scholarly journals The profile of menthol cigarette smokers in the months following the removal of these products from the market in England

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren Kock ◽  
Lion Shahab ◽  
Ilze Bogdanovica ◽  
Jamie Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Menthol Cigarettes ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Cigarette Dependence ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction: In May 2020 the EU Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) ban on the sale of menthol cigarettes was implemented after a four-year transitional period. This study examined the prevalence of menthol cigarette smoking in the months following the ban, and according to sociodemographic and smoking characteristics.Methods: Cross-sectional data came from a representative survey of current smokers (18+) in England (unweighted n=1,577) during seven months (July-January) in 2020/2021. The weighted prevalence of menthol cigarette smoking as a proportion of total cigarette smoking was calculated, and chi-squared statistics assessed the relationship between menthol smoking, sociodemographic and smoking characteristics. Sources of purchase of menthol cigarettes were also explored.Results: The proportion of current smokers who smoked menthol cigarettes was similar in July to October 2020 (17.5%, 95% CI 15.3%-20.1%) compared with November 2020 to January 2021 (16.3%, 95% CI 13.9%-19.2%) (χ2(1)=0.38, P=0.56)). Menthol cigarette smoking was more common among younger age groups (16-24 = 29.0%; 25-34 = 23.3%) and women (21.1%). Menthol cigarette smokers showed lower cigarette dependence compared with other cigarette smokers. Purchases of menthol cigarettes from any illicit source in the past six months declined from 34.5% in July-October 2020 to 19.0% in November 2020–January 2021.Conclusions: A substantial proportion (just under a fifth) of current smokers in England reported menthol cigarette smoking between July-January 2020/2021 despite the ban. There was no decline in this proportion across the period, suggesting that smokers mitigated the impact of the ban by a variety of means, such as with legal menthol accessories.

scholarly journals The profile of menthol cigarette smokers in the months following the removal of these products from the market: a cross-sectional population survey in England

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren Kock ◽  
Lion Shahab ◽  
Ilze Bogdanovica ◽  
Jamie Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Change Models ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Menthol Cigarettes ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Cigarette Dependence

Abstract IntroductionIn May 2020 the EU Tobacco Products Directive ban on the sale of menthol cigarettes was implemented in England. This study examined the prevalence of menthol cigarette smoking after the ban, according to sociodemographic and smoking characteristics.MethodsCross-sectional data came from a representative survey of current smokers (18+) in England (unweighted n = 2,681) between July/2020 and June/2021. The weighted prevalence of menthol cigarette smoking as a proportion of total cigarette smoking was calculated, log-binomial regression explored trends over time, and chi-squared statistics assessed the relationship between menthol smoking, sociodemographic and smoking characteristics. Sources of purchase of menthol cigarettes were explored.ResultsBetween July 2020 and June 2021, 15.7% (95%CI 14.5–17.1) of smokers reported smoking menthol cigarettes. The fitted non-linear trend supported no initial change followed by a possible reduction across April-June 2021 and fit the data better than linear and null (no change) models (χ2(2) = 2519.7, P = 0.06; χ2(3) = 2519.7, P = 0.006). Menthol cigarette smoking was more common among younger groups (16–24 = 25.2%; 25–34 = 19.9%) and women (19.4%). Menthol cigarette smokers showed lower cigarette dependence compared with other smokers. Past six-month purchases of menthol cigarettes from any illicit source declined from 30.1% in the last 6 months of 2020 to 17.5% in the first 6 months of 2021.ConclusionsA substantial minority of current smokers in England reported menthol cigarette smoking between July/2020 and June/2021, despite the ban, possibly reflecting mitigation of restrictions by a variety of licit means, such as legal menthol accessories. The reduction in menthol smoking across April-June 2021 warrants further monitoring.

scholarly journals Profile of menthol cigarette smokers in the months following the removal of these products from the market: a cross-sectional population survey in England

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-057005
Author(s):  
Loren Kock ◽  
Lion Shahab ◽  
Ilze Bogdanovica ◽  
Jamie Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Change Models ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Menthol Cigarettes ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Cigarette Dependence

