scholarly journals The Retrocalcarine Sulcus Is Functionally Distinct Between Macaques and Humans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Arcaro ◽  
Margaret S. Livingstone ◽  
Kendrick N. Kay ◽  
Kevin S. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Developmental Constraints ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Primate Cerebral Cortex

Abstract Primate cerebral cortex is highly convoluted with much of the cortical surface buried in sulcal folds. The origins of cortical folding and its functional relevance has been a major focus of systems and cognitive neuroscience. Stereotyped patterns of cortical folding across individuals and multiple primate species indicate common evolutionary pressures in their development. However, foundational questions regarding organizing principles shared across species remain unanswered. Taking a cross-species comparative approach with a careful consideration of historical observations, we investigate cortical folding within the calcarine sulcus, a primary fold in primates. We identify two macroanatomical structures – the retrocalcarine and external calcarine sulci – in 24 humans and 6 macaque monkeys. We show that within species, these sulci are identifiable in all individuals, fall on a similar part of the V1 retinotopic map, and thus, serve as anatomical landmarks predictive of functional organization. Yet, across species, the actual underlying visual field representations differ strikingly across humans and macaques. Thus, the structure-function correspondence for an evolutionarily old structure like V1 is species-specific and suggests intriguing differences in developmental constraints across primates.

scholarly journals The retrocalcarine sulcus maps different retinotopic representations in macaques and humans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Arcaro ◽  
Margaret S. Livingstone ◽  
Kendrick N. Kay ◽  
Kevin S. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractPrimate cerebral cortex is highly convoluted with much of the cortical surface buried in sulcal folds. The origins of cortical folding and its functional relevance have been a major focus of systems and cognitive neuroscience, especially when considering stereotyped patterns of cortical folding that are shared across individuals within a primate species and across multiple species. However, foundational questions regarding organizing principles shared across species remain unanswered. Taking a cross-species comparative approach with a careful consideration of historical observations, we investigate cortical folding relative to primary visual cortex (area V1). We identify two macroanatomical structures—the retrocalcarine and external calcarine sulci—in 24 humans and 6 macaque monkeys. We show that within species, these sulci are identifiable in all individuals, fall on a similar part of the V1 retinotopic map, and thus, serve as anatomical landmarks predictive of functional organization. Yet, across species, the underlying eccentricity representations corresponding to these macroanatomical structures differ strikingly across humans and macaques. Thus, the correspondence between retinotopic representation and cortical folding for an evolutionarily old structure like V1 is species-specific and suggests potential differences in developmental and experiential constraints across primates.

scholarly journals Anatomical correlates of face patches in macaque inferotemporal cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (51) ◽  
pp. 32667-32678
Author(s):  
Michael J. Arcaro ◽  
Theodora Mautz ◽  
Vladimir K. Berezovskii ◽  
Margaret S. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Primate Species ◽  
Multielectrode Arrays ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Inferotemporal Cortex ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Anatomical Imaging ◽  
Face Selectivity ◽  
Ventral Visual Stream

Primate brains typically have regions within the ventral visual stream that are selectively responsive to faces. In macaques, these face patches are located in similar parts of inferotemporal cortex across individuals although correspondence with particular anatomical features has not been reported previously. Here, using high-resolution functional and anatomical imaging, we show that small “bumps,” or buried gyri, along the lower bank of the superior temporal sulcus are predictive of the location of face-selective regions. Recordings from implanted multielectrode arrays verified that these bumps contain face-selective neurons. These bumps were present in monkeys raised without seeing faces and that lack face patches, indicating that these anatomical landmarks are predictive of, but not sufficient for, the presence of face selectivity. These bumps are found across primate species that span taxonomy lines, indicating common evolutionary developmental mechanisms. The bumps emerge during fetal development in macaques, indicating that they arise from general developmental mechanisms that result in the regularity of cortical folding of the entire brain.

scholarly journals Behavioural patterns of vocal greeting production in four primate species

