Molecular Detection and Quantification of the Striga Seedbank in Ethiopian Sorghum Field Soils
Abstract Aims Striga hermonthica is a devastating parasitic weed in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and its persistent soil seedbank is the major contributing factor for its prevalence and persistence. So far, there is little to no information on the Striga seedbank density in agricultural fields in SSA due to the lack of reliable detection and quantification methods. Methods We developed a high-throughput method that combines density- and size-based separation techniques with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based detection of Striga seeds in soil. The method was optimized and validated on two physicochemically different Striga-free Dutch agricultural soils by introducing increasing numbers of Striga seeds (0, 1, 3, 9, 27, 81 and 243 seeds). Results The results showed that as little as one seed of S. hermonthica per 150 g of soil can be detected. This technique was subsequently tested on soil samples of 48 sorghum fields from different agro-ecological zones in Ethiopia to map the geospatial distribution of the Striga seedbank along a trajectory of more than 1500 km. Considerable variation in Striga seed densities was observed for these soils: in 75% of the field soils, Striga seeds were detectable up to 86 seeds per 150 g of soil. Correlation analyses further revealed a significant non-linear relationship between the seed density and Striga incidence assessed in the same sorghum field soils at the time of soil sampling. Conclusions The method developed allows for high-through-put and accurate mapping of the Striga seedbank in physicochemically diverse field soils and can be used to predict Striga incidence and to assess the impact of management strategies on Striga seedbank dynamics.