Influence of Local Mineral Raw Materials On The Commercial Success of Aveiro Production of Ancient Ceramic Sugar Jars

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.21203/rs.3.rs-703908/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rocha Fernando ◽

Paulo Morgado

Keyword(s):

Upper Cretaceous ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

Sugar Production ◽

Local Production ◽

Mineralogical Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Ancient Ceramic ◽

Production Areas

Abstract Sugar forms were conic ceramic jars having a hole at the bottom, being used specifically for the stage of the purge of the sugar cake. These pieces played a paramount role in sugar production cycle, being used for the maturation of the sugar, and since the 15th until the beginning of the 19th centuries, the old pottery centres from Aveiro and Lisbon regions, produced heavily these “formas de açúcar” (“sugar jars”) which were exported to sugar production areas, at places as diverse as Madeira, Canaries, Cape Verde, Cuba and Brazil. Mineralogical analysis by x-ray powder diffraction was carried out on bulk samples. Chemical composition was assessed by X-Ray fluorescence. The obtained results gave important information about the composition of the studied materials, and also about their raw materials. Mineralogical and chemical data obtained in samples from Aveiro point to a local production, using the upper Cretaceous (Maastrichian) marly (dolomitic) clays and clayey sands as main raw materials. Ceramics from Barreiro (Lisbon) are in general more silicated and less carbonated, composition close to the Tagus Cenozoic Basin clays. The higher iron content of Aveiro clays favours the glazing of ceramic paste at lower temperatures, giving better mechanical resistance which can justify "their best quality", as referred to in ancient documents.

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Study on Sulfur Existing Form in Sinter

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1279 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 284-286 ◽

pp. 1279-1283

Author(s):

Yu Zhu Zhang ◽

Su Ju Hao ◽

Wu Feng Jiang ◽

Yue Long

Keyword(s):

Blast Furnace ◽

Sulfur Content ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Value Added ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Mineralogical Analysis ◽

Metallurgical Production ◽

X Ray ◽

Calcium Sulphide ◽

Existing Form

Lower sulfur content is absolutely necessary for high value-added quality steel, so it is required to reduce sulfur content of product in each link of metallurgical production. Sintering is one of important links to provide blast furnace raw materials. Study on Sulfur existing form in Sinter can provide significant theoretical guide on sulfur distribution in metallurgical production. In this paper, small sintering experiments were carried out and sinter samples with different alkalinities were prepared. The samples were characterized by mineralogical analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results show that Sulfur existing form in Sinter is calcium sulphide (CaS). CaS can not be oxidized and melted down in the following process of blast furnace iron-making and can directly enters into slag for discharge outside the furnace.

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The Reconstructiton of Ancient Ceramic Technology Through the Comparative Analysis of Ancient and Contemporary Potters′ Materials: A Case Study from the Central Tiber Valley of Italy

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-185-511 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 185 ◽

Author(s):

J. Theodore Peña

Keyword(s):

Ceramic Technology ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ceramic Production ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Mineralogical Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Ancient Ceramic ◽

Tiber Valley ◽

Selection Of

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a program of mineralogical analysis aimed at the elucidation of raw material acquisition and paste preparation practices among Roman-period potters in the Orte/Vasanello area of the central Tiber Valley of Italy. A study of modern folk potters at Vasanello revealed a complex pattern of clay utilization. A selection of local clays, pottery produced by Vasanello potters, and ceramics from two Roman ceramic production sites was subjected to mineralogical analysis (x-ray diffraction, petrographic) for purposes of comparison. The results indicate that similar clay sources were exploited by potters in both periods, and that the materials obtained from these were likely employed for similar functional varieties of pottery.

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Mineralogical analysis of a clay body from Zlakusa, Serbia, used in the manufacture of traditional pottery

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/clm.2020.20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 142-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maja Milošević ◽

Mihovil Logar ◽

Biljana Djordjević

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Pottery Production ◽

Mineralogical Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Mineral Phases ◽

Technological Potential ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Clay Body ◽

Thermal Analysis Techniques ◽

Traditional Manner

AbstractThe production of pottery in the traditional manner using local raw materials can provide insights into the provenance of ancient artefacts. This study uses mineralogical analysis to evaluate the raw clays and tempers used for pottery production in Zlakusa (western Serbia). Particle-size distribution, plasticity, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and differential thermal analysis techniques were applied. The mineral phases identified in the raw clay sample are kaolinite/halloysite, mica/illite, smectite, quartz, paragonite, feldspar, calcite and hematite. The clay body sample is a mixture of raw clay and crushed calcite in a ~50:50 ratio, which was confirmed using various techniques. We have also considered and investigated the technological potential of the sampled materials, taking into consideration their actual and potential applications. It was confirmed that the clay body may be used in the manufacture of bricks and pottery, but its industrial application is limited by the paste recipe.