IntroductionIn May 2020, the EU Tobacco Products Directive ban on the sale of menthol cigarettes was implemented in England. This study examined the prevalence of menthol cigarette smoking after the ban, according to sociodemographic and smoking characteristics.MethodsCross-sectional data came from a representative survey of current smokers (18+) in England (unweighted n=2681) between July 2020 and June 2021. The weighted prevalence of menthol cigarette smoking as a proportion of total cigarette smoking was calculated, log-binomial regression explored trends over time, and χ2 statistics assessed the relationship between menthol smoking, sociodemographic and smoking characteristics. Sources of purchase of menthol cigarettes were explored.ResultsBetween July 2020 and June 2021, 15.7% (95% CI 14.5 to 17.1) of smokers reported smoking menthol cigarettes. The fitted non-linear trend supported no initial change followed by a possible reduction across April–June 2021 and fit the data better than linear and null (no change) models (χ2(2)=2519.7, p=0.06; χ2(3)=2519.7, p=0.006). Menthol cigarette smoking was more common among younger groups (16–24=25.2%; 25–34=19.9%) and women (19.4%). Menthol cigarette smokers showed lower cigarette dependence compared with other smokers. Past-6-month purchases of menthol cigarettes from any illicit or cross-border source declined from 30.1% in the last 6 months of 2020 to 17.5% in the first 6 months of 2021.ConclusionsA substantial minority of current smokers in England reported menthol cigarette smoking between July 2020 and June 2021, despite the ban, possibly reflecting mitigation of restrictions by a variety of licit means, such as legal menthol accessories. The reduction in menthol smoking across April–June 2021 warrants further monitoring.

Recent, national trends in US adolescent use of menthol and non-menthol cigarettes

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056970
Author(s):  
Richard A Miech ◽  
Adam M Leventhal ◽  
Lloyd D Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Black Adolescents ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Floor Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Menthol Cigarettes ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
National Trends

ObjectiveIn light of the current U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposal to ban menthol cigarettes, this study updates trends in menthol cigarette use among adolescents age 13–18 years up to the year 2020. The study considers a potential role for the ban to reduce black/non-black disparities in menthol cigarette use, as well as a counterargument that a ban is not necessary because menthol use is already diminishing.MethodsData are from annual, cross-sectional, nationally representative Monitoring the Future (MTF) surveys of 85 547 8th, 10th and 12th grade students surveyed between 2012 and 2020. Analyses include trends in past 30-day menthol and non-menthol cigarette smoking among the total adolescent population, as well as stratified by race/ethnicity.ResultsDeclines in adolescent menthol and non-menthol cigarette smoking continued through 2020 so that in 2018–2020 past 30-day prevalence for each was less than 1% for non-Hispanic black adolescents and less than 2.2% for non-black adolescents. For non-Hispanic black adolescents no smoking declines in mentholated or non-mentholated cigarette use from 2015–2017 to 2018–2020 were statistically significant, in part because prevalence levels approached a floor effect and had little room to fall further. Menthol levels were lower for non-Hispanic black versus all other adolescents in all study years.ConclusionsContinuing declines in adolescent menthol prevalence indicate that both menthol prevalence and also black/non-black disparities in its use are steadily decreasing. However, these decreases in adolescence will take decades to reach later ages through generational replacement. Efforts to accelerate menthol decreases will require new initiatives to increase cessation among adult menthol users.

scholarly journals A Longitudinal Examination of Behavioral Transitions among Young Adult Menthol and Non-Menthol Cigarette Smokers Using a Three-State Markov Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale S Mantey ◽  
Melissa B Harrell ◽  
Baojiang Chen ◽  
Steven H Kelder ◽  
Cheryl L Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Markov Model ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Menthol Cigarettes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
Hispanic Latinos

