scholarly journals The Method and Results of a Treatment Targeting SARS-CoV-2-Activated Inflammasomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badar Kanwar ◽  
Asif Khattak ◽  
Chul Joong Lee ◽  
Jenny Balentine ◽  
R. E. Kast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Clinicians in critical care medicine considered dapsone administration to treat SARS-CoV-2 inflammasome. Dapsone is useful in the molecular regulation of Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3). Objective To study the targeting of NLRP3 itself or up-/downstream factors of the NLRP3 inflammasome by dapsone must be responsible for its observed preventive effects, functioning as a competitor. Methods This is case series with or without intervention; a cross-sectional study. We set out to use objective criteria of improvement, such as A. a reduction in the FIO2 requirement and B. a decrease in the progression of hypoxia. We treated the patients with standard COVID-19 ARDS treatment with dapsone 100 mg to target NLRP3 inflammasomes. Results The 22 cases were treated with standard COVID-19 therapy with dapsone (trial group), and the 22 cases were the control group. The comparison was made assuming that only decreased FIO2 was influential in the trial and control groups, which applied to only the ARDS onset stage. The chi-square statistic is 5.1836. The p-value is .02280. Fisher’s exact test statistic value is 0.0433. (The result is significant at p < .05) Furthermore, the ARDS-onset mortality rates were 0% (with dapsone) and 40% (without dapsone). Conclusion There was a significant difference in dapsone treatment results in the ARDS-onset group. We confirmed that dapsone clinically treated the onset of ARDS by targeting SARS-CoV-2-activated inflammasomes. Like chemically reacting substances, inflammasome and dapsone are competing, proving that it is only effective in treating early ARDS.

scholarly journals The Method and Results of a Treatment Targeting SARS-CoV-2-Activated Inflammasomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Hoon Lee ◽  
Badar Kanwar ◽  
Chul Joong Lee ◽  
Jenny Balentine ◽  
Asif Khattak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chemically Reacting ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Receptor Family

Abstract Background Clinicians considered dapsone administration to treat SARS-CoV-2 inflammasome. Dapsone is helpful in the molecular regulation of Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3).Objective To study the targeting of NLRP3 itself or up-/downstream factors of the NLRP3 inflammasome by dapsone must be responsible for its observed preventive effects, functioning as a competitor.Methods This is a randomized controlled trial (RCT). We set out to use objective criteria of improvement, such as A. a reduction in the FIO2 requirement and B. a decrease in the progression of hypoxia. We treated the patients with standard COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) treatment with dapsone. The RCT results were analyzed.Results ARDS progression was blocked in 17 of 19 total patients at the first period. The 44 (trial 22/ control 22) subjects were analyzed during the second period. The chi-square statistic is 5.1836. The p-value is .02280. (RR 0.21, OR 0.1) Fisher's exact test statistic value is 0.0433. (The result is significant at p < .05) (RR 0.15, OR 0) It is significant at the ARDS onset stage.Conclusion There was a significant difference in dapsone treatment results in the ARDS-onset group. We confirmed that dapsone clinically treated the onset of ARDS by targeting SARS-CoV-2-activated inflammasomes. Like chemically reacting substances, inflammasome and dapsone compete, proving that it is effective in early ARDS. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04918914

scholarly journals Specific Treatment Exists for SARS-CoV-2 ARDS

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Badar Kanwar ◽  
Chul Joong Lee ◽  
Jong-Hoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Death ◽  
1918 Influenza

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), seems to be difficult to overcome. A pandemic of such a scale has not been seen since the 1918 influenza pandemic. Although the predominant clinical presentation is respiratory disease, neurological manifestations and sequelae are increasingly being recognized. We observed a case series of rapid recovery of ARDS within 24 h in the preliminary clinical features of COVID-19 ARDS-associated neurological disease. It was also noted that by 15 April, 2021, there was no SARS-CoV-2 ARDS on Sorok Island in South Korea, where lepers had been living together. We compared each of dapsone’s effects on humans and considered those of SARS-CoV-2. Dapsone showed different effects in the brain. The Sorokdo National Hospital reported a relationship between dapsone and the neuroinflammasome of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in Sorok Island from January 2005 to June 2020. AD prevalence was low in the leprosy patient group who took dapsone regularly. The preliminary cross-sectional study of the trial group (22 subjects) and the control group (22 subjects) in the Hunt Regional Hospital reported the following results: The chi-square statistic is 5.1836. The p-value is 0.022801. The result is considered significant at p < 0.05. The results from the medical treatment from 21 December to 29 December 2020 were considered. The mortality rates at the ARDS onset stage were 0% with dapsone administered as a standard COVID-19 treatment and 40% without dapsone administered as a standard COVID-19 treatment, respectively. Based on the respiratory failure and sudden high death rate originating from the involvement of the brainstem, especially the pre-Bötzinger complex, dapsone can be used to significantly reduce the incidence of the cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome and other illnesses caused by SARS-CoV-2.

