scholarly journals Morphotype Classification Criteria, Nomenclature of Shea Varieties [Vitellaria Paradoxa (C.F. Gaertn)], And Influence of Sociocultural Factors on Perceived Shea Natural Variation Across Parklands in Benin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michée Fustelle F. Merinosy ◽  
Enoch Gbenato Achigan-Dako ◽  
Paul Césaire Gnanglè ◽  
Eugène Kassa ◽  
Jean-Marc Boffa
Keyword(s):  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Classification Criteria ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Factorial Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Citation Frequency

Abstract Background: Local knowledge and perception are crucial to undertake the domestication of useful species such as Vitellaria paradoxa that makes significant contribution to rural household economy in Africa. This study aims to document shea morphotypes diversity based on folk knowledge especially the main criteria farmers used to distinguish shea trees and to examine the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on that knowledge. Methods: 405 respondents were surveyed across shea parklands in Benin using semi-structured questionnaire. We used the relative citation frequency of criteria followed by Kruskal-Wallis test to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic attributes on local knowledge of Shea morphotypes variation. Factorial Correspondence Analysis described the links between the different morphotypes and parklands, and Principal Components Analysis was used to characterize farmers perception on morphotypes’ abundance, fruits and butter yields. Results: Respondents identified 13 morphotypes based on the five most cited criteria which are fruit size (55.5%), tree fertility (15.40%), bark colour (10.51%), timing of production (5.38%) and pulp taste (3.42%). The citation frequency of classification criteria varied significantly depending on the age, the education level and the sociolinguistic group of the respondent. The Bembèrèkè zone shea parkland revealed higher diversity of morphotypes traits. The small fruit type (‘Yanki’) was reported to be widespread. It produces higher fruit and butter yields according to respondents. Conclusions: From our findings, farmers perceived an important diversity of shea traits that are used to classify morphotypes with economic or sociocultural importance. The revelation of that natural variation in shea tree is a key step toward the development of shea improvement program that could focus on the morphotype Yanki reported to be potentially high in fruit production and butter yield.

Hydrophobic Particle Films Improve Tree Fruit Productivity

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 548a-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Glenn ◽  
G. Puterka ◽  
T. Baugher ◽  
T. Unruh ◽  
S. Drake
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Fruit Productivity ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Hydrophobic Particle

Hydrophobic particle film technology (HPF) is a developing pest control system for tree fruit production systems. Studies were established in Chile, and Washington, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia in the United States, to evaluate the effect of HPF technology on tree fruit yield and quality. Studies in Chile, Washington, and West Virginia demonstrated increased photosynthetic rate at the leaf level. Yield was increased in peaches (Chile) and apples (West Virginia), and fruit size was increased in apples (Washington and Pennsylvania). Increased red color in apple was demonstrated at all sites with reduced russetting and `Stayman' cracking in Pennsylvania. HPF technology appears to be an effective tool in reducing water and heat stress in tree fruit resulting in increased fruit quality.

Protected Culture Systems for Strawberry Production

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 459d-459
Author(s):  
Fumiomi Takeda ◽  
Paul R. Adler ◽  
D. Michael Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Soilless Culture ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Plant Densities

Strawberry plants (cvs. Camarosa, Chandler, Sweet Charlie, Primetime, Jewel, and Tribute) were grown in soilless culture systems in a greenhouse from October to May. Fresh-dug and runner-tip Aplug® plants were transplanted into two systems: vertically stacked pots (24 plants/m2) containing perlite and horizontal nutrient film technique troughs (13 plants/m2). Plants were fertigated continuously with recirculating nutrient solution. In a 7-month production cycle, the plug plants bloomed earlier and produced more fruit during the first month of harvest (December) than the fresh-dug plants. Higher yields from plug plants were a result of more fruit numbers and not larger fruit size. Fruit production averaged 6.0 and 3.5 kg/m2 in the trough and pot systems, respectively. The vertical growing system allows greater plant densities, but light intensity reaching the plants in the lower sections of the tower can be less than 20% of levels measured at the top. Establishment costs of protected culture systems are higher, but production is earlier and labor costs are typically reduced. Greenhouse hydroponic culture systems could extend the winter strawberry production to more northern locations.

scholarly journals Effect of Propagation Method and Ploidy Level of Various Rootstocks on the Response of the Common Clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan) to a Mild Water Deficit

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Oustric ◽  
Radia Lourkisti ◽  
Stéphane Herbette ◽  
Raphaël Morillon ◽  
Gilles Paolacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Antioxidant Efficiency ◽  
Diploid Genotype ◽  
Propagation Methods