Abstract Introduction Young adult cigarette smoking behaviors are complex and dynamic. Emerging research suggests a growing rate of switching from non-menthol to menthol cigarettes. Transitions across cigarette smoking states are not well understood. This research longitudinally explores transitions in cigarette smoking behaviors among 18-29 year olds. Methods We applied a Markov model to data collected biannually for 1,542 initially 18-29-year old young adults (mean age: 20.9 years; SD=2.6) in Texas, who provided 7,021 total observations from Fall 2014 – Spring 2017. All participants were past 30-day menthol or non-menthol cigarette smokers at first observation. We examined transitions across three states of cigarette smoking (menthol, non-menthol, and nonsmoking) and compared predictors of each transition, during young adulthood. Results Descriptively, 22.2% of menthol and 14.3% of non-menthol smokers switched products while 25.6% of menthol and 26.0% of non-menthol smokers quit smoking. Among quitters, 20.0% relapsed via menthol and 28.2% relapsed via non-menthol cigarettes. Results from Markov model indicated that Hispanic/Latinos (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 3.69) and Asians (HR: 2.85) were significantly more likely to switch from non-menthol to menthol cigarettes, relative to non-Hispanic whites. Among recent quitters, use of non-cigarette products was associated with increased risk of relapse via menthol (HR: 1.54) and non-menthol (HR: 1.85) cigarettes. Conclusion A substantial proportion of young adult cigarette smokers transitioned across cigarette smoking states over the course of 2.5-years. Other tobacco use and nicotine dependence were impediments to becoming and remaining a non-smoker. Hispanic/Latinos and Asians, relative to non-Hispanic Whites, had greater odds of transitioning from non-menthol smoking to both non-smoking and to menthol smoking. Findings suggest racial/ethnic differences in cigarette smoking transitions during young adulthood. Implications This paper examined multidirectional transitions across cigarette smoking, including switching between menthol and non-menthol cigarettes, among young adults. Results indicate that Hispanic/Latino and Asian young adults are at increased risk to transition to menthol cigarette smoking compared with non-Hispanic white young adults. Findings highlight need for further study of Hispanic/Latino and Asian young adult smoking behaviors.

scholarly journals Menthol cigarette use in substance use disorder treatment before and after implementation of a county-wide flavoured tobacco ban

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056000
Author(s):  
Joseph R Guydish ◽  
Elana R Straus ◽  
Thao Le ◽  
Noah Gubner ◽  
Kevin L Delucchi
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Menthol Cigarettes ◽  
Readiness To Quit ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionThis study examined the impact of a San Francisco City and County ban on all flavoured tobacco products, including menthol cigarettes, among clients in residential substance use disorder (SUD) treatment.MethodsWe conducted cross-sectional surveys of clients at two residential SUD programmes before the County began enforcing the ban (n=160) and twice after enforcement began (n=102, n=120). The samples were compared on demographic characteristics, smoking status, smoking behaviours and the proportion reporting menthol as their usual cigarette. Menthol smokers were asked whether they smoked only menthol cigarettes, mostly menthol, both menthol and non-menthol or mostly non-menthol. Post-ban samples were asked about awareness of the ban and access to menthol cigarettes.ResultsIn multivariate analyses, we found no evidence that the ban was associated with decreased number of cigarettes per day or increased readiness to quit among current smokers. However, odds were lower post-ban for reporting menthol as the usual cigarette (OR=0.80, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.90), and for smoking only menthol cigarettes (OR=0.19, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.19). Perhaps most importantly, and with the ability to influence all other findings, 50% of self-identified menthol smokers reported purchasing menthol cigarettes in San Francisco nearly 1 year after the ban was implemented.ConclusionIn subgroups where smoking has remained elevated, like those receiving SUD treatment, local menthol bans may have only modest impacts on smoking behaviour. Broader regional, state or national bans, that effectively restrict access to menthol products, may be needed to show stronger effects on smoking behaviour.

