Changes of oxygen tension in brain and somatic tissues induced by vasodilator and vasoconstrictor drugs

1961 ◽  
Vol 155 (958) ◽  
pp. 136-157 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Amine Oxidase ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Transient Rise ◽  
Anaesthetized Rats ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues

Oxygen tensions in hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, muscle, testis and subcutaneous tissue of anaesthetized rats were measured quantitatively by the oxygen-cathode technique. The resting levels of oxygen tension and the response to breathing oxygen were assessed and then vasodilator or vasoconstrictor drugs were injected and the changes of oxygen tension were observed. 5HT (Serotonin) caused marked falls of oxygen tension in brain, muscle, testis and subcutaneous tissues, lasting 1 to 2 h, when given by intraperitoneal injection (i. p.) and profound but transient falls when given intravenously (i. v.). Noradrenaline (i. v.) caused a rapid transient rise of oxygen tension in brain, a transient fall in muscle, a longer fall in testis, and a variable response in subcutaneous tissue. Reserpine (i. v.) was followed by a slow fall in oxygen tension in brain especially if the body temperature was allowed to fall. (Alone a fall of body temperature tended to increase the oxygen tension in brain.) Amphetamine (i. v. or i. p.) increased the oxygen tension in brain. The mono-amine oxidase inhibitor, tranylcypromine (SKF385) caused a steady rise of oxygen tension in all tissues studied except testis. The subsequent (i. v.) injection of reserpine caused a rapid, marked increase of oxygen tension in brain. The oxygen tension in muscle fell, in subcutaneous tissue there was a rise followed by a fall which persisted.

scholarly journals Thermal Field Analysis of Two Kinds of Suspended Moxibustion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Shan Huang ◽  
Hanrui Zhang ◽  
Haiyan Tu
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Thermal Field ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Suspended Moxibustion ◽  
Mild Moxibustion

Abstract Background: Moxibustion has been widely used in Chinese medicine treatment and health care, it is necessary to study the mechanism and characteristics of moxibustion treatment. The warm effect of moxibustion is closely related to the therapeutic effect. Studying the distribution and change of thermal field is an effective way to understand the mechanism of moxibustion. Methods: The finite element analysis software COMSOL was used to establish the heat transfer model to simulate the whole moxibustion process. Two kinds of suspended moxibustion methods, including mild moxibustion and sparrow-pecking moxibustion, were used to perform moxibustion trial at Zusanli acupoint (ST36) of volunteers, with Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, and the thermal field on the skin surface was detected with an infrared thermometer. Results: Moxibustion method and moxibustion distance are the factors that affect the temperature change. The temperature rising speed of mild moxibustion was slower than that of sparrow-pecking moxibustion. When the moxibustion distance changes, the temperature changes obviously. If the moxibustion distance does not change, the body temperature will continue to rise slowly. If the distance increases, the body temperature will show a downward trend. On the contrary, it goes up. The thermal fields of mild moxibustion and sparrow-pecking moxibustion were distributed in concentric circles around Zusanli. After natural cooling, the temperature of subcutaneous tissue was higher than that of epidermis.Conclusion: The speed of skin temperature change is affected by the method of moxibustion. The temperature field characteristics formed on the skin surface and acupoint are affected by the moxibustion distance and the moxibustion duration. Moxibustion will produce warm heat stimulation to the subcutaneous tissue.

Interstitial fluid oncotic pressures in rabbit subcutaneous tissue

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
pp. 888-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Stromberg ◽  
CA Wiederhielm
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Computer Simulation Study ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Small Pore ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues ◽  
Capillary Fluid

Interstitial fluid oncotic pressures in rabbit subcutaneous tissues were measured by chronically implanted membrane osmometers. Pairs of osmometers were used, one using a membrane permeable and one impermeable to plasma proteins. Measurements from the small-pore membranes averaged 10.2 mmHg while pressures measured from the large-pore membrane osmometers averaged -1.2 mmHg, indicating that the measured pressures were osmotic rather than hydrostatic in nature. These values are in agreement with previously published values from this laboratory on oncotic pressures of excised rabbit skin and with a computer-simulation study of capillary fluid balance. The oncotic pressures described in this study are of the s-me general magnitude as those of lymph from most organs in the body.

EFFECTS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DRINKING WATER ON THE BODY TEMPERATURE AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF SHEEP

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Bailey ◽  
R. Hironaka ◽  
S. B Slen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Reduced Water

Temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues of four sheep receiving [Formula: see text] pounds of alfalfa hay per day were recorded at environmental temperatures of 15 °C. and −12 °C. The temperature of the drinking water was 20 °C. when the environmental temperature was 15 °C. and variously 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30 °C. during four different periods when the environmental temperature was −12 °C. At both environmental temperatures, the temperature in the rumen was higher than that in the rectum which, in turn, was higher than that in the subcutaneous tissues. The consumption of feed caused a transient increase in the temperature in the rumen and rectum while the consumption of water caused a transient decrease in the temperature in the rumen. A reduction in environmental temperature from 15 °C. to −12 °C. caused decreases in the temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues, and reduced water intake from about 1600 to about 800 milliliters/day. At an environmental temperature of −12 °C., the temperature of the drinking water did not influence the amount of water consumed. It did, however, have an effect on body temperature because the average temperature in the rectum was slightly higher when the drinking water was 0 °C. than when it was 30 °C.