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 182181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Fedurek ◽  
Christof Neumann ◽  
Yaëlle Bouquet ◽  
Stéphanie Mercier ◽  
Martina Magris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Vervet Monkeys ◽  
Dyadic Relationships ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Vocal Behaviour ◽  
Chlorocebus Pygerythrus ◽  
Species Specific

Social animals have evolved a range of signals to avoid aggressive and facilitate affiliative interactions. Vocal behaviour is especially important in this respect with many species, including various primates, producing acoustically distinct ‘greeting calls’ when two individuals approach each other. While the ultimate function of greeting calls has been explored in several species, little effort has been made to understand the mechanisms of this behaviour across species. The aim of this study was to explore how differences in individual features (individual dominance rank), dyadic relationships (dominance distance and social bond strength) and audience composition (presence of high-ranking or strongly bonded individuals in proximity), related to vocal greeting production during approaches between two individuals in the philopatric sex of four primate species: female olive baboons (Papio anubis), male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), female sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) and female vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus). We found that female vervet monkeys did not produce greeting calls, while in the other three species, low-ranking individuals were more likely to call than high-ranking ones. The effects of dyadic dominance relationships differed in species-specific ways, with calling being positively associated with the rank distance between two individuals in baboons and chimpanzees, but negatively in mangabeys. In none of the tested species did we find strong evidence for an effect of dyadic affiliative relationships or audience on call production. These results likely reflect deeper evolutionary layers of species-specific peculiarities in social style. We conclude that a comparative approach to investigate vocal behaviour has the potential to not only better understand the mechanisms mediating social signal production but also to shed light on their evolutionary trajectories.

scholarly journals Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization

2005 ◽  
Vol 360 (1456) ◽  
pp. 781-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Petrides
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Prefrontal Region

A comparison of the architecture of the human prefrontal cortex with that of the macaque monkey showed a very similar architectonic organization in these two primate species. There is no doubt that the prefrontal cortical areas of the human brain have undergone considerable development, but it is equally clear that the basic architectonic organization is the same in the two species. Thus, a comparative approach to the study of the functional organization of the primate prefrontal cortex is more likely to reveal the essential aspects of the various complex control processes that are the domain of frontal function. The lateral frontal cortex appears to be functionally organized along both a rostral–caudal axis and a dorsal–ventral axis. The most caudal frontal region, the motor region on the precentral gyrus, is involved in fine motor control and direct sensorimotor mappings, whereas the caudal lateral prefrontal region is involved in higher order control processes that regulate the selection among multiple competing responses and stimuli based on conditional operations. Further rostrally, the mid-lateral prefrontal region plays an even more abstract role in cognitive control. The mid-lateral prefrontal region is itself organized along a dorsal–ventral axis of organization, with the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex being involved in the monitoring of information in working memory and the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal region being involved in active judgments on information held in posterior cortical association regions that are necessary for active retrieval and encoding of information.

scholarly journals Microbial control of host gene regulation and the evolution of host–microbiome interactions in primates

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Grieneisen ◽  
Amanda L. Muehlbauer ◽  
Ran Blekhman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Host Gene ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Species Specific

Recent comparative studies have found evidence consistent with the action of natural selection on gene regulation across primate species. Other recent work has shown that the microbiome can regulate host gene expression in a wide range of relevant tissues, leading to downstream effects on immunity, metabolism and other biological systems in the host. In primates, even closely related host species can have large differences in microbiome composition. One potential consequence of these differences is that host species-specific microbial traits could lead to differences in gene expression that influence primate physiology and adaptation to local environments. Here, we will discuss and integrate recent findings from primate comparative genomics and microbiome research, and explore the notion that the microbiome can influence host evolutionary dynamics by affecting gene regulation across primate host species. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

scholarly journals Emerging imaging methods to study whole-brain function in rodent models

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Markicevic ◽  
Iurii Savvateev ◽  
Christina Grimm ◽  
Valerio Zerbi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Imaging Methods ◽  
Evoked Activity

