The Relationship Between Health Expenditure, CO2 Emissions And Economic Growth In The BRICS Countries——Based On The Fourier ARDL Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangjhy Li ◽  
Tsangyao Chang ◽  
Mei-Chih Wang ◽  
Jun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the process of urbanization in developing countries, transportation infrastructure will be built and population migration will also occur. Although these actions can promote economic growth, they can also affect CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions will affect the health of residents, thereby changing health expenditures. The interaction of these three aspects is also a hot topic among scholars. The BRICS countries are emerging countries with the highest carbon dioxide emissions in the world. Discovering problems from empirical research is the focus of our research. This paper finds that, in the long-term, with CO2 emissions as the dependent variable and health expenditure and economic growth as the independent variables, there is a cointegration relationship between Brazil and China. In the short-term, there is a causal relationship between India’s CO2 emissions and health spending; other countries only show a one-way relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, medical spending, or economic growth. Our recommendations to the BRICS countries are as follows: (1) The BRICS countries should transform their economic development methods and use low-polluting alternative energy sources; (2) Brazil and India should pay attention to the indirect effects of economic growth and align economic growth policies with health expenditure policies. (3) South Africa should pay more attention to the sustainability of the impact of economic growth policies on health expenditures.JEL Classification: C22, E23, I18, O13,

scholarly journals Assessment of the impact of COVID-restrictions on the economy of Ukraine and the world

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4(59)) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Serhii Voitko ◽  
Tetiana Mazanko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The object of research is the processes of reducing economic activity in Ukraine and the world during COVID-restrictions, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in 2020 compared to 2019 by country and in various sectors of the economy. The most topical researches and publications in which the given questions are covered are analyzed. Based on statistical data, the paper shows a slight decline in Ukraine's GDP in 2020. Based on the consideration of the negative impact of quarantine restrictions, it was noted that the type of economic activity (EA) such as passenger transport suffered the most. At the same time, as the production of foreign trade, the performance of retail trade and construction has improved its dynamics. Elsewhere in the world, there has also been a slight economic downturn, while China has been able to maintain a slight increase in GDP. For 2021, there is a positive outlook for economic growth. The introduction of lockdowns and quarantine restrictions has led to a simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions worldwide and reduced the negative impact on the environment. Thanks to the data of carbon dioxide emissions monitoring, it is possible to see a significant reduction in emissions since the beginning of COVID-restrictions in 2020. At the end of the year, the level of emissions reached almost the same level as before the restrictions, but the total volume for the year decreased significantly. If to look at the sectors, the largest amount of carbon dioxide emissions decreased in the aviation sector. This also applies to the land transport sector. Peaks of falling CO2 emissions occur in April 2020. The study showed that the reduction in economic activity due to «lockdowns» and quarantine restrictions affected the fall in energy consumption, especially in the aviation and land transport sectors, and this, in turn, led to a reduction carbon dioxide. This duly explains the relationship between declining economic growth and reducing CO2 emissions. The conducted research will be of interest to relevant ministries and departments in terms of their areas of responsibility, relevant organizations dealing with environmental and economic research, specialists who study and use in practice research on socio-economic problems of society.

scholarly journals Health Expenditure, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: China vs. India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sampson Agyapong Atuahene ◽  
Kong Yusheng ◽  
Geoffrey Bentum-Micah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
The Impact

Researchers’ attention has been turned on Health expenditure, Carbon emissions, and economic growth as they play a focal role in the current debate on environmental protection and sustainable development. Our paper endeavors to investigate the impact of economic growth and CO2 emissions on Health expenditure for two main countries in Asia (China and India) using a dynamic panel data model estimated employing the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) for the period 1960–2019. Our empirical results show that there is a significant relationship between health expenditure, CO2 emissions, and economic growth. The empirical evidence indicates a significant positive impact of CO2 emissions on health expenditure whiles economic growth has a negative impact on health expenditure for both countries for the period under study. The population growth rate has transposed effect on India's health spending; on the other hand, its impact on China’s health spending is significantly positive. The strong observable correlation between health expenditure and economic growth is crucial for economic development.