Current climatic upheavals reduce water availability which impacts the growth and fruit quality of plants. In citrus crops, scion/rootstock combinations are used to ensure high fruit production and quality and a stress tolerance/resistance. Our objective was to assess the effect on the clementine scion (C) under natural mild water deficit of (i) polyploid rootstocks by comparing the allotetraploid FlhorAG1 (C/4xFLs; trifoliate orange + Willowleaf mandarin) with its diploid parents, trifoliate orange (C/2xTOs), and Willowleaf mandarin (C/2xWLs), and with a diploid genotype used as reference (Carrizo citrange, C/2xCCs), (ii) rootstock propagation methods by comparing trifoliate orange seedling (C/2xTOs) with cutting (C/2xTOc). A mild water deficit observed under orchard conditions during the summer period (July–August) induced a significant change in yield (except in C/2xTOs), fruit size, and quality. C/2xCCs, C/2xTOs, and C/2xWLs appeared less affected by water deficit as indicated by their lower reduction of predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), relative water content (RWC), transpiration (E), and photosynthetic parameters (Pnet and gs). Their greater redox balance was probably due to their better antioxidant efficiency. Seedling rootstocks lead to a better adaptation of clementine scions to water deficit than cutting or allotetraploid rootstock. Improving the tolerance to water deficit requires taking into consideration the rootstock genotype, propagation method, and ploidy level.

scholarly journals Interaction between biological and chemistry fungicides and tomato pollinators

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-435
Author(s):  
Carlos De Melo e Silva-Neto ◽  
Anna Clara Chaves Ribeiro ◽  
Flaviana Lima Gomes ◽  
Jordana Guimarães Neves ◽  
Aniela Pilar Campos de Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The use of agrochemicals is harmful to bees visiting agricultural crops, reducing production gains from pollination, but the effect of fungicides on these bees is not known. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of bee visitation influenced by different fungicides on the tomato crop and on the deposition of pollen grains on the stigma, number of seeds, mass and fruit size. The experiment was conducted with 10 treatments: (T1) control treatment, without application of agrochemicals; (T2 and T3) Bacillus subtilis in different application frequencies; (T4) copper hydroxide; (T5) B. subtilis and copper hydroxide; (T6) acibenzolar-S-methyl; (T7) (trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole) and B. subtilis; (T8) copper hydroxide+Mancozeb; (T9) propineb+(trifloxystrobin+ tebuconazole); (T10) (trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole)+B. subtilis+copper hydroxide. The presence of the pollination mark on the flower, the pollen load of the stigmas, the number of seeds per fruit, and the size and mass of the fruits were determined in each treatment. Subsequently, the mortality rate of Melipona quadrifasciata (Hymenoptera, Apidae) exposed to four fungicides (trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole; manganese and zinc; copper hydroxide; Bacillus subtilis) was estimated. The mortality rate of M. quadrifasciata over 24 h of evaluation was higher in the treatments with copper hydroxide and trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole (75 and 50%, respectively). The mortality rate was lower in the treatments with manganese and zinc and Bacillus subtilis and in the control treatment. The treatments with trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole reduced the presence of bite marks on the flowers and of pollen grains on the flower stigma. The fruits of the control treatments and treatments with B. subtilis and copper hydroxide were larger and had greater mass, as compared to other agrochemicals. Thus, a higher number of pesticide applications on the tomatoes reduced bee visitation rates to the flowers and, consequently, reduced the amount of pollen grains deposited on the stigmas, also reducing the fruit production. 

Impact of environmental conditions on fruit production patterns of shea tree ( Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn) in West Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loyapin Bondé ◽  
Oumarou Ouédraogo ◽  
Salifou Traoré ◽  
Adjima Thiombiano ◽  
Joseph I. Boussim
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽  
Shea Tree

scholarly journals Heading of shoots and hand thinning of flowers and fruits on 'BRS Kampai' peach trees

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1006-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Duarte de Oliveira ◽  
Gilmar Arduino Bettio Marodin ◽  
Gustavo Klamer de Almeida ◽  
Mateus Pereira Gonzatto ◽  
Daniel Chamorro Darde
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
No Production ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Heading Control ◽  
Peach Trees

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of shoot heading and of hand thinning in different development stages of flowers and fruits on the fruit production and quality of 'BRS Kampai' peach (Prunus persica) trees. The experiment was performed during three crop years, under the conditions of the “Depressão Central” region in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and the treatments were: T1, heading of half of the mixed shoot; T2, heading of one third of the mixed shoot; T3, flower thinning in the pink bud stage; T4, thinning at full bloom; T5, thinning of fruit with 5 mm; T6, thinning of fruit with 20 mm; and T7, no thinning or heading (control). Fruit production and quality were evaluated. Plants with no thinning were more productive, but showed high frequency of fruits with a diameter smaller than 60 mm. Shoot heading reduced production per tree and resulted in small-sized fruit. Thinning time did not affect production, and fruit size was greater when thinning was performed at the bloom stage. 'BRS Kampai' peach trees can be thinned starting at bloom, which provides greater fruit size, with no production loss.