AbstractIn the past decade, the idea that single populations of neurons support cognition and behavior has gradually given way to the realization that connectivity matters and that complex behavior results from interactions between remote yet anatomically connected areas that form specialized networks. In parallel, innovation in brain imaging techniques has led to the availability of a broad set of imaging tools to characterize the functional organization of complex networks. However, each of these tools poses significant technical challenges and faces limitations, which require careful consideration of their underlying anatomical, physiological, and physical specificity. In this review, we focus on emerging methods for measuring spontaneous or evoked activity in the brain. We discuss methods that can measure large-scale brain activity (directly or indirectly) with a relatively high temporal resolution, from milliseconds to seconds. We further focus on methods designed for studying the mammalian brain in preclinical models, specifically in mice and rats. This field has seen a great deal of innovation in recent years, facilitated by concomitant innovation in gene-editing techniques and the possibility of more invasive recordings. This review aims to give an overview of currently available preclinical imaging methods and an outlook on future developments. This information is suitable for educational purposes and for assisting scientists in choosing the appropriate method for their own research question.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Development of Canine and Human Osteosarcoma: A Comparative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly M. Makielski ◽  
Lauren J. Mills ◽  
Aaron L. Sarver ◽  
Michael S. Henson ◽  
Logan G. Spector ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Bone Cancer ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Human Osteosarcoma ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Cellular Replication ◽  
Species Specific

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary tumor of bone. Osteosarcomas are rare in humans, but occur more commonly in dogs. A comparative approach to studying osteosarcoma has highlighted many clinical and biologic aspects of the disease that are similar between dogs and humans; however, important species-specific differences are becoming increasingly recognized. In this review, we describe risk factors for the development of osteosarcoma in dogs and humans, including height and body size, genetics, and conditions that increase turnover of bone-forming cells, underscoring the concept that stochastic mutational events associated with cellular replication are likely to be the major molecular drivers of this disease. We also discuss adaptive, cancer-protective traits that have evolved in large, long-lived mammals, and how increasing size and longevity in the absence of natural selection can account for the elevated bone cancer risk in modern domestic dogs.

Morphologic analysis of sperm from two neotropical primate species: comparisons between the squirrel monkeys Saimiri collinsi and Saimiri vanzolinii

Zygote ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wlaisa V. Sampaio ◽  
Karol G. Oliveira ◽  
Danuza L. Leão ◽  
Maria C. Caldas-Bussiere ◽  
Helder L. Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Sperm Morphometry ◽  
Species Specific

SummarySperm morphometry can be applied to identify different animal groups and species and to evaluate sperm quality. Furthermore, knowledge on species-specific differences will help to enhance biological information, as well as to develop efficient reproductive technologies. The aims in the present study were to describe sperm morphometry from the recently characterized species S. collinsi and S. vanzolinii, to verify if the morphometric sperm patterns are similar or different between both species, and to determine if the sperm morphometry is affected by the levels of sperm defects using the S. collinsi as a model. Semen was collected from S. collinsi (n = 10) and S. vanzolinii (n = 2) monkeys, and sperm was submitted to morphological analysis. From the 10 samples from S. collinsi, five presented sperm of poor quality and two subgroups were formed for this species, i.e. high and poor quality sperm. Data on sperm motility and vigour were analysed, as well morphometric parameters on sperm head and tail. It was observed the normal morphometry was correlated with high quality sperm. Poor quality sperm presented smaller and 7% more ellipticity in their head, when compared with high quality sperm. Sperm from S. vanzolinii presented larger head than those from S. collinsi, but tail lengths were similar. Sperm morphometry can be used as a complementary tool to predict sperm motility and vigour for the S. collinsi species, and S. collinsi appear as a suitable model for S. vanzolinii.

