scholarly journals Computed Tomographic Analysis of Aortic Arch Branching Patterns - Revisited

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iroshani Kodikara ◽  
Dhanusha Gamage ◽  
Sampath De Soyza ◽  
Isurani Ilayperuma
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Population Type ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Type 3

Abstract Background /ObjectivesBranching pattern of aortic arch (AA) has a direct impact on the outcome of thoracic surgical and angiographic procedures. Geographical variations in the branching pattern of AA has been described. Hence, this descriptive cross sectional study describes the AA variations in a Sri Lankan population compared to the available global statistics.MethodsContrast-enhanced computed tomographic studies (CTC) of thorax (n=219) performed in males (49.3%) and females (50.7%); aged 59±17 years (range: 4 to 96 years), were evaluated. Branching patterns of AA were categorized into seven types as described by Popieluszko et al.ResultsFour AA types were identified in the study population: Type 1 (90%; n=197), Type 2 (n=10, 4.6%), Type 3 (n=8, 3.7%) and Type 6 AA (n=4; 1.8%). The prevalence of AA variations was 10%. Type 1 was the most prevalent pattern in both genders: female-91%; males-88.9%. The most prevalent AA variant in females was Type 2 (n=6; 5.4%); males Type 3 (n=5; 4.6%). However, the branching pattern of AA has not demonstrated a significant gender influence (Odds: 0.792; 95% CI: 0.327 - 1.917; p=0.605). ConclusionVariations in branching pattern of AA is as high as 10% among Sri Lankans. Thus, an in-depth knowledge on population specific prevalence of AA variants would influence the modifications surgical approaches and the choice of angiographic catheters to be utilized, which in turn, would minimize inadvertent vascular injuries during thoracic surgical and angiographic interventions.

Anatomical variations of aortic arch branching: evaluation with computed tomographic angiography

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alper Karacan ◽  
Aysel Türkvatan ◽  
Keziban Karacan
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Subclavian Artery ◽  
Computed Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery ◽  
Left Vertebral Artery ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Tomographic Angiography ◽  
Type 3

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and gender distribution of variations in the aortic arch branching pattern using 64-slice computed tomograhic angiography. Materials and methods: A total of 1000 patients with a normal left-sided aortic arch who underwent computed tomographic angiography for various reasons were analysed retrospectively for the frequency of variation of aortic arch branching; the variations were categorised into seven types. Results: Of the 1000 patients, 79.2% had a normal aortic arch branching pattern – type 1 – and 20.8% had variations. The frequency of type 2 variation – brachiocephalic and left common carotid arteries arising from the aortic arch in a common trunk – was 14.1%, that of type 3 – left vertebral artery originating from the aortic arch – was 4.1%, that of type 4 – coexistence of type 2 and type 3 – was 1.2%, that of type 5 – aberrant right subclavian artery – was 0.6%, that of type 6 – coexistence of aberrant right subclavian artery and bicarotid trunk – was 0.7%, and that for type 7 – thyroidea ima artery arising from the aortic arch – was 0.1%. The incidences of the variations of aortic arch branching were similar among males and females (20% versus 22.1%). The incidence of an aberrant right subclavian artery – type 5 and type 6 – was higher among females compared with males (2.5% versus 0.5), whereas the frequencies of the other variations were either equal or similar in both genders. Conclusion: Recognition of variations of aortic arch branching is important because they may cause symptoms due to tracheoesophageal compression or complications during surgical or endovascular interventional procedures of the aorta and its branches.

scholarly journals Parainfluenza virus infections in the Cirencester Survey: Seasonal and other characteristics

1981 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Edgar Hope-Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Population Type ◽  
Winter Peak ◽  
Type 3