Multiple tobacco product use among cigarette smokers: a longitudinal examination of menthol and non-menthol smokers during young adulthood

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-055922
Author(s):  
Dale Mantey ◽  
Melissa Harrell ◽  
Baojiang Chen ◽  
Steven H Kelder ◽  
Cheryl Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Single Product ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Menthol Cigarettes ◽  
Study Participants

BackgroundMultiple tobacco product (MTP) use is common among young adults. Most MTP users are combustible cigarette smokers that use one or more other tobacco products. This study aims to explore menthol as a risk factor for MTP use among a cohort of young adult cigarette smokers.MethodsParticipants were 18–29 years cigarette smokers at 24 Texas colleges in a 6-wave study. Participants (n=4700 observations) were classified as: single product users (ie, exclusive cigarette smoking); dual product users and poly product users. A multilevel, ordered logistic regression model was used to examine the association between menthol cigarette smoking and MTP use. Two longitudinal, multilevel, multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine the relationship between menthol cigarette smoking and number of tobacco products used.ResultsOverall, 40.7% of the sample were single product users, 33.7% were dual product users and 25.6% were poly product users. Menthol was associated with 1.28 greater odds of MTP use. Further, menthol was associated with 1.19 greater risk of dual and 1.40 greater risk of poly product use, relative to single product use. Lastly, menthol cigarette smoking was associated with 1.18 greater risk of poly product use, relative to dual product use.ConclusionsThere was a gradient relationship between menthol cigarette smoking and number of tobacco products used among young adult cigarette smokers. Findings provide for greater regulatory and programmatic efforts to reduce the use of menthol cigarettes.

scholarly journals National Support for a Menthol Cigarette Sales Ban

2020 ◽  
pp. 003335492096600
Author(s):  
Lauren Czaplicki ◽  
Barbara Schillo ◽  
Shyanika W. Rose ◽  
Yitong Zhou ◽  
Donna Vallone
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Menthol Cigarette ◽  
Menthol Cigarettes

Objectives The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and local jurisdictions have different authorities to regulate menthol cigarettes, and a growing number of localities and the FDA are considering these policy options. The objective of this study was to update previous research on public support for a menthol ban, including examining differences in support by demographic factors, geographic region, and smoking status. Methods We assessed policy support among a cross-sectional sample of 2871 adults aged 18-64 from a nationally representative online panel. We calculated weighted estimates of support by demographic factors, political ideology, region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West), and smoking status (never, former, current nonmenthol, current menthol). We used weighted adjusted logistic regression analysis to examine correlates of support for a menthol ban. Results Overall, 56.4% (95% CI, 54.4%-58.3%) of participants supported a government policy to ban menthol cigarette sales. Support was significantly higher among women than among men (62.5% vs 50.1%; P < .001); among Hispanic/Latino (69.3%), non-Hispanic African American (60.5%), and non-Hispanic other (65.8%) people than among non-Hispanic White people (50.4%; P < .001); and among never (64.8%) and former (47.0%) smokers than among current nonmenthol cigarette smokers (30.1%; P < .001). A significant proportion (28.5%; P < .001) of current menthol cigarette smokers supported a ban. After controlling for other factors, geographic region was not significantly associated with support for a ban. Conclusions Efforts are needed to further increase support for a ban among current menthol cigarette smokers. These findings can be used to assist policy makers and communities in efforts to ban menthol cigarettes in their jurisdictions.

scholarly journals Use of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in identifying cardiovascular risk factors in male brazilian adolescents

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 678
Author(s):  
Lilian Messias Sampaio Brito ◽  
Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas ◽  
Deise Cristiane Moser ◽  
Ana Cláudia Kapp Titski ◽  
Monica Nunes Lima Cat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n6p678 The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels on the prevalence of overweight and high blood pressure levels in adolescents. In this observational, cross-sectional study, 614 boys aged 10-14 years were assessed for height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP). CRF was assessed using a run test (Léger Test) and subjects were then grouped according to their CRF level. PA level was assessed through a questionnaire (The Three Day Physical Activity Recall) and classified into two groups, namely > 300 minutes of PA/week and < 300 minutes of PA/week. Maturational stage was evaluated according to the development of pubic hair (self-assessment) as proposed by Tanner. We used statistical descriptive analysis, univariate and multivariate analyses in the total participants and subjects were divided by age. Fifty percent of the sample performed < 300 minutes of PA/week and 67.6% had unsatisfactory CRF levels. There was a higher prevalence of unsatisfactory CRF levels among subjects with altered BMI (overweight), WC (abdominal obesity) or BP (high blood pressure) for all age groups. PA history, however, did not show any significance. A total of 31% of participants were overweight, 24.8% had abdominal obesity and 15.4% had increased BP. Unsatisfactory CRF levels were found to be a better predictor for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CV) risk factors than PA history, regardless of age group. 