The influence of varying maxillary central incisor vertical dimension on perceived smile aesthetics

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Elis Janaina Lira dos Santos ◽  
Alana Moura Xavier Dantas ◽  
Raíssa Marçal Vilela ◽  
Karina Jerônimo Rodrigues Santiago de Lima ◽  
Rejane Targino Soares Beltrão
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Central Incisor ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Maxillary Central Incisor ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test

Objective: To evaluate patient perception of the smile focused on analysis of the upper incisors. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry at Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil. Participants: The sample consisted of 135 individuals (73 women and 62 men). Methods: Images with different characteristics associated with the incisal edges were shown at random and analysed using a Likert scale. Data were analysed using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test with a statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05). Results: Smile I (difference of 1.5 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) was considered the most aesthetic, while Smile III (no difference in height between the central and lateral incisors) was the least aesthetic. A significant difference was found between perception of smile II (difference of 1 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) and age groups ( P < 0.005), with 31% (n = 13) of individuals aged 45–64 years considering smile II as not pleasant, 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years and 8.3% (n=4) aged 25–44 years and 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years considering the same. A significant difference was also found in relation to educational background of the assessor and smile perception, with smile III ( P = 0.0441) and smile IV ( P = 0.0053) considered the most aesthetic ( P = 0.0116). Conclusion: The smile considered most attractive among the sample was that with 1.5 mm steepness between the central and lateral incisors, while a flat smile arc was considered least attractive.

scholarly journals Prevalence of microalbuminuria and associated factors among HIV − infected ART naïve patients at Mulago hospital: a cross-sectional study in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kiggundu ◽  
Robert Kalyesubula ◽  
Irene Andia-Biraro ◽  
Gyaviira Makanga ◽  
Pauline Byakika-Kibwika
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mulago Hospital ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background HIV infection affects multiple organs and the kidney is a common target making renal disease, one of the recognized complications. Microalbuminuria represents an early, important marker of kidney damage in several populations including HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve patients. Early detection of microalbuminuria is critical to slowing down progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in HIV-infected patients, however, the burden of microalbuminuria in HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve patients in Uganda is unclear. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Mulago Immune suppression syndrome (ISS) clinic among adult HIV − infected ART naïve outpatients. Data on patient demographics, medical history was collected. Physical examination was performed to assess body mass index (BMI) and hypertension. A single spot morning urine sample from each participant was analysed for microalbuminuria using spectrophotometry and colorimetry. Microalbuminuria was defined by a urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) 30-299 mg/g and macroalbuminuria by a UACR > 300 mg/g. To assess the factors associated with microalbuminuria, chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, quantile regression and logistic regression were used. Results A total of 185 adult participants were consecutively enrolled with median age and CD4+ counts of 33(IQR = 28–40) years and 428 (IQR = 145–689) cells/μL respectively. The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 18.9% (95% CI, 14–25%). None of the participants had macroalbuminuria. CD4+ count <350cells/μL was associated with increased risk of microalbuminuria (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.12–0.59), P value = 0.001). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, alcohol intake were not found to be significantly associated with microalbuminuria. Conclusion Microalbuminuria was highly prevalent in adult HIV − infected ART naive patients especially those with low CD4+ count. There is need to study the effect of ART on microalbuminuria in adult HIV − infected patients.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study of Antibiotic Self-Medication

Thrita ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Mousavi ◽  
Parisa Shojaei ◽  
Azadeh Nazemi ◽  
Atefe Dadashi
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives: This research has been conducted to study antibiotic self-medication, prevalence, and reasons. Methods: A questionnaire containing 30 comprehensive questions in terms of the experience of antibiotic self-medication was prepared. In this cross-sectional study, data were analyzed using analytical statistics bases on chi-square and logistic regression. Results: The results showed that 61.3% of the participants were self-antibiotic users. There was a significant difference only between gender and self-medication such that self-medication in males was more than females (P value = 0.027). Conclusions: Self-medication of antibiotics is almost high and requires more information about the side effects of these drugs in order to promote rational and physically prescribed use.

scholarly journals Knowledge of pregnant women about anemia is related with adherence to iron tablets

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Baksono Winardi ◽  
Elga Caecaria Grahardika Andani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Almost All