SummaryParainfluenza viruses were isolated 165 times during 14 years surveillance of the illnesses of a general practice population of around 3700. Type 1 isolations numbered 57, type 2 isolations 22 and type 3 isolations 86, representing annual rates of 33, 13 and 50 infections respectively per 10000 of population. Type 4 parainfluenza virus was not isolated. Three major classes of illness gave the following rates: sore throats (Throats) nine, acute febrile respiratory diseases (FRD) 23, acute non-febrile respiratory diseases (non-FRD) 71. The illnesses caused by the three types isolated were similar. Type 1 infections were most abundant in November and type 2 infections in December, and only 11.4 % of these types were isolated in the warm semester April through September. Type 3 infections were seasonally bi-modal, with a winter peak in January and an even greater prevalence (66% of the total) in the warm semester. Type 3 infections in the warmer months and in the later years of the Survey were usually more severe. Type 3 virus may therefore be heterogeneous, one subtype possessing and the other lacking the genetic mechanism of ‘cold-season’ prevalence. Geographical discontinuity between summer and winter isolations strengthens the case for the existence of the two subtypes of type 3 parainfluenza virus.Type 3 infections caused the majority of the infections in very young infants. Type 2 infections were widely distributed at all ages. Females were attacked more often than males: type 1, 68.4%; type 2,636%; type 3, 53.5%. Type 3 infections in males outnumbered those in females up to 60 years of age, whereas female predominance became apparent in types 1 and 2 before 10 years of age.All types were widely and sparsely distributed, areas of prevalence changing from year to year. Recurrences occurred only twice, both with type 3 infections. Six persons suffered both a type 1 and a type 3 infection, and one person suffered both a type 2 and a type 3 infection.

scholarly journals Effect of aging on the configurational change of the aortic arch

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsuhiro Kojima ◽  
Isako Saga
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Computed Tomography Angiography ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
The Relationship

We explored the relationship between aging and the configuration of the aortic arch using computed tomography angiography (CTA). We retrospectively reviewed CTA obtained in 140 cases. The configuration of the aortic arch was categorized into three types based on the criteria mentioned by Madhwal <em>et al</em>., and the relationships between each configuration and patient characteristics were analyzed. Anomalies of the aortic arch were also explored. Twenty patients had a type-1 aortic arch (mean age, 56.1 years), 30 patients had a type-2 aortic arch (mean age, 66.3 years), and 89 patients had a type-3 aortic arch (mean age, 71.7 years). The mean age of patients with a type-3 aortic arch was significantly higher than that of patients with a type-1 aortic arch. No significant correlations between the type of aortic arch and other factors, such as smoking habit, were seen. The configuration of the aortic arch in our study appears to be significantly affected by the age of the patients.

scholarly journals Anatomical Variants of the Infraorbital Canal: Implications for the Prelacrimal Approach to the Orbital Floor

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifeng Li ◽  
Nyall R. London ◽  
Daniel M. Prevedello ◽  
Ricardo L. Carrau
Keyword(s):  
Infraorbital Nerve ◽  
Orbital Floor ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Infraorbital Canal ◽  
Anatomic Variants ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
The Impact

Background The infraorbital nerve (ION) and its canal are important landmarks during surgical approaches to the orbital floor and pterygopalatine fossa. However, variations in the anatomy of the infraorbital canal and its corresponding neurovascular bundle may impact the access. Objective To investigate anatomic variants of the infraorbital canal from a prelacrimal endoscopic perspective and to explore the impact of these variants on exposing the lateral orbital floor. Methods Ten cadaveric specimens (20 sides) were dissected through an endonasal prelacrimal approach. Anatomic variants of the ION including location, branching pattern, and relationship to the infraorbital artery were assessed. The need for ION transposition to increase exposure of the lateral orbital floor was also investigated. Results Incidence of previously described Types 1, 2, and 3 ION variants were 30.0%, 60.0%, and 10.0%, respectively. Although the orbital floor could be directly accessed in Type 1 and Type 3 IONs, transposition of the ION was necessary to expose the lateral orbital floor in 5 of 12 sides (42%) for Type 2 ION. Bony dehiscence of the orbital floor was identified in 8 of 20 sides (40%) and branching of the ION in 2 of 20 sides (10%). Conclusion Anatomic variations of the infraorbital canal impact surgical exposure of the orbital floor via a prelacrimal approach. Type 1 and Type 3 ION variants allow a direct exposure of the entire orbital floor. A Type 2 ION may require transposition of the nerve to adequately expose the lateral orbital floor.