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UTILIZAÇÃO DA SERRAGEM DE Eucalyptus spp. PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE TIJOLO MACIÇO CERÂMICO

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v41i3.24057 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fábio Akira Mori ◽

Murilo Morgandi Covezzi ◽

Cláudia Lopes Selvati de Oliveira Mori

Keyword(s):

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

The Other ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Average Weight ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Ceramic Brick ◽

Mineralogical Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Eucalyptus Sawdust

Objetivou-se neste trabalho verificar a viabilidade do processo de incorporação de serragem de Eucalyptus spp. para a confecção de produtos cerâmicos; avaliar em ensaios preliminares de laboratório o comportamento da argila e dos tratamentos constituídos com traços de mistura argila/serragem; avaliar a composição química da serragem e proceder a uma análise mineralógica da argila pelo teste de difração de raios X. Utilizaram-se 10 tratamentos com a mistura argila/serragem: 1:0 (testemunha), 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1 e 10:1. As características físicas e mecânicas das amostras foram determinadas. Verificou-se que existe a viabilidade técnica de incorporação em diferentes misturas de argila/serragem de Eucalyptus para produção de produtos cerâmicos. Em relação à resistência mecânica dos tijolos produzidos, uma boa incorporação foi de oito partes de argila e uma de serragem. Nas demais propriedades físicas, uma incorporação de no mínimo seis partes de argila e uma parte de serragem. Na análise mineralógica por difração de raios X, a argila caracterizou-se como caulinítica. Através dos testes realizados, observou-se que o peso dos corpos de prova com essa incorporação foi, em média, 12,7% menor do que o dos constituídos somente de argila.Palavras-chave: Serragem de Eucalyptus; tijolo cerâmico. AbstractEucalyptus sawdust utilization to massive ceramic brick production. This research has as its main aims: to evaluate the Eucalyptus sawdust incorporation feasibility for ceramics production, analyzing in laboratory initial analysis the behavior of clay/sawdust mixture compared to a control treatment; to evaluate the chemical composition of the sawdust; to carry on a mineralogical analysis of the clay by X-Ray diffraction test. In order to do that, ten treatments for bricks production had been improved, based on the following clay/sawdust rates: 1:0, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1 and 10:1. The physical and mechanical properties of the samples were subsequently determined. It was verified that there are technical viability of incorporation in different mixtures of clay/sawdust of Eucalyptus for production of ceramic products. In relation to mechanical resistance of the produced bricks a good incorporation was of eight parts of clay and one of sawdust. In relation to the other physical properties there is an incorporation of at least six parts of clay and one of sawdust. In the mineralogical clay analysis by X-Ray diffraction it was characterized as caulinitic. Accordingly to the accomplished tests, it was observed that the average weight of the proof bodies with this incorporation was 12,7% smaller than the ones constituted only of clay.Keywords: Eucalyptus sawdust; ceramic brick.

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Thermal behaviour of ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ in Ca-rich ancient ceramic sherds and experimental ceramics

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/minmag.2010.074.4.747 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

pp. 747-771 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. Rathossi ◽

P. Tsolis-Katagas ◽

C. Katagas

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Thermal Transformation ◽

White Mica ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Maximum Reaction ◽

Different Types ◽

Constituent Phase ◽

Ancient Ceramic ◽

Materials Used

AbstractA ‘metamorphic vermiculite’-like phase was identified in Ca-rich ancient ceramic sherds from excavations in NW Peloponnese, Greece. Archaeometric investigations have shown that the raw materials used in the production of ancient ceramics were derived from local Plio-Pleistocene sediments. Analysis by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ is a common constituent phase of these sediments occurring in three texturally different types: as interstratified white mica-chlorite and chlorite-vermiculite, and white mica-(white mica-chlorite) stacks. In an attempt to elucidate the thermal transformation of ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ present in the calcareous raw materials, we produced experimental ceramics made from these local raw materials and fired them at 700, 750, 850, 950 and 1050°C in a static air furnace. The mixed-layered chlorite-vermiculite was transformed completely at ∼800°C contributing to the formation of new high-Tminerals. The two other types of ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ retain their original lath-like shape up to 1050°C and only a few crystals show that they have undergone complete transformation at this temperature. In the latter crystals, numerous nanocrystals were formed sub-parallel to the former cleavages of ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ pseudomorphs, suggesting their contribution to the nucleation of high-Tminerals (i.e. ferrian aluminian diopside, spinel, Fe oxides) by reactions with the available CaO. It is suggested that the firing conditions (i.e. maximum reaction temperature of 1050°C, reaction time of 1 h, oxygen atmosphere) which promote disequilibrium reactions, and the greater contribution of the white mica constituent against chlorite in some of the initial structures of ‘metamorphic vermiculite’ may be responsible for the delay of its thermal decomposition at 1050°C.

