pollination, anthers after pollen release, and the transcriptome in anthers. No significant difference was observed in pollen vitality or stigma receptivity in E. angustifolia in non-saline vs. saline habitats. However, no pollen tubes were present in styles, and pollen grains were abundant in E. angustifolia anthers under non-saline conditions. Notably, many pollen tubes formed in styles of E. angustifolia after hand pollination in the non-saline habitat. And the differentially expressed genes in anthers from saline vs. non-saline habitats were mainly related to phytohormones, cell wall secondary thickening, transcription factors and ion transport.Conclusions: E. angustifolia fail to form fruits in non-saline habitats due to poor anther pollen release. The induction and coordinated upregulation of genes related to anther cell wall formation and JA biosynthesis likely contribute to anther dehiscence in E. angustifolia in saline habitats, whereas anther dehiscence is blocked in plants grown in non-saline habitats.

scholarly journals Blocked Pollen Release Prevents Fruit Formation in the Halophyte Elaeagnus Angustifolia in Non-Saline Habitats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianrong Guo ◽  
Baoshan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Elaeagnus Angustifolia ◽  
Anther Dehiscence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Saline Habitats ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Pollen Vitality

Abstract Background: Anther development affects the reproduction of flowering plants. Halophyte Elaeagnus angustifolia can produce fruits when grown in saline soils. However, no fruits are produced in non-saline soils. The possible reasons and differences in E. angustifolia under two conditions were elucidated. Results: We examined features including pollen vitality and germination, in situ pollen germination after natural and hand pollination, anthers after pollen release, and the transcriptome in anthers. No significant difference was observed in pollen vitality or stigma receptivity in E. angustifolia in non-saline vs. saline habitats. However, no pollen tubes were present in styles, and pollen grains were abundant in E. angustifolia anthers under non-saline conditions. Notably, many pollen tubes formed in styles of E. angustifolia after hand pollination in the non-saline habitat. And the differentially expressed genes in anthers from saline vs. non-saline habitats were mainly related to phytohormones, cell wall secondary thickening, transcription factors and ion transport. Conclusions: E. angustifolia fail to form fruits in non-saline habitats due to poor anther pollen release. The induction and coordinated upregulation of genes related to anther cell wall formation and JA biosynthesis likely contribute to anther dehiscence in E. angustifolia in saline habitats, whereas anther dehiscence is blocked in plants grown in non-saline habitats.

scholarly journals Blocked pollen release prevents fruit formation in the halophyte Elaeagnus angustifolia in non-saline habitats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianrong Guo ◽  
Baoshan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Elaeagnus Angustifolia ◽  
Anther Dehiscence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Saline Habitats ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Pollen Vitality

Abstract Background: Anther development affects the reproduction of flowering plants. Halophyte Elaeagnus angustifolia can bear fruits when grown in saline soils. However, no fruits are born in non-saline soils. The possible reasons and differences in E. angustifolia under two conditions were elucidated. Results: We examined features including pollen vitality and germination, in situ pollen germination after natural and hand pollination, anthers after pollen release, and the transcriptome in anthers. No significant difference was observed in pollen vitality or stigma receptivity in E. angustifolia in non-saline vs. saline habitats. However, no pollen tubes were present in styles, and pollen grains were abundant in E. angustifolia anthers under non-saline conditions. Notably, many pollen tubes formed in styles of E. angustifolia after hand pollination in the non-saline habitat. And the differentially expressed genes in anthers from saline vs. non-saline habitats were mainly related to phytohormones, cell wall secondary thickening, transcription factors and ion transport. Conclusions: E. angustifolia fail to form fruits in non-saline habitats due to poor anther pollen release. The induction and coordinated upregulation of genes related to anther cell wall formation and JA biosynthesis likely contribute to anther dehiscence in E. angustifolia in saline habitats, whereas anther dehiscence is blocked in plants grown in non-saline habitats.

Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽  
Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽  
Razali Abd Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia sepium is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G. sepium at three intervals according to age groups ( three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years ofage as compared to five (0.41) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

scholarly journals Do s genes or deleterious recessives control late-acting self-incompatibility in Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Bignoniaceae)? A diallel study with four full sib progeny arrays

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta B Bianchi ◽  
Thomas R Meagher ◽  
Peter E Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Partial Embryo ◽  
Ovule Penetration ◽  
S Genes