scholarly journals A probabilistic map of the human ventral sensorimotor cortex using electrical stimulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Breshears ◽  
Annette M. Molinaro ◽  
Edward F. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Probabilistic Maps ◽  
Sensory Responses ◽  
Intraoperative Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

OBJECT The human ventral sensorimotor cortex (vSMC) is involved in facial expression, mastication, and swallowing, as well as the dynamic and highly coordinated movements of human speech production. However, vSMC organization remains poorly understood, and previously published population-driven maps of its somatotopy do not accurately reflect the variability across individuals in a quantitative, probabilistic fashion. The goal of this study was to describe the responses to electrical stimulation of the vSMC, generate probabilistic maps of function in the vSMC, and quantify the variability across individuals. METHODS Photographic, video, and stereotactic MRI data of intraoperative electrical stimulation of the vSMC were collected for 33 patients undergoing awake craniotomy. Stimulation sites were converted to a 2D coordinate system based on anatomical landmarks. Motor, sensory, and speech stimulation responses were reviewed and classified. Probabilistic maps of stimulation responses were generated, and spatial variance was quantified. RESULTS In 33 patients, the authors identified 194 motor, 212 sensory, 61 speech-arrest, and 27 mixed responses. Responses were complex, stereotyped, and mostly nonphysiological movements, involving hand, orofacial, and laryngeal musculature. Within individuals, the presence of oral movement representations varied; however, the dorsal-ventral order was always preserved. The most robust motor responses were jaw (probability 0.85), tongue (0.64), lips (0.58), and throat (0.52). Vocalizations were seen in 6 patients (0.18), more dorsally near lip and dorsal throat areas. Sensory responses were spatially dispersed; however, patients' subjective reports were highly precise in localization within the mouth. The most robust responses included tongue (0.82) and lips (0.42). The probability of speech arrest was 0.85, highest 15–20 mm anterior to the central sulcus and just dorsal to the sylvian fissure, in the anterior precentral gyrus or pars opercularis. CONCLUSIONS The authors report probabilistic maps of function in the human vSMC based on intraoperative cortical electrical stimulation. These results define the expected range of mapping outcomes in the vSMC of a single individual and shed light on the functional organization of the vSMC supporting speech motor control and nonspeech functions.

scholarly journals Intra- and Inter-Specific Investigations of Skeletal DNA Methylation and Femur Morphology in Primates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genevieve Housman ◽  
Ellen E. Quillen ◽  
Anne C. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Skeletal Morphology ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Morphological Variants ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractObjectivesEpigenetic mechanisms influence the development and maintenance of complex phenotypes and may also contribute to the evolution of species-specific phenotypes. With respect to skeletal traits, little is known about the gene regulation underlying these hard tissues or how tissue-specific patterns are associated with bone morphology or vary among species. To begin exploring these topics, this study evaluates one epigenetic mechanism, DNA methylation, in skeletal tissues from five nonhuman primate species which display anatomical and locomotor differences representative of their phylogenetic groups.Materials and MethodsFirst, we test whether intra-specific variation in skeletal DNA methylation is associated with intra-specific variation in femur morphology. Second, we identify inter-specific differences in DNA methylation and assess whether these lineage-specific patterns may have contributed to species-specific morphologies. Specifically, we use the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip to identify DNA methylation patterns in femur trabecular bone from baboons (n=28), macaques (n=10), vervets (n=10), chimpanzees (n=4), and marmosets (n=6).ResultsSignificant differentially methylated positions (DMPs) were associated with a subset of morphological variants, but these likely have small biological effects and may be confounded by other variables associated with morphological variation. Conversely, several species-specific DMPs were identified, and these are found in genes enriched for functions associated with complex skeletal traits.DiscussionOverall, these findings reveal that while intra-specific epigenetic variation is not readily associated with skeletal morphology differences, some inter-specific epigenetic differences in skeletal tissues exist and may contribute to evolutionarily distinct phenotypes. This work forms a foundation for future explorations of gene regulation and skeletal trait evolution in primates.

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