scholarly journals Thermal Field Analysis of Two Kinds of Suspended Moxibustion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Shan Huang ◽  
Hanrui Zhang ◽  
Haiyan Tu
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Thermal Field ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Suspended Moxibustion ◽  
Mild Moxibustion

Abstract Background: Moxibustion has been widely used in Chinese medicine treatment and health care, it is necessary to study the mechanism and characteristics of moxibustion treatment. The warm effect of moxibustion is closely related to the therapeutic effect. Studying the distribution and change of thermal field is an effective way to understand the mechanism of moxibustion. Methods: The finite element analysis software COMSOL was used to establish the heat transfer model to simulate the whole moxibustion process. Two kinds of suspended moxibustion methods, including mild moxibustion and sparrow-pecking moxibustion, were used to perform moxibustion trial at Zusanli acupoint (ST36) of volunteers, with Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, and the thermal field on the skin surface was detected with an infrared thermometer. Results: Moxibustion method and moxibustion distance are the factors that affect the temperature change. The temperature rising speed of mild moxibustion was slower than that of sparrow-pecking moxibustion. When the moxibustion distance changes, the temperature changes obviously. If the moxibustion distance does not change, the body temperature will continue to rise slowly. If the distance increases, the body temperature will show a downward trend. On the contrary, it goes up. The thermal fields of mild moxibustion and sparrow-pecking moxibustion were distributed in concentric circles around Zusanli. After natural cooling, the temperature of subcutaneous tissue was higher than that of epidermis.Conclusion: The speed of skin temperature change is affected by the method of moxibustion. The temperature field characteristics formed on the skin surface and acupoint are affected by the moxibustion distance and the moxibustion duration. Moxibustion will produce warm heat stimulation to the subcutaneous tissue.

Body Temperature of the Camel and Its Relation to Water Economy

1956 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Schmidt-Nielsen ◽  
Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen ◽  
S. A. Jarnum ◽  
T. R. Houpt
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Heat Gain ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Given

The rectal temperature of normal healthy camels at rest may vary from about 34°C to more than 40°C. Diurnal variations in the winter are usually in the order of 2°C. In summer the diurnal variations in the camel deprived of drinking water may exceed 6°C, but in animals with free access to water the variations are similar to those found in the winter. The variations in temperature are of great significance in water conservation in two ways. a) The increase in body temperature means that heat is stored in the body instead of being dissipated by evaporation of water. At night the excess heat can be given off without expenditure of water. b) The high body temperature means that heat gain from the hot environment is reduced because the temperature gradient is reduced. The effect of the increased body temperature on heat gain from the environment has been calculated from data on water expenditure. These calculations show that under the given conditions the variations in body temperature effect a considerable economy of water expenditure. The evaporative heat regulation in the camel seems to rest exclusively on evaporation from the skin surface (sweating), and there is no apparent increase in respiratory rate or panting connected with heat regulation. The evaporation from isolated skin areas increases linearly with increased heat load. The critical temperature at which the increase sets in is around 35°C. The fur of the camel is an efficient barrier against heat gain from the environment. Water expenditure is increased in camels that have been shorn.

A New Method for Monitoring Deep Body Temperature from the Skin Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Fox ◽  
A. J. Solman ◽  
R. Isaacs ◽  
A. J. Fry ◽  
I. C. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Flow ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
New Device ◽  
Body Shell ◽  
Electronic Thermometer ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Deep Body

1. A new technique for monitoring the deep body temperature is described. The technique depends on creating a zone of zero heat-flow across the body shell; this brings the deep body temperature to the skin surface where it is measured with a simple electronic thermometer. 2. The new device gives a temperature closely comparable with other methods for measuring the deep body temperature in the resting subject, and is simple to use and socially acceptable.

scholarly journals Hyperthermic Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract-Containing Beverage on Peripheral Skin Surface Temperature in Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Keiichiro Sugimoto ◽  
Hiroaki Takeuchi ◽  
Kazuya Nakagawa ◽  
Yasuhiro Matsuoka
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Crossover Trial ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cold Sensitivity ◽  
Skin Surface Temperature ◽  
Ginger Extract ◽  
Thermographic Camera ◽  
Cold Sensitive

Ginger is known to warm the body. Therefore, we conducted a placebo-controlled crossover trial to investigate the hyperthermic effect of a palatable ginger-containing beverage in healthy women with cold-sensitive extremities. Six women drank 280 mL of 0.07% ginger extract-containing or placebo beverage in a temperature-controlled room (21°C). Their palm temperatures were measured as measure of surface body temperature using a thermographic camera before intake and every 10 min after intake for 60 min. Palm temperature increased immediately following intake of the ginger and placebo beverages. However, palm temperature following intake of the ginger beverage increased for 20 min, while palm temperature following placebo intake decreased again after 10 min. The increased palm temperature following ginger intake was maintained significantly longer than after placebo intake (p < 0.05). In response to a questionnaire, some subjects answered that their increased body temperature was maintained after drinking the ginger beverage. Ginger extract-containing beverage may thus improve cold sensitivity.

