scholarly journals Using genetics to uncouple higher adiposity from its adverse metabolic effects and understand its role in metabolic and non-metabolic disease.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanieh Yaghootkar ◽  
Susan Martin ◽  
Jessica Tyrrell ◽  
Elizabeth Thomas ◽  
Matthew Bown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Mechanical Effect ◽  
Metabolic Effect ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Metabolically Healthy ◽  
Opposing Effects

Abstract To understand the consequences of higher adiposity uncoupled from its adverse metabolic effects, we selected 37 diseases associated with obesity and genetic variants associated with different aspects of excess weight including metabolically “favourable adiposity” (FA) and “unfavourable adiposity” (UFA). Mendelian randomisation (MR) identified two sets of diseases. First, 12 conditions where the metabolic effect of higher adiposity is the likely primary cause of the disease. Here MR with the FA and UFA genetics showed opposing effects on the risk of disease, including colorectal and ovarian cancer, and gout. Second, 7 conditions where the non-metabolic effects of excess weight (e.g. mechanical effect) is likely a cause. Here MR with the FA genetics, despite leading to lower metabolic risk, and MR with the UFA genetics, were both associated with higher disease risk, including osteoarthritis and venous thromboembolism. Individuals with high BMI are at higher risk of some diseases despite being relatively metabolically healthy.

scholarly journals Using genetics to uncouple higher adiposity from its adverse metabolic effects and understand its role in metabolic and non-metabolic disease.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Martin ◽  
Jessica Tyrrell ◽  
E Louise Thomas ◽  
Matthew J Bown ◽  
Andrew R Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Mechanical Effect ◽  
Metabolic Effect ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Metabolically Healthy ◽  
Opposing Effects

Abstract To understand the consequences of higher adiposity uncoupled from its adverse metabolic effects, we selected 37 diseases associated with obesity and genetic variants associated with different aspects of excess weight including metabolically “favourable adiposity” (FA) and “unfavourable adiposity” (UFA). Mendelian randomisation (MR) identified two sets of diseases. First, 12 conditions where the metabolic effect of higher adiposity is the likely primary cause of the disease. Here MR with the FA and UFA genetics showed opposing effects on risk of disease, including colorectal and ovarian cancer, and gout. Second, 7 conditions where the non-metabolic effects of excess weight (e.g. mechanical effect) is likely a cause. Here MR with the FA genetics, despite leading to lower metabolic risk, and MR with the UFA genetics, were both associated with higher disease risk, including osteoarthritis and venous thromboembolism. Individuals with high BMI are at higher risk of some diseases despite being relatively metabolically healthy.

scholarly journals Opposing effects of allogrooming on disease transmission in ant societies

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1669) ◽  
pp. 20140108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian J. Theis ◽  
Line V. Ugelvig ◽  
Carsten Marr ◽  
Sylvia Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Sis Model ◽  
Lasius Neglectus ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Opposing Effects

To prevent epidemics, insect societies have evolved collective disease defences that are highly effective at curing exposed individuals and limiting disease transmission to healthy group members. Grooming is an important sanitary behaviour—either performed towards oneself (self-grooming) or towards others (allogrooming)—to remove infectious agents from the body surface of exposed individuals, but at the risk of disease contraction by the groomer. We use garden ants ( Lasius neglectus ) and the fungal pathogen Metarhizium as a model system to study how pathogen presence affects self-grooming and allogrooming between exposed and healthy individuals. We develop an epidemiological SIS model to explore how experimentally observed grooming patterns affect disease spread within the colony, thereby providing a direct link between the expression and direction of sanitary behaviours, and their effects on colony-level epidemiology. We find that fungus-exposed ants increase self-grooming, while simultaneously decreasing allogrooming. This behavioural modulation seems universally adaptive and is predicted to contain disease spread in a great variety of host–pathogen systems. In contrast, allogrooming directed towards pathogen-exposed individuals might both increase and decrease disease risk. Our model reveals that the effect of allogrooming depends on the balance between pathogen infectiousness and efficiency of social host defences, which are likely to vary across host–pathogen systems.

scholarly journals Metabolic Syndrome Features and Excess Weight Were Inversely Associated with Nut Consumption after 1-Year Follow-Up in the PREDIMED-Plus Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 3161-3170
Author(s):  
Alicia Julibert ◽  
Maria del Mar Bibiloni ◽  
Laura Gallardo-Alfaro ◽  
Manuela Abbate ◽  
Miguel Á Martínez-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Study Cohort