Relationship between Emissions of Carbon Dioxide from the Cement Industry, Health Expenditures and Economic Growth in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Syed Imran Rais ◽  
Abdul Mansoor ◽  
Noman Ahmed ◽  
Syed Tahir Hussain Shah ◽  
Baserat Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Carbon Dioxide emissions are not suitable for human health, and it also creates hurdles in the economic growth of any economy. The current study aims to reinvestigate the impact of greenhouse gases like CO2 emissions, including other gases, in the cement industry of Pakistan and its outcome in the shape of an increase in the health expenditures of the citizens. The study employs the ARDL methodology to find the empirical results in the short and long run. For the empirical analysis, the study used time-series data from the WDI database and covered the range from 1990 to 2019. The study finds a strong relationship between CO2 emissions from the cement industry, health expenditures, and economic growth in Pakistan. There is a uni-directional causality running from CO2 emission to health expenses in both the short and long run. The present study makes a significant contribution to the literature on industrial economics and energy economics and its effects on the well-being of people in society. The study explains the changes in the health expenditures of people by considering the emission of CO2 from the cement industry, which is a new dimension in the case of Pakistan. Moreover, the study suggested that the government and policymakers should make environment-friendly and eco-friendly policies to clean the environment for better health and high economic growth. The government should encourage investors to invest in green technology to increase production capacity and improve the environment.

scholarly journals The Impact of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on Carbon Dioxide Emissions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 7965
Author(s):  
Oluyomi A. Osobajo ◽  
Afolabi Otitoju ◽  
Martha Ajibola Otitoju ◽  
Adekunle Oke
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Cointegration Tests ◽  
The Impact

This study explored the effect of energy consumption and economic growth on CO2 emissions. The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions was assessed using regression analysis (the pooled OLS regression and fixed effects methods), Granger causality and panel cointegration tests. Data from 70 countries between 1994–2013 were analysed. The result of the Granger causality tests revealed that the study variables (population, capital stock and economic growth) have a bi-directional causal relationship with CO2 emissions, while energy consumption has a uni-directional relationship. Likewise, the outcome of the cointegration tests established that a long-run relationship exists among the study variables (energy consumption and economic growth) with CO2 emissions. However, the pooled OLS and fixed methods both showed that energy consumption and economic growth have a significant positive impact on CO2 emissions. Hence, this study supports the need for a global transition to a low carbon economy primarily through climate finance, which refers to local, national, or transnational financing, that may be drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing. This will help foster large-scale investments in clean energy, that are required to significantly reduce CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Structural Vector Autoregressive Approach to Evaluate the Impact of Electricity Generation Mix on Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in Iran

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahareh Oryani ◽  
Yoonmo Koo ◽  
Shahabaldin Rezania
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Structural Vector

This research attempts to evaluate the impact of renewable electricity generation mix on economic growth and CO2 emissions in Iran from 1980 to 2016. In this regard, by using EViews 10, the Structural Vector Autoregressive model (SVAR) is estimated by imposing the Blanchard and Quah long-run restrictions. The yearly data on real Gross Domestic Production (GDP), the share of electricity generation from renewable sources, and carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) caused by liquid, solid, and gaseous fuels were used. The positive impact of one standard deviation shock of increasing the share of renewable electricity on economic growth was confirmed by using Impulse Response Function (IRF). Contrary to the expectation, the share of renewable electricity in the energy mix is not at a desirable level to lower CO2 emissions, which partly could be explained by the dominant role of fossil fuel in Iran (as an energy-driven country). Moreover, the findings of Variance Decomposition (VD) verified the low share of electricity generated by renewable energy in explaining forecast error variations in economic growth and CO2 emissions. It indicates that in this stage of development, increasing the share of renewable electricity could not be considered as an appropriate strategy to control environmental issues. Therefore, initiating and implementing environmental policies could be considered as the most proper policies to lower CO2 emissions and to achieve the goal of sustainable development.