Objectives: to identify association between knowledge of pregnant women about anemia and the adherence to consume iron tablets in BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, IndonesiaMaterials and Methods: Observational analysis cross sectional study. Population consisted of 55 trimester pregnant women in BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, in March-April 2017. Samples were recruited using consecutive sampling. The number of sample was 35 respondents. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.Results: This research showed that all of the less knowledgeable women on anemia (100.00%) were non-adherent to consume iron tablets, almost all moderately knowledgeable women (92.9%) were adherent, and all of the fully knowledgeable women (100.00%) were adherent. Fisher exact test in significance level of 0.05 revealed p value equal to 0.0001, indicating association between knowledge about anemia and adherence to consume iron tablets at BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, Indonesia.Conclusion: There is an association between knowledge of pregnant women about anemia with adherence to iron tablets.

scholarly journals Oral-dental hygiene and oral microorganisms in children with and without congenital heart disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Erniwaty P Panggabean ◽  
Lily Irsa ◽  
Rosihan Anwar ◽  
Munar Lubis ◽  
Rusdidjas Rusdidjas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Dental Hygiene ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Decayed Tooth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oral Microorganisms

Objective This study was done to compare the dental and oralhygiene status of children with and without congenital heart dis-ease (CHD) by investigating oral microorganisms and dental andoral hygiene indices.Methods A cross-sectional study was done on children aged 2 to15 years from April 2002 to December 2003 at the Department ofChild Health, Haji Adam Malik Hospital, Medan. There were twosubject groups, the first consisting of children with CHD and thesecond of those without. The dental and oral hygiene status wasdetermined by determining caries index and oral hygiene index.Swabs from the subjects’ upper first molars were taken and cul-tured to determine the types of microorganisms present. Data wereanalyzed using the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and t-test.Results There was a significant difference in mean oral hygieneindex between children with (mean 2.75; SD 1.85) and without(mean 1.45; SD 0.78) CHD (P<0.001). Positive bacterial cultureswere more frequent in children with CHD than in those without.The proportion of normal anaerobes was significantly higher in chil-dren with CHD (P=0.038). Such a significant difference was notfound for normal aerobes, pathogenic aerobes, and pathogenicanaerobes. In children with CHD, there was no significant asso-ciation between mean caries index and oral hygiene index withculture results. In those without CHD, a significant association wasfound between the caries index components of decayed tooth in-dex (P=0.003) and DMF-T (P=0.022) with culture results.Conclusions Oral-dental hygiene in children with CHD is poorrelative to that in children without CHD. Microorganism growth ap-pears more likely in children with CHD than in those without

scholarly journals Physical Activity, Diet Compliance with Diabetic Ulcer Incidence in Hospital Makassar City

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Nur Yazlim ◽  
Nur Juliana ◽  
Elna Sari ◽  
Rasniah Sarumi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Compliance ◽  
Diabetic Ulcer ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Diabetic Ulcers ◽  
Diet Compliance

Baground: Diabetic foot ulcers are a chronic complication of diabetes in the form of open wounds on the skin surface The prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers in Indonesia is around 13% of patients treated in hospitals and 26% of outpatients. The aimed was to determine relationship between physical activity, dietary compliance with the incidence of diabetic ulcers in Hospital Makassar City. Methods: This type of research used an analytic observational method with a cross sectional study design. Research  were taken by accidental sampling and obtained 78 respondents. Data collection is done by filling out questionnaires. The data were analyzed by chi square fisher's exact test. Results: The results showed that the age of the  with the highest incidence of diabetic ulcers was between 45-60 years was (57,7%) and the lowest was >60 years (42,3%), Women were susceptible to the incidence of diabetic ulcers (62,8%), the highest level of education was high school, namely 50% and the lowest was elementary school ( 1,3%) and employment is dominated by private employees (26,9%) and the lowest is civil servants (11,5%). From 46 respondents with less physical activity (71,8%) rexperienced the incidence of diabetic ulcers, while from 32 respondents in the moderate category (28,2%) experienced diabetic ulcers, p value = 0,019. From 42 respondents in the dietary compliance category, there were (71,8%) experiencing the incidence of diabetic ulcers, from 11 respondents in the diet-adhering category there were (28,2%) experiencing the incidence of diabetic ulcers, obtained a p value of 0,001. Conclusion: There are a significant relationship between physical activity, dietary compliance with the incidence of diabetic ulcers in Hospital Makassar City. Keywords: Diabetic ulcer, physical activity, diet compliance   Abstrak Pendahuluan: Luka kaki diabetik adalah komplikasi kronik diabetes berupa luka terbuka pada permukaan kulit. Prevalensi terjadinya luka kaki diabetes di Indonesia sekitar 13% penderta dirawat di Rumah Sakit dan 26% penderita rawat jalan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan aktivitas fisik, kepatuhan diet terhadap kejadian ulkus diabetik di RSUD Kota Makassar. Metode: Jenis penelitian menggunakan metode observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional study. Responden penelitian diambil dengan accidental sampling dan didapat 78 responden. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan pengisian kuisioner. Data tersebut dianalisis dengan chi square fisher's exact test. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa usia responden dengan kejadian ulkus diabetik tertinggi antara 45-60 tahun (57,7%) dan terendah >60 tahun (42,3%), berdasarkan jenies kelamin wanita rentan terhadap kejadian ulkus diabetik (62,8%), tingkat pendidikan terbanyak SMA yaitu 50% dan terendah SD (1,3%), pekerjaan didominasi oleh pegawai swasta (26,9%) dan terendah PNS (11,5%). Dari 46 responden dengan aktivitas fisik kurang terdapat (71,8%) responden mengalami kejadian ulkus diabetik sedangkan dari 32 responden dengan kategori cukup (28,2%) mengalami kejadian ulkus diabetik nilai p value = 0,019. Dari 42 responden dengan kategori kepatuhan diet, terdapat (71,8%)  mengalami kejadian ulkus diabetik sedangkan dari 11 responden dengan kategori patuh diet terdapat (28,2%) mengalami mengalami kejadian ulkus diabetik,  diperoleh nilai p 0,001 Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan signifikan antara aktivitas fisik, kepatuhan  diet dengan kejadian ulkus diabeti RSUD Kota Makassar. Kata kunci: Ulkus diabetik, aktivitas fisik, kepatuhan diet