Abstract Background and Aims Genetically controlled self-incompatibility (SI) mechanisms constrain selfing and thus have contributed to the evolutionary diversity of flowering plants. In homomorphic gametophytic SI (GSI) and homomorphic sporophytic SI (SSI), genetic control is usually by a single multi-allelic locus S. Both GSI and SSI prevent self pollen tubes reaching the ovary and so are pre-zygotic in action. In contrast, in taxa with late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI), rejection is often post-zygotic, since self-pollen tubes grow to the ovary where fertilization may occur prior to floral abscission. Alternatively, lack of self fruit set could be due to early-acting inbreeding depression (EID). The aim of our study was to investigate mechanisms underlying lack of selfed fruit set in Handroanthus heptaphyllus in order to assess the likelihood of LSI versus EID. Methods We employed four full sib diallels to study the genetic control of LSI in Handroanthus heptaphyllus using a precociously flowering variant. We also used fluorescence microscopy to study the incidence of ovule penetration by pollen tubes in pistils that abscised following pollination or initiated fruits. Key Results All diallels showed reciprocally cross-incompatible full-sibs (RCI), reciprocally cross compatible full-sibs (RCC), and non-reciprocally compatible full-sibs (NRC) in almost equal proportions. There was no significant difference between the incidence of ovule penetrations in abscised pistils following self- and cross-incompatible pollinations, but those in successful cross pollinations were around twofold greater. Conclusions A genetic model postulating a single S locus with four s alleles, one of which, in the maternal parent, is dominant to the other three, will produce RCI, RCC and NRC situations each at 33 %, consistent with our diallel results. We favour this simple genetic control over an early-acting inbreeding depression (EID) explanation since none of our pollinations, successful or unsuccessful, resulted in partial embryo development, as would be expected under a whole genome EID effect.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of Different Plant Cell Wall–Degrading Enzymes Is Important for Virulence of Fusarium graminearum

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 886-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chiara Paccanaro ◽  
Luca Sella ◽  
Carla Castiglioni ◽  
Francesca Giacomello ◽  
Ana Lilia Martínez-Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Xylanase Production ◽  
Significant Difference

Endo-polygalacturonases (PGs) and xylanases have been shown to play an important role during pathogenesis of some fungal pathogens of dicot plants, while their role in monocot pathogens is less defined. Pg1 and xyr1 genes of the wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum encode the main PG and the major regulator of xylanase production, respectively. Single- and double-disrupted mutants for these genes were obtained to assess their contribution to fungal infection. Compared with wild-type strain, the ∆pg mutant showed a nearly abolished PG activity, slight reduced virulence on soybean seedlings, but no significant difference in disease symptoms on wheat spikes; the ∆xyr mutant was strongly reduced in xylanase activity and moderately reduced in cellulase activity but was as virulent as wild type on both soybean and wheat plants. Consequently, the ΔpgΔxyr double mutant was impaired in xylanase, PG, and cellulase activities but, differently from single mutants, was significantly reduced in virulence on both plants. These findings demonstrate that the concurrent presence of PG, xylanase, and cellulase activities is necessary for full virulence. The observation that the uronides released from wheat cell wall after a F. graminearum PG treatment were largely increased by the fungal xylanases suggests that these enzymes act synergistically in deconstructing the plant cell wall.

scholarly journals Influence of the method of disintegration of biomass of microalga Chlorella sorokiniana on the production of lipid fraction

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Yulia A. Smyatskaya ◽  
◽  
Natalia A. Politaeva ◽  
Amira Toumi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Chlorella Sorokiniana ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Selection Of

This article discusses the effect of the disintegration of the cell wall of the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana on the output of the lipid fraction. The biomass of the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana was grown under laboratory conditions in special photobioreactors at a temperature of 25 °C, with a constant aeration of a mixture of carbon dioxide and air at a rate of 1.5 liters/min, illumination 2200-2800 Lx. Nutrient medium for cultivation contained macro – and micronutrients for high-speed growth of microalgae. Selection of optimal cultivation parameters allows obtaining biomass with desired properties. Disintegration was carried out with the homogenization of biomass and under the influence of microwave radiation. Extraction of lipids was carried out on a semi-automatic extractor according to the Randall method, using organic solvents. The output of the lipid fraction without treatment was 10.18% after the destruction of the cell wall 14.45% with the homogenization of biomass and 13.85% under the influence of microwave radiation. A qualitative analysis of the lipid fraction, carried out under gas chromatography, obtained under various conditions showed that there was no significant difference in composition from the disintegration method. Lipid fractions (more than 50%) in both cases consist mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, of which irreplaceable unsaturated fatty acids constitute more than 18% for both samples. The residual biomass formed after the extraction of the lipid fraction can be used as fertilizer in the plant, for the manufacture of sorption materials for the purification of industrial water and as a biofuel. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of cell wall disintegration on the output of the lipid fraction and qualitative composition.

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