The 24-hour periodicity of microfilariae: biological mechanisms responsible for its production and control

1967 ◽  
Vol 169 (1014) ◽  
pp. 59-76 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Oxygen Barrier ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Absolute Size

An explanation is presented which covers most of the experimental data about the mechanisms by which the periodicity of microfilariae is maintained: During the night-time (with Wuchereria bancrofti and similar filariae) the microfilariae are evenly distributed throughout the blood and they are thus available for ingestion and transmission by mosquitoes. During the day-time they accumulate in the small vessels of the lungs, and hence they are few in the peripheral blood; this phase is probably adapted to allow the microfilariae to enjoy favourable physiological conditions in the lungs. The accumulation is due to an active reflex by the microfilariae themselves; and it probably depends on a sideways migration through the precapillary network of arterioles. The factor in the lungs which holds up the passage of the microfilariae so that they accumulate there (in preference to the capillaries of other organs), is the great increase in oxygen tension, which may be termed the ‘oxygen barrier’. The 24 h cycle of the microfilariae is orientated to the 24 h cycle of the host; and some rhythmic change in the host acts as a cue to the microfilariae. Each microfilaria has a weak endogenous circadian rhythm of its own, but the rhythms of the individual microfilariae are dominated by that of the host, so that all the different individuals do approximately the same thing at the same time, and they do it at the right time (i.e. right for transmission). Different species of microfilariae respond differently to the same stimuli, and they depend on different arrangements for the maintenance of their rhythms. Three main groups of periodic microfilariae may be recognized. ( а ) W. bancrofti, Brugia malayi , etc. These depend upon the absolute size of the venousarterial ( VA ) difference in oxygen tension (‘oxygen barrier’) which is lower by night (e.g. 40 mmHg) than it is by day (e.g. 55 mmHg) and so the microfilariae pass through the lungs by night but accumulate there by day. If at night the patient is caused to breathe oxygen, the arterial oxygen rises; or if he is caused to take vigorous muscular exercise, the venous oxygen tension falls; in both cases the VA difference becomes greater and the microfilariae accumulate in the lungs. ( b ) Loa loa of man, Edesonfilaria malayensis of monkeys in Thailand and Monnigofilaria setariosa of East African mongooses. In this group the sensitivity of the microfilariae to the oxygen barrier is greatly increased or decreased by the 24 h changes in the body temperature of the host. Accordingly, the cycle of microfilariae of this group indirectly depends upon the temperature cycle of the host. ( c ) Dirofilaria immitis , D. repens of dogs, D. aethiops ( corynodes ) of monkeys, etc. These microfilariae are probably sensitive only to the lower range of oxygen tensions, e.g. 30 to 60 mmHg. On the whole their cycle depends on day-night changes in the oxygen barrier as with W. bancrofti , but under special circumstances (as explained in the text) administration of oxygen may cause liberation of microfilariae from the lung instead of accumulation. The mechanism controlling the Pacific type of W. bancrofti cannot yet be identified, since the experimental evidence is insufficient. The behaviour of microfilariae is adapted to promote transmission by arranging the maximum number of microfilariae in the peripheral blood at times when the arthropod vector is likely to bite. The most sophisticated arrangement to achieve this is by a 24 h rhythm—the classical ‘periodicity’. A less sophisticated arrangement is illustrated by various filariae of rodents, e.g. Litomosoides carinii and Dipetalonema witei , in which the parasites are transmitted by mites or ticks which suck blood in the nest or burrow, and the microfilariae are stimulated to swarm in the peripheral blood by a fall in body temperature when the animal sits quietly in its nest. Filariae which are still less sophisticated, e.g. Acanthocheilonema perstans and Dipetalonema gracile , do not possess any arrangements for adjusting the supply of microfilariae in the peripheral blood to the feeding habits of the vectors. Furthermore, some microfilariae, e.g. those of D. immitis and D. repens , are adjusted to their vectors on an annual variation as well as on a 24 h one and they are most numerous in the blood during July and August (when mosquitoes are most numerous in temperate zones). Some hosts (e.g. dogs) have a less marked 24 h rhythm than other hosts (e.g. man and monkey) and the cycles of their microfilariae are similarly less marked.

scholarly journals THE OCCURRENCE OF CHANGES RESEMBLING THE INFLAMMATORY IN SKIN INJURED AND INCUBATED AFTER EXCISION

1953 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean V. Cooke ◽  
David Goldring ◽  
Lawrence I. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diffuse Infiltration ◽  
Physiological Conditions

Observations are reported on the changes which occurred in excised rabbit and human skin after mild trauma and incubation at body temperature. These changes resembled those of chronic inflammation, in that perivascular and diffuse infiltration by histiocytes occurred in the corium and subcutaneous tissue, but they developed within a few hours. The experiments have shown that even after removal from the body certain tissue elements may retain the ability to react with proliferative changes in response to tissue injury if kept under artificially simulated physiological conditions. The possible significance of these changes in relation to the inflammatory process is discussed.