scholarly journals Problem Behaviours and Associated Factors among Youth in Bangalore City, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrs. Sudha A Rao ◽  
Dr. Komala M
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Services ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bangalore City ◽  
Problem Behaviours ◽  
Internalizing Problem

Youth is the significant phase of life, characterized by rapid and intense physical, physiological, psychological, behavioral changes with changing patterns of social interactions and relationships. The developmental changes that occur in the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood may cause varying degree of disturbances, resulting in problem behaviours (PB). A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and association of socio-demographical factors with problem behaviours. The sample comprised of 800 youth both boys and girls of 18 to 24 years of age, drawn randomly from various educational institutions within Bangalore, a capital city of Karnataka state, India. Self-developed questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographical information and Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment-Adult Self-Report for ages 18-59 was administered to assess the problem behaviours. The findings revealed that the prevalence of internalizing problem behaviours (IPB) was found to be 59% whereas the prevalence of externalizing problem behaviours (EPB) was found to be 47% and the prevalence (inclusive of those in the borderline) of overall problem behaviours (OPB) was found to be 25% among youth in Bangalore city. Clinical IPB was most common in boys (43.5%) than girls (32.1%) and significant association was found between genders and internalizing problem behaviours among youth. Comparatively more boys (27.6%) than girls (25.7%) were found to in the clinical level of EPB, but no significant association was found between genders and EPB. Prevalence of clinical IPB, EPB and OPB in youth shows peak around 18-20 years of age (50.5%, 36.4% and 18.7%) followed by steady decline by 22-24 years of age (32.3%, 21.65% and 6.0% ) respectively. Significant association between age groups and IPB, EPB, OPB was observed. Other socio-demographic factors like education, mother tongue, family monthly income were not found to be significantly associated with IPB, EPB and OPB among youth. There is a need for mental health care services to college students to handle the problem behaviours in more effective way and to enhance their quality of life. As preventive strategies, youth need educational awareness on problem behaviours and training in life skills education to understand the situation and to avoid further damage to the learning.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence between Saudis and Non-Saudis from 2013 to 2018 with a special concern about regions of the KSA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
The Impact

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the largest Arab countries with a moderate annual problem of tuberculosis that is either pulmonary or extra-pulmonary. TB is still one of the most significant health troubles in the KSA, affecting different nationalities (Saudis, non-Saudis), ages, provinces, and genders. The control of TB still faces some challenges in different provinces of the KSA. Data were collected, arranged, analyzed and presented in tables and figures. In this retrospective study, we appraised TB surveillance data for the period between 2013 (1434H) and 2018 (1439H). Data were handled using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 23. Data were checked for normality using Shapiro-Wilk normality test at 0.05 levels to determine whether they are parametric or nonparametric. Chi-squared, Kruskal Wallis, and analysis of variance tests were used to evaluate trends at a significance level of p< 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM-SPSS version 23 for Mac OS. We appraised TB surveillance data for the period between 2013 (1434H) and 2018 (1439H). The data included the region of the country (province), age, sex, and nationality (Saudis, non-Saudis). The study evaluated the impact of TB on various nationalities (Saudis and non-Saudis), age groups (0-14, 15-34, 35-55, more than 55 years old), and genders (males and females). Non-Saudis had a higher incidence rate than Saudis in 2013-2018. The number of cases and incidence rates of TB recorded in males between 2013 to 2018 were about two to three times greater than estimates for females. The Makkah, Riyadh, and Jeddah regions attract enormous numbers of non-Saudi migrant workers, who account for ~60% of all TB cases in the KSA. Assessing the main TB risk factors contributing to high TB rates in non-Saudi workers is essential. Furthermore, periodical accurate studies, including evidence-based studies for optimum surveillance, avoidance, spread risk, inspection, control procedures and treatment of TB, should be conducted. These assessments would lead to evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of KSA-NTP’s TB action plan.

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