scholarly journals Adherence to antiretrovirals in people coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa de Araújo Lemos ◽  
Maria Luciana Teles Fiuza ◽  
Renata Karina Reis ◽  
André Carvalho Ferrer ◽  
Elucir Gir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Adherence Assessment

Objective: assess the adherence levels to antiretroviral therapy in people coinfected with HIV/tuberculosis and correlate these levels with the sociodemographic and clinical variables of the study population. Method: cross-sectional study involving 74 male and female adults coinfected with HIV/tuberculosis. For the data collection, a sociodemographic and clinical assessment form and the Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence Assessment Questionnaire were used. For the data analysis, the software STATA version 11 was used, through descriptive statistics, Fisher's chi-square exact test and the probability test. Results: men were predominant (79.7%), between 30 and 39 years of age (35.1%), low income (75.7%) and pulmonary tuberculosis (71.6%). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy was inappropriate in 78.1% of the men; 61.0% of single people; 47.0% unemployed and 76.5% among people gaining less than one minimum wage. A significant difference was observed between compliance and length of use of antiretrovirals (p=0.018), sexual orientation (p=0.024) and number of children (p=0.029). Conclusion: the coinfected patients presented inappropriate adherence to the antiretrovirals, a fact that negatively affects the health conditions of the people living with HIV/tuberculosis coinfection. A statistically significant correlation was found between the levels of adherence and some sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

scholarly journals The Relative Frequency of Bacterial Colonization on the Surfaces of Toys in Kindergartens of Yazd

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahereh Zarei Mahmodabadi ◽  
Mahbobeh Shiranian ◽  
Seyedhossein Hekmatimoghaddan ◽  
Mohamad Hassan Ehrampoush ◽  
Farimah Shamsi
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Yazd City

Introduction: Kindergartens are the first social environments where children are directly exposed to possible contaminations from other children. Factors such as having uncontrolled urination, putting hand, toys, and different objects into the mouth, and sharing objects with other children facilitate the spread of bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of bacterial contamination of toys in kindergartens of Yazd city, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 324 samples of toys made of either cloth, wood, or plastic were collected from kindergartens at three regions of Yazd, Iran. The swab samples obtained from toys' surface were cultured directly on the bacteriologic culture media blood agar and eosin methylene blue. Specific culture medium with biochemical tests and diagnostic disks were used to determine the genus and species of bacteria. Chi-square test was run for statistical analysis of data. The  p value of < 0.05 was considered as the level of significant difference. Results: The most common bacterial colonization of toys found in the kindergartens was Staphylococcus epidermidis (48.3%). Toys made from cloth (with 3914 CFU/cm2) and the municipality region 3 (with 4645 CFU/cm2) showed the highest amount of contamination among the toy materials and different regions, respectively. Conclusion: Assessment of common contaminations in kindergartens may help the authorities to determine the possible causes of pediatric infections and provide them with a more comprehensive knowledge about the personal as well as environmental hygiene. So, by identification of these contaminations, we can modify the underlying factors, reduce the pollutions, and improve the health of children.

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