The Branching Pattern of the Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery in Patients with a Replaced Right Hepatic Artery

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 796-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshito Tomimaru ◽  
Kaishu Tanaka ◽  
Kozo Noguchi ◽  
Shunji Morita ◽  
Hiroshi Imamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Multidetector Row Computed Tomography ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Pancreaticoduodenal Artery ◽  
Replaced Right Hepatic Artery ◽  
Artery First ◽  
Type C ◽  
Type 3

Understanding the anatomy of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (IPDA) is important in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy, especially in an artery-first approach, resulting in some studies focusing on IPDA anatomy. However, the studies have covered only cases without variation in hepatic arterial anatomy, a common arterial variant, suggesting the necessity of the investigation of IPDA anatomy in cases with the variant. Using images of multidetector row computed tomography, cases with replaced right hepatic artery (rRHA) were picked out among 714 patients undergoing multidetector row computed tomography for determining arteries of the pancreatic head at our institution. IPDA branching pattern was investigated in the rRHA cases. Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed to visually understand the branching pattern in representative cases. rRHA was identified in 139 cases (19.5%); rRHA originating from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) (type 1; 74.1%), celiac axis (type 2; 18.0%), and others (type 3; 7.9%). IPDA branching pattern was categorized; IPDA originated from SMA (type A), posterior and anterior IPDA originated from rRHA and SMA, respectively (type B), or IPDA originated from rRHA (type C). Of type 1 cases, 69, 23, and 11 cases showed type A, B, and C pattern, respectively. Of type 2 cases, 16 and 9 cases showed type A and B, respectively. All 11 type 3 cases showed type C. IPDA branching pattern was determined in the rRHA cases. This would help identification of rRHA cases where the artery-first approach is technically less feasible at pancreaticoduodenectomy (type 1-B, 1-C, and 2-B).

FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN FOREIGN STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATIVE REGULATION DURING TUITION

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
A.M. Satarkulova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Adaptive Abilities