Great Increase of Numbers of Virus Particles by Irradiating C3H Mouse Mammary Tumors Transplanted into Male Mice

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
P. J. Melnick ◽  
J. W. Cha ◽  
E. Samouhos
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Mammary Tumors ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Mouse Mammary Tumors ◽  
Transplantable Tumors ◽  
C3h Mice ◽  
Cobalt Radiation ◽  
Enzyme Changes

Spontaneous mammary tumors in females of a high tumor strain of C3H mice were cut into small fragments that were Implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the back of males of the same strain, where they grew as transplantable tumors. When about Cm. In diameter daily fractional radiation was begun, applied to the tumors, the rest of the body being shielded by a lead shield. Two groups were treated with 150 and 200 r X-ray dally, of half value layer 0.6mm. copper; a third group was treated with 500 r cobalt radiation dally. The primary purpose was to examine the enzyme changes during radiation, with histochemlcal technics.

Iron Metabolism in the Human Body and Setting its Hygienic Limits for Drinking Water. Review. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 504-508
Author(s):  
Natalija A. Egorova ◽  
N. V. Kanatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Labile Iron Pool

Iron is an assential element for the growth, division, differentiation and functioning of any cell in the body. Iron is virtually important for human and danger at the same time, because with excessive accumulation it causes oxidative stress with formation of highly active oxygen radicals and reactive form of nitrogen that can destroy cell membranes, proteins, nucleic acids, reduce cell viability, with, according to modern concepts, can contribute to the development of many diseases (cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and others), and also accelerate the aging process. Part 1 of this review discussed the issues of iron metabolism in human, including its regulation at the cellular and systemic levels, the intake, transport, use, accumulation and export of iron in cells, the role of the labile iron pool in the cytoplasm of cells and plasma non-transferrin bound iron. Data are provided on the causes, frequency and significance of iron overload in the formation of free radicals and the development of oxidative stress. Part 2 of the review provides information on diseases associated with iron overload as well as information on ferroptosis - a new type of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Attention is paid to the works of domestic authors, where it was found that prolonged use of drinking water with a high iron content is unfavorable for the population and leads to an increase in the overall incidence, the development of the diseases of the blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, urogenital system, and allergic diseases. Separate publications are cited on the possibility of a negative effect of iron at concentrations in water of 0.3 mg/l and lower. The material of the review emphasizes the preventive significance of caution attitude to regulating iron in the water in the Russian Federation, where 1/3 of the population uses iron-containing water for drinking, and substantiate the feasibility of establishing a hygienic limit for iron in water not higher than 0.3 mg/l.

Antipyretic Plants: An Updated Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
Vandana Garg ◽  
Rohit Dutt
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Antipyretic Activity ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Elevated Body Temperature

Background: Fever, is known as pyrexia, may occur due to infection, inflammation, or any tissue damage and disease states. Normally, the infected or damaged tissue initiates the enhanced formation of pro-inflammatory mediators like cytokines which further increases the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) near the hypothalamic area and thereby trigger the hypothalamus to elevate the body temperature. Objective: Antipyretics are the agents which reduce the elevated body temperature. The most commonly used antipyretic agent, paracetamol, may be fatal due to its side effects. Methods: In this review paper, Chemical Abstracts, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were the sources for the published article to collect information regarding antipyretic activity. Results: This review compiles the antipyretic plants that may be useful to treat fever due to various diseases. Conclusion: These medicinal plants could be good alternatives for traditional allopathic antipyretics.

A Litreary Review of Vishama Jwara and its principle of treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Saurabh Parauha ◽  
Hullur M. A. ◽  
Prashanth A. S.
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cardinal Symptoms

In Ayurveda, Jwara is not merely the concept of raised body temperature, but as is said in Charaka Samhita, 'Deha- Indriya- Manah- Santap' is the cardinal symptoms of Jwara. This can be defined as the state where the body, mind as well as sense oragans suffer due to the high temperature. Vishamajwara is a type of fever, which is described in all Ayurvedic texts. Charaka mentioned Vishamajwara and Chakrapani have commented on Vishamajwara as Bhutanubanda, Susruta affirmed that Aagantuchhanubhandohi praysho Vishamajware. Madhavakara has also recognised Vishamajwara as Bhutabhishangajanya (infected by microorganism). Vishamajwara is irregular (inconsistent) in it's Arambha (nature of onset commitment), Kriya (action production of symptoms) and Kala (time of appearance) and possesses Anushanga (persistence for long periods). The treatment of this disease depends upon Vegavastha and Avegavastha of Jwara. Various Shodhana and Shamana procedures are mentioned in classics to treat Visham Jwara.

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