scholarly journals Gender differences in fruit production and selection of avocado and banana varieties: Case study at Wondo Genet and Wondo Woredas, Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Tamirat G. Feyisa ◽  
Habtamu G. Megersa
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Banana Production ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Selection Of

This study was designed to assess differences in gender roles and preferences of female and male-headed fruit producers regarding the selection of avocado and banana varieties. Two woredas were selected purposively based on the availability of avocado and banana production trends in the woredas. Then, a model avocado and banana producing female and male-headed households were identified and about 34 households were selected randomly from both woredas. A structured questioner was used to collect primary information from the selected households. The collected data were analyzed by STATA 12 software. The obtained results indicated that the male household members exceedingly participated in land preparation (93%), seedling preparation (90%), transplanting (90%) and weeding (76%) whereas, female household members highly participated in fruit collection (72%), transporting fruits to the market (83%), selling the fruit (90%) and deciding on money obtained from fruit sale (83%). The increased participation of female household members indicated that the contribution of female-headed households on many farming activities. The major criteria considered in selection of avocado varieties were plant height (75%), fruit size (75%), fruit yield (84%), fruit test (97%) whereas, fruit yield (91%), fruit color (72%), fruit test (94%) and fruit smell (53%) were important criteria for banana varieties. There were no statistically significant differences (P0.05) in avocado and banana varieties selection criteria between female and male headed households. Therefore, breeders need not develop different avocado and banana varieties for female and male-headed producers. Gender based labor division in the study areas should be taken into consideration whenever technology is demonstrated and farmers' training is given on avocado and banana production technologies to ensure their effective implementation

scholarly journals Precocious, Dwarfing, and Productive—How Will New Cherry Rootstocks Impact the Sweet Cherry Industry?

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Beneficial Traits ◽  
Cherry Rootstocks

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) can be one of the most profitable tree fruits cultivated in temperate climates. While cherry trees grow naturally to relatively tall heights (≈35 ft [≥10 m]), new size-controlling cherry rootstocks similar to those used in high-density apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards are now a reality. The Gisela (GI.) and Weiroot (W.) series from Germany, the Gran Manier (GM.) series from Belgium, the P-HL series from Czech Republic, `Tabel Edabriz' from France, and others of international origin are at various stages of scientific and field testing in North America, with some now being used for commercial fruit production. These stocks confer several advantageous traits besides vigor control, including precocious fruiting and high productivity. While these beneficial traits are exciting, serious problems also have been documented on occasion, such as small fruit size and tree decline. As many of these rootstocks are interspecific Prunus L. hybrids, might there be significant limitations for fruit quality and orchard longevity? What is known about their tolerance to various soil types and/or climatological stresses? What is known about their susceptibilities to pathogens and pests? Further, with the U.S. and worldwide orchard area planted to fresh-market sweet cherries already expanding to record levels throughout the 1990s and a time-honored agricultural tendency toward overproduction until grower profits are minimized (e.g., recent international apple markets), what might be the future impact of such precocious, productive rootstocks on sweet cherry profitability and sustainable production? This overview addresses these topics, providing some answers and some areas for future scientific investigation and industry discussion.

scholarly journals 660 Reducing Floral Initiation and Return Bloom in Stone Fruit Trees: Applications and Implications in Fruit Production

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 561F-562
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Southwick
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Prunus Salicina

Commercially grown apricots (Prunus armeniaca), peaches (Prunus persica), nectarines (Prunus persica), plums (Prunus salicina and Prunus domestica), and pluots (Prunus salicina × Prunus armeniaca) have a tendency to produce high numbers of flowers. These flowers often set and produce more fruit than trees can adequately size to meet market standards. When excessive fruit set occurs, removal of fruit by hand-thinning is common to ensure that fruit size meets market standards. Over the years there have been numerous attempts to find chemical or physical techniques that would help to reduce costs associated with and improve efficiencies of hand-thinning; however, using alternate strategies to hand-thinning have not been widely adopted in stone fruit production. In the past 10 years, through the continuing efforts of scientists throughout the world in public and private institutions and business, it appears that there are chemical sprays capable of reducing the need for hand-thinning in stone fruit. Management of flowering by reducing the number of flowers on apricot, peach, nectarine, plum, and prune has shown promise under climatic conditions such as those found in the San Joaquin Valley of California. By applying gibberellins during May through July, flowers in many stone fruit cultivars can be reduced in the following season. The reduction in flower number does not generally lead to an increase in fruit set. As a result, fruit numbers are reduced, the need for hand thinning can be reduced, and in some cases eliminated. There are risks associated with reducing flower number before climatic conditions during bloom or final fruit set are known. However, given the changes in labor costs and market demands, especially in the developed world, the benefits may outweigh the risks. The application and implications of these summer gibberellin applications toward reducing flower numbers will be discussed as it relates to commercial stone fruit growing.

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