Significance of sweating in heat tolerance of cattle

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 579 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Skin Moisture

Evidence is presented that sweating is of importance to cattle as a method of regulating body temperature in a hot, dry environment. Cattle were covered with polyethylene coats, which prevented the vaporization of skin moisture from the body surface. They were then exposed to high atmospheric temperatures. Significant differences (P < 0.001) between their rectal temperatures and those of the control animals were demonstrated. It is concluded that, in conditions of high air temperature and radiation and low humidity, differences in heat tolerance between one animal and another may be due to differences in the ability to dissipate heat in the vaporization of sweat on the skin surface.

scholarly journals The carotid rete and artiodactyl success

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Mitchell ◽  
A Lust
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Arctic Circle ◽  
Body Temperature Change

Since the Eocene, the diversity of artiodactyls has increased while that of perissodactyls has decreased. Reasons given for this contrasting pattern are that the evolution of a ruminant digestive tract and improved locomotion in artiodactyls were adaptively advantageous in the highly seasonal post-Eocene climate. We suggest that evolution of a carotid rete, a structure highly developed in artiodactyls but absent in perissodactyls, was at least as important. The rete confers an ability to regulate brain temperature independently of body temperature. The net effect is that in hot ambient conditions artiodactyls are able to conserve energy and water, and in cold ambient conditions they are able to conserve body temperature. In perissodactyls, brain and body temperature change in parallel and thermoregulation requires abundant food and water to warm/cool the body. Consequently, perissodactyls occupy habitats of low seasonality and rich in food and water, such as tropical forests. Conversely, the increased thermoregulatory flexibility of artiodactyls has facilitated invasion of new adaptive zones ranging from the Arctic Circle to deserts and tropical savannahs.

scholarly journals The Influence of Boiling on the Streamlined Body Drag Force and Falling Velocity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1562
Author(s):  
Linas Paukštaitis ◽  
Sigitas Kilikevičius ◽  
Ramūnas Česnavičius ◽  
Kristina Liutkauskienė ◽  
Tadas Ždankus
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Drag Force ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Saturation Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Initial Moment ◽  
Streamlined Body ◽  
Different Temperatures

This article presents the results of numerical investigation of the influence of the streamlined body temperature on drag force and on the falling velocity in a water channel. The experimental data reflecting the cooling dynamics and body temperature influence on the falling velocity are presented as well. k − ε turbulence model and homogenous heat transfer model were chosen for the numerical 3D simulation. Drag force changes induced by the alteration of the body temperature were investigated. Velocity of the streamlined body under different temperatures of water was investigated experimentally, and the results were compared to the data obtained during the numerical simulation. The increase of the falling velocity and decrease of drag force were found to have been affected by the increase of the body temperature, which had influence on the change of the water parameters (density, phase, etc.) near the surface of the body. Simulation showed that the drag force and a velocity also depended on the water temperature. The drag force of the streamlined body decreased by 32% in comparison to the cold body for the body temperature equal to 150 °C and water temperature close to the saturation temperature (98 °C). Experimentally, it was determined that the velocity of the streamlined body covered by vapor film depended on the falling time and increased by 10–30%. Velocity difference was very small for the cold and hot bodies at the initial moment of the drop; however, it reached 20% and more after 0.3 s of the falling process.

Theoretical Predictions of Body Tissue and Blood Temperature During Cold Water Immersion Using a Whole Body Model

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup K. Paul ◽  
Swarup A. Zachariah ◽  
Liang Zhu ◽  
Rupak K. Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Blood Temperature

Understanding the thermal response of the human body under various environmental and thermal stress conditions is of growing importance. Calculation of the core body temperature and the survivability of the body during immersion in cold water require detailed modeling of both the body tissue and the time-dependent blood temperature. Predicting body temperature changes under cold stress conditions is considered challenging since factors like thickness of the skin and blood perfusion within the skin layer become influential. Hence, the aim of this research was to demonstrate the capability of a recently developed whole body heat transfer model that simulates the tissue-blood interaction to predict the cooling of the body during immersion in cold water. It was shown that computed drop in core temperature agrees within 0.57 °C of the results calculated using a detailed network model. The predicted survival time in 0 °C water was less than an hour whereas in 18.5 °C water, the body attained a relatively stable core temperature of 34 °C in 2.5 hours.

Does the body temperature change in older people?

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 2284-2287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ülkü Yapucu Güneş ◽  
Ayten Zaybak
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Older People ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Temperature Change

Changes of oxygen tension in brain and somatic tissues induced by vasodilator and vasoconstrictor drugs

1961 ◽  
Vol 155 (958) ◽  
pp. 136-157 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Amine Oxidase ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Transient Rise ◽  
Anaesthetized Rats ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues

Oxygen tensions in hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, muscle, testis and subcutaneous tissue of anaesthetized rats were measured quantitatively by the oxygen-cathode technique. The resting levels of oxygen tension and the response to breathing oxygen were assessed and then vasodilator or vasoconstrictor drugs were injected and the changes of oxygen tension were observed. 5HT (Serotonin) caused marked falls of oxygen tension in brain, muscle, testis and subcutaneous tissues, lasting 1 to 2 h, when given by intraperitoneal injection (i. p.) and profound but transient falls when given intravenously (i. v.). Noradrenaline (i. v.) caused a rapid transient rise of oxygen tension in brain, a transient fall in muscle, a longer fall in testis, and a variable response in subcutaneous tissue. Reserpine (i. v.) was followed by a slow fall in oxygen tension in brain especially if the body temperature was allowed to fall. (Alone a fall of body temperature tended to increase the oxygen tension in brain.) Amphetamine (i. v. or i. p.) increased the oxygen tension in brain. The mono-amine oxidase inhibitor, tranylcypromine (SKF385) caused a steady rise of oxygen tension in all tissues studied except testis. The subsequent (i. v.) injection of reserpine caused a rapid, marked increase of oxygen tension in brain. The oxygen tension in muscle fell, in subcutaneous tissue there was a rise followed by a fall which persisted.

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