ABSTRACT Background High nut consumption has been previously associated with decreased prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) regardless of race and dietary patterns. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess whether changes in nut consumption over a 1-y follow-up are associated with changes in features of MetS in a middle-aged and older Spanish population at high cardiovascular disease risk. Methods This prospective 1-y follow-up cohort study, conducted in the framework of the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED)-Plus randomized trial, included 5800 men and women (55–75 y old) with overweight/obesity [BMI (in kg/m2) ≥27 and <40] and MetS. Nut consumption (almonds, pistachios, walnuts, and other nuts) was assessed using data from a validated FFQ. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 1 y in features of MetS [waist circumference (WC), glycemia, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure] and excess weight (body weight and BMI) according to tertiles of change in nut consumption. Secondary outcomes included changes in dietary and lifestyle characteristics. A generalized linear model was used to compare 1-y changes in features of MetS, weight, dietary intakes, and lifestyle characteristics across tertiles of change in nut consumption. Results As nut consumption increased, between each tertile there was a significant decrease in WC, TG, systolic blood pressure, weight, and BMI (P < 0.05), and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol (only in women, P = 0.044). The interaction effect between time and group was significant for total energy intake (P < 0.001), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) (P < 0.001), and nut consumption (P < 0.001). Across tertiles of increasing nut consumption there was a significant increase in extra virgin olive oil intake and adherence to the MedDiet; change in energy intake, on the other hand, was inversely related to consumption of nuts. Conclusions Features of MetS and excess weight were inversely associated with nut consumption after a 1-y follow-up in the PREDIMED-Plus study cohort. This trial was registered at isrctn.com as ISRCTN89898870.

scholarly journals The Effect of Elevated Body Mass Index on Ischemic Heart Disease Risk: Causal Estimates from a Mendelian Randomisation Approach

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e1001212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Børge G. Nordestgaard ◽  
Tom M. Palmer ◽  
Marianne Benn ◽  
Jeppe Zacho ◽  
Anne Tybjærg-Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
Elevated Body Mass Index ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease Risk ◽  
Heart Disease Risk

scholarly journals Etiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A State-of-the-Art Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasco C. Romão ◽  
João Eurico Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Societal Level

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common systemic inflammatory rheumatic disease. It is associated with significant burden at the patient and societal level. Extensive efforts have been devoted to identifying a potential cause for the development of RA. Epidemiological studies have thoroughly investigated the association of several factors with the risk and course of RA. Although a precise etiology remains elusive, the current understanding is that RA is a multifactorial disease, wherein complex interactions between host and environmental factors determine the overall risk of disease susceptibility, persistence and severity. Risk factors related to the host that have been associated with RA development may be divided into genetic; epigenetic; hormonal, reproductive and neuroendocrine; and comorbid host factors. In turn, environmental risk factors include smoking and other airborne exposures; microbiota and infectious agents; diet; and socioeconomic factors. In the present narrative review, aimed at clinicians and researchers in the field of RA, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the current knowledge on this topic, focusing on recent progresses that have improved our comprehension of disease risk and development.

scholarly journals A 3-SNP gene risk score and a metabolic risk score both predict hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular disease risk

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-501
Author(s):  
Rutger Verbeek ◽  
Federico Oldoni ◽  
R. Preethi Surendran ◽  
Ailko H. Zwinderman ◽  
Kay T. Khaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Metabolic Risk Score

Genetic analyses of the parasitic nematode, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, in Missouri and Kentucky reveal unexpected levels of diversity and population differentiation

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
L. S. Eggert ◽  
L. K. Berkman ◽  
K. Budd ◽  
B. J. Keller ◽  
A. M. Hildreth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Release Site ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
High Level

Abstract Wildlife translocations, which involve the introduction of naive hosts into new environments with novel pathogens, invariably pose an increased risk of disease. The meningeal worm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis is a nematode parasite of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), which serves as its primary host and rarely suffers adverse effects from infection. Attempts to restore elk (Cervus canadensis) to the eastern US have been hampered by disease caused by this parasite. Using DNA sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear genes, we examined the hypothesis that elk translocated within the eastern US could be exposed to novel genetic variants of P. tenuis by detailing the genetic structure among P. tenuis taken from white-tailed deer and elk at a source (Kentucky) and a release site (Missouri). We found high levels of diversity at both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in Missouri and Kentucky and a high level of differentiation between states. Our results highlight the importance of considering the potential for increased disease risk from exposure to novel strains of parasites in the decision-making process of a reintroduction or restoration.

Blood pressure and metabolic effects of 9α-fluorocorticosterone and 9α-fluorodeoxycorticosterone in sheep

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Scoggins ◽  
J. P. Coghlan ◽  
D. A. Denton ◽  
P. J. McCarthy ◽  
R. T. Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Metabolic Effect ◽  
Metabolic Effects

ABSTRACT 9α-Fluorocortisol has been postulated to have 'hypertensinogenic' as well as 'mineralocorticoid' and 'glucocorticoid' activity. The present study examined the blood pressure and metabolic effect in sheep of the structurally related steroids 9α-fluorodeoxycorticosterone (9α-FDOC) and 9α-fluorocorticosterone (9α-FB). Infusions of these fluorinated steroids at 0·63 and 0·67 mg/day respectively for 5 days produced falls in plasma potassium, but only 9α-FB increased urine volume. 9α-FDOC raised mean arterial pressure by 11 mmHg and 9α-FB raised it by 14 mmHg. Addition of a 9α-fluoro group appears to increase both 'mineralocorticoid' and 'hypertensinogenic' steroid potencies. J. Endocr. (1985) 104, 291–294

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