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Characterization of Diatomaceous Earth and Halloysite Resources of Poland

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min9110670 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 670 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marcin Lutyński ◽

Piotr Sakiewicz ◽

Sylwia Lutyńska

Keyword(s):

Diatomaceous Earth ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Mineralogical Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Phase Out ◽

Copper Ores

The mining industry of Poland is based mostly on coal and copper ores. Strict carbon emissions and the depletion of deposits will slowly phase out coal. Therefore, metallic ores and other mineral raw materials will dominate the extractive industry of Poland. Current measured resources of the largest deposits of halloysite and diatomaceous earth in Poland are over 0.5 Mt and 10 Mt, respectively. Halloysite and diatomaceous earth samples from halloysite Dunino deposits and Jawornik diatomaceous earth deposits (composed mostly of diatomaceous skeletons (frustules)) were subjected to mineralogical analysis, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) nanostructural, chemical, elemental, and mineral content analysis. Both these minerals have similar properties, i.e., sorption capacity and cation exchange capacity, and are used mostly for the same purposes, e.g., adsorbents, filler material, and filtration. Samples of Dunino halloysite consist of minerals such as halloysite, kaolinite, hematite, magnetite, quartz, magnesioferrite, rutile, ilmenite, geikielite, goyazite, gorceixite, and crandallite, with little impurities in the form of iron oxides. Occasionally, halloysite nanoplates (HNP) nanotubes (HNT) were found. Diatomaceous earth is composed mainly of silica-containing phases (quartz, opal) and clay minerals (illite and kaolinite). The frustules of diatoms are mostly centric (discoid) and have radius values of approximately 50–60 μm. Large resources of these minerals could be used in the future either for manufacturing composite materials or highly advanced adsorbents.

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An X-Ray Fluorescence and Principal Component Analysis study of pottery from Orraon

HNPS Proceedings ◽

10.12681/hnps.2257 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

C. Papachristodoulou ◽

A. Oikonomou ◽

K. Ioannides ◽

K. Gravani

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Principal Component ◽

Major And Trace Elements ◽

Local Production ◽

Statistical Classification ◽

Analysis Study ◽

X Ray ◽

Pottery Sherds ◽

Components Analysis ◽

Northwestern Greece

Radioisotope-induced X-ray fluorescence XRF was used to determine the composition of 64 pottery sherds recovered from the settlement of ancient Orraon, northwestern Greece. The XRF data were submitted to Principal components analysis PCA and distinct sample clusters were identified, originating from differences in major and trace elements concentrations. The statistical classification, combined with archaeological criteria, allows conclusions related to the raw materials and paste recipes used in pottery manufacturing. Distinction between local production and imported pottery may also be inferred.

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Effect of different sources of alumina on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the triaxial porcelain

Cerâmica ◽

10.1590/s0366-69132014000400004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (356) ◽

pp. 471-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

G. Gralik ◽

A. L. Chinelattot ◽

A. S. A. Chinelatto

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Aluminum Hydroxide ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Primary Aluminum ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

Alternative Source ◽

X Ray ◽

Alternative Materials ◽

Alumina Refractory ◽

Different Sources

Porcelains composed of kaolin-quartz-feldspar are called triaxial porcelains. The use of alumina as a substitute for quartz in porcelains has been developed for some time. The results show a significant improvement in their mechanical properties, but alumina has a high cost. The possibility of using alternative materials as a source of alumina with lower cost was investigated. In this work, alternative raw materials were used as a source of alumina: refractory bauxite, primary aluminum hydroxide, reprecipitated aluminum hydroxide. Compositions with commercial alumina and quartz were also formulated to better understand the effects of adding these alternative materials. The raw materials were milled, dried, and characterized by analysis of the particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence. The compositions were formulated by replacing the different sources of alumina in the formulation of porcelain. The compositions studied were shaped by pressing and sintered at different temperatures (1150-1400 ºC). The results showed that the use of bauxite and aluminum hydroxide as an alternative source of Al2O3 is viable. The impurities contained in refractory bauxite contributed to the lower values of flexural strength found in compositions having refractory bauxite as a source of alumina. The compositions with reprecipitated aluminum hydroxide showed a high mechanical resistance at low sintering temperatures, while compositions with aluminum hydroxide obtained by the Bayer process achieved good results of mechanical strength in a wide temperature range.

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