scholarly journals Identifying the Sustainable Industry by Input–Output Analysis Combined with CO2 Emissions: A Time Series Study from 2005 to 2015 in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6043
Author(s):  
Junhwan Moon ◽  
Eungyeong Yun ◽  
Jaebeom Lee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Input Output Analysis ◽  
Korean Economy ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Linkage Effects

Preventing global warming caused by increased CO2 emissions is a major global problem. It is necessary to find and cultivate an efficient industry with a small amount of CO2 emissions and a great impact on the national economy. This article used input–output analysis to quantify the linkage effects on the Korean economy by dividing the Korean industries into 36 categories, according to the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) industrial classification criteria. In addition, the total amount of carbon dioxide emitted during the year was described by its criteria to compare how much of one industry emits carbon dioxide. The analysis shows that Korea still has an economic structure centered on traditional manufacturing and the characteristics of these industries include CO2 emissions. According to the result, in the construction industry, the carbon dioxide emissions are considerably high, but the linkage effects of the industry is small. By quantitatively analyzing the impact of an industry on the economy and carbon dioxide emissions generated in the production process, this study aimed to identify Korea’s eco-friendly and highly related industries with other industries and objectively present sustainable development.

Analysing scenarios for energy emissions reduction in South Africa

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
S Moodley ◽  
RM Mabugu ◽  
R Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
International Pressure ◽  
Energy Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Global environmental pressure dictates that South Africa reduces its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while national objectives focus on economic development. South Africa is faced with the dilemma of simultaneously alleviating poverty, reducing unemployment, growing the economy and responding to international pressure to reduce GHG emissions. As a result, policies that promote energy emissions reduction without being harmful to economic growth and national developmental priorities are needed. Environmental fiscal reform presents one such option. The impact of this is still unclear for South Africa, and this paper explores this issue. Energy balance data on energy consumption, energy emissions and input-output data for South Africa are used to assess the economic and environmental effects of environmental reform in the energy sector. Despite the high reduction in energy emissions, a tax on coal is not selected as the best alternative given the high negative impact on the economy. A tax on oil results in a low reduction in energy emissions, which limits its use as an environmental policy. The scenario using a petroleum products tax results in small decreases in economic growth but it has low energy emissions reduction, hence, this alternative is not selected as an option. Energy subsidy reform offers the second highest reduction in real energy emissions and a low decrease in economic growth, and this scenario is therefore recognised as the best option for carbon dioxide reduction in South Africa. The electricity tax offers moderate reductions in real energy emissions and a moderate decrease in economic growth, and therefore, it is deduced that the electricity tax option could be another option for carbon dioxide emissions reduction in South Africa.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Factors Driving Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Redwan Ahmed ◽  
Gabriela Sabau ◽  
Morteza Haghiri
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Cointegration Tests ◽  
Growth Energy ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study is to empirically investigate the causal relationship between global CO2 emissions and six of their potentially contributing factors (i.e., economic growth, energy consumption, population, trade openness, financial development and corruption), by using a panel data collected from 65 countries during 1995 to 2013. We developed a dynamic model and used a four-step testing procedures (i.e., panel unit root tests, panel cointegration tests, long-run estimates, i.e. FMOLS estimates and a Granger causality test). The results showed that the most important factors driving global CO2 emissions were economic growth, energy consumption, corruption and financial development. It is recommended that countries develop their own CO2 reducing policies by designing an appropriate combination/mix of policy tools, such as regulation, economic, voluntary and educational/ informational instruments to address their environmental pollution. Countries could consider all dimensions of well-being when they measure their economic development. Imposing pollution taxes on fossil fuel based energy supplies, developing emissions standards, strengthening anti-corruption strategies and educating people about the adverse effects of CO2 emissions on the natural environment and human health are potential policy measures.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document