The assessment and dynamic control over students’ status is a very important task. It allows timely detection of prenosological status prior to pathology and health maintenance in students. The objective of the paper is to assess the adaptive abilities of the body, to analyze changes in heart rate variability indicators in students with various types of autonomic regulation, to identify prenosological status and precursory pathological symptoms. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 302 students from India, aged 21.54±1.43. Programming complex «Psychophysiologist» was used to register the main HRV parameters within 5 minutes. Health status was evaluated according to the index of functional changes and the scale of functional states. Results. N.I. Shlyk (2009) distinguished two groups of students with different types of autonomic regulation: type 1 (53 %) with moderate and type 2 (5 %) with marked characteristics of central regulation profile, type 3 (35 %) with moderate and type 4 (7 %) with marked characteristics of autonomous regulation profile. Main parameters of HRV and adaptation potential were defined for each student.All the parameters characterized functional and health status. Conclusions. It was shown that 82 % of trial subjects (type 1), 53 % (type 2), 94 % (type 3) and 95 % (type 4) demonstrated satisfactory adaptation and their physiological processes were at an optimal level. 18 % of students (type 1) demonstrated reduced adaptive abilities of the body. Moreover, they were under moderate stress. 47 % of subjects (type 2) were also under a significant stress, which was proven by excessively high SI, low SDNN and TP, and an increased index of functional changes. 5 % of students (type 4) revealed dysfunctional characteristics in the heart rhythm, peculiar to pathology. Keywords: foreign students, heart rate variability, types of autonomic regulation, adaptation potential, functional status. Оценка состояния студентов и динамический контроль за ним является важной задачей, поскольку позволяет своевременно выявлять у студентов донозологические состояния, предшествующие патологии, и способствовать сохранению здоровья. Цель. Оценка адаптивных возможностей организма, анализ изменений показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма у студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции, выявление донозологических состояний и ранних признаков патологии. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовало 302 студента в возрасте 21,54+1,43 года из Индии. Регистрировались основные параметры ВСР в течение 5 мин с использованием программно-аппаратного комплекса «Психофизиолог». Состояние и уровень здоровья оценивались по индексу функциональных изменений и шкале функциональных состояний. Результаты. По способу, предложенному Н.И. Шлык, выделены группы студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции: I (53 %) и II типы (5 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием центрального контура регуляции соответственно, III (35 %) и IV типы (7 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием автономного контура регуляции соответственно. У каждого из студентов определены основные параметры ВСР и адаптационного потенциала, характеризующие функциональное состояние и уровень здоровья. Выводы. Показано, что для 82 % обследуемых с I типом, 53 % со II типом, 94 % c III типом и 95 % с IV типом регуляции характерно состояние удовлетворительной адаптации, физиологические процессы сохраняются на оптимальном уровне. В группе студентов I типа у 18 % студентов адаптивные возможности организма снижены, выявлено состояние умеренного напряжения. У 47 % обследуемых II типа также зафиксировано состояние резко выраженного напряжения, индикатором которого является чрезмерно высокое значение SI, низкие величины SDNN и ТP, повышенное значение индекса функциональных изменений. В группе студентов с IV типом у 5 % учащихсяв регуляции ритма сердца выявлены дисфункциональные признаки, характерные для патологии. Ключевые слова: иностранные студенты, вариабельность сердечного ритма, типы вегетативной регуляции, адаптационный потенциал, функциональное состояние.

POLIOMYELITIS IN CANADIAN ESKIMOS: LABORATORY STUDIES. V. TYPE 1 AND TYPE 3 POLIOMYELITIS ANTIBODY LEVELS IN BAFFIN ISLAND ESKIMOS

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
W. Wood ◽  
Eina M. Clark ◽  
F. T. Shimada ◽  
A. J. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Type 3

Studies on the basic immunology of poliomyelitis in Canadian Eskimos have been continued. Some 87 sera collected from Eskimos at Pangnirtung, Baffin Island, have been examined for the presence of Type 1 and Type 3 poliomyelitis antibody by quantitative tests in tissue cultures. The same sera were previously examined for Type 2 antibody by quantitative tests in mice. The results of the three determinations are now presented together for comparison. These sera came from Eskimos aged 2 to 72 years of age. None of the Eskimos showed any evidence of paralysis. Examination of the medical records did not suggest that any paralytic disease had been present in this part of Baffin Island. Very few of the sera showed the presence of poliomyelitis antibody; thus, Type 1 antibody was demonstrated in the sera of 8%, Type 2 antibody in the sera of 9%, and Type 3 antibody in the sera of 14%. No significant number of Eskimos below the age of 45 years had acquired poliomyelitis antibody. The antibody titers mostly ranged between 10−1.0 and 10−2.0, and were significantly lower than the titers customarily found in recently paralyzed cases. These findings suggest that poliomyelitis infection occurred in Pangnirtung Eskimos many years before the date on which the samples were taken (1951). These results point to the worldwide prevalence of the three types of poliomyelitis virus.

Toward Personalized Treatment for Patients with Low von Willebrand Factor and Quantitative von Willebrand Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (02) ◽  
pp. 192-200
Author(s):  
James S. O'Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Von Willebrand Factor ◽  
Bleeding Risk ◽  
Von Willebrand Disease ◽  
Personalized Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor

AbstractThe biological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 and type 3 von Willebrand disease (VWD) have been studied extensively. In contrast, although accounting for the majority of VWD cases, the pathobiology underlying partial quantitative VWD has remained somewhat elusive. However, important insights have been attained following several recent cohort studies that have investigated mechanisms in patients with type 1 VWD and low von Willebrand factor (VWF), respectively. These studies have demonstrated that reduced plasma VWF levels may result from either (1) decreased VWF biosynthesis and/or secretion in endothelial cells and (2) pathological increased VWF clearance. In addition, it has become clear that some patients with only mild to moderate reductions in plasma VWF levels in the 30 to 50 IU/dL range may have significant bleeding phenotypes. Importantly in these low VWF patients, bleeding risk fails to correlate with plasma VWF levels and inheritance is typically independent of the VWF gene. Although plasma VWF levels may increase to > 50 IU/dL with progressive aging or pregnancy in these subjects, emerging data suggest that this apparent normalization in VWF levels does not necessarily equate to a complete correction in bleeding phenotype in patients with partial quantitative VWD. In this review, these recent advances in our understanding of quantitative VWD pathogenesis are discussed. Furthermore, the translational implications of these emerging findings are considered, particularly with respect to designing personalized treatment plans for VWD patients undergoing elective procedures.

scholarly journals Optimally growing initial errors of El Niño events in the CESM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Xu ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Wansuo Duan
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Equatorial Pacific ◽  
Initial Error ◽  
Initial Errors ◽  
El Niño Events ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
El Nino Events

AbstractThe optimally growing initial errors (OGEs) of El Niño events are found in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) by the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method. Based on the characteristics of low-dimensional attractors for ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) systems, we apply singular vector decomposition (SVD) to reduce the dimensions of optimization problems and calculate the CNOP in a truncated phase space by the differential evolution (DE) algorithm. In the CESM, we obtain three types of OGEs of El Niño events with different intensities and diversities and call them type-1, type-2 and type-3 initial errors. Among them, the type-1 initial error is characterized by negative SSTA errors in the equatorial Pacific accompanied by a negative west–east slope of subsurface temperature from the subsurface to the surface in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific. The type-2 initial error is similar to the type-1 initial error but with the opposite sign. The type-3 initial error behaves as a basin-wide dipolar pattern of tropical sea temperature errors from the sea surface to the subsurface, with positive errors in the upper layers of the equatorial eastern Pacific and negative errors in the lower layers of the equatorial western Pacific. For the type-1 (type-2) initial error, the negative (positive) temperature errors in the eastern equatorial Pacific develop locally into a mature La Niña (El Niño)-like mode. For the type-3 initial error, the negative errors in the lower layers of the western equatorial Pacific propagate eastward with Kelvin waves and are intensified in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Although the type-1 and type-3 initial errors have different spatial patterns and dynamic growing mechanisms, both cause El Niño events to be underpredicted as neutral states or La Niña events. However, the type-2 initial error makes a moderate El Niño event to be predicted as an extremely strong event.

scholarly journals Successful Aging Perception in Middle-Aged Korean Men: A Q Methodology Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3095
Author(s):  
Mi Hyeon Seong ◽  
Eunyoung Shin ◽  
Sohyune Sok
Keyword(s):  
Successful Aging ◽  
Q Methodology ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Practice Nurses ◽  
Mature Type ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Family Centered

The purpose of this study is to identify the types of perception of successful aging in middle-aged men and to analyze and describe the characteristics of each type of successful aging perception of middle-aged men in South Korea. This study uses an exploratory study design, applying the Q methodology, which is a subjective research method. The participants were 25 middle-aged men (40 to 60 years old) living in C, Y, and B cities, which were P-samples that were judged to best reveal the successful aging of middle-aged men. In this study, principal component analysis of the PQ method program was used. The five perception types of successful aging among middle-aged men are Type 1 for the “leisure type”, Type 2 for the “mature type”, Type 3 for the “health-oriented type”, Type 4 for the “patriarchal type”, and Type 5 for the “family-centered type”. The mature type had the highest variance among the five types, and the leisure type was the type that showed the second-highest variance. In nursing practice, nurses need to pay attention to the successful aging perceptions of middle-aged Korean men for their successful aging in the future.

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