EXPERIENCE IN COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RADIOCARBON DATING RESULTS AND THE PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL STUDIES OF TWO VESSELS OF THE NETWORK POTTERY CULTURE FROM PESOCHNOYE

При радиоуглеродном датировании по формовочной массе и нагару с поверхности двух сосудов культуры сетчатой керамики с поселения Песочное 1 на озере Неро полученные даты оказались в среднем на ~ 500-700 лет старше радиоуглеродных дат образцов культурного слоя, в котором они были найдены. Причиной мог быть пресноводный резервуарный эффект, обусловленный присутствием сформировавшейся в воде органики. Его проявление можно расценивать как индикатор присутствия происходящего из водной среды органического материала в составе компонентов формовочной массы исследуемых сосудов. В окрестностях поселения Песочное 1 единственным природным материалом, содержащим органику водного происхождения, соотносимого с формовочной массой, является сапропель из озера Неро. Для определения сходств и различий в элементном и минеральном составе методами SEM-/EDS- и XRD-анализов были изучены образцы керамики каждого сосуда и образец сапропеля из озера. Установлено, что компонентами формовочной массы являются иллитовая глина с полевыми шпатами и кварцем в виде частиц песка, сапропель и костная мука. Возможность получения радиоуглеродных дат по формовочной массе, отсутствие в ней химических элементов, свидетельствующих о наличии нередуцированных органических веществ, присутствие иллита показывают, что обжиг сосудов был произведен в интервале примерно от 400 до 800 °С. The article is devoted to the analysis of clay paste and burnt crust adhering to the surface of two vessels attributed to the «network» pottery culture (pottery with textile imprints) from the Pesochnoye 1 settlement on Lake Nero. The radiocarbon dating of these samples shows that on average the dates obtained are older than the radiocarbon dates of the samples from the occupation layer where the vessels were found by ~ 500700 years. The age difference is probably caused by the fresh water reservoir effect related to presence of organic matter in the water and presence of organic matter from water in the composition of clay paste used to make the studied vessels. Sapropel from Lake Nero is the only natural material in the Pesochnoye 1 vicinities which contains organic matter of water origin comparable with the clay used for the vessels making. To determine similarities and differences in the elemental and mineral compositions by the SEM/EDS and the XRD analyses, ceramic samples from each vessel and a gyttja clay sample from the lake were examined. It was found that sapropel tempered with feld spar and quartz sand, sapropel and bone flour were mixed in the clay body. Radiocarbon dates that can be obtained for clay, absence of chemical elements that would demonstrate presence of unreduced organic matter, presence of illite clay imply that the firing temperature fell within ~ 400-800 °С.

Feasibility Study on the Potential Replacement of Primary Raw Materials in Traditional Ceramics by Clayey Overburden Sterile from the Prosilio Region (Western Macedonia, Greece)

The objective of this study was to investigate the valorization potential of clayey overburden sterile materials from lignite-mining activities in the manufacturing of traditional ceramics. This study aims to contribute toward the sustainable management and use of such waste materials in line with the environmental objectives of the 2030 agenda. To assess this issue, clayey steriles were incorporated in a white clay-body at 20, 50, and 80 wt%, whereas reference samples were also formed from the individual raw materials. Laboratory processing of the ceramics was performed by dry pressing loose powder into rectangular samples and firing at 1000 °C for 4 h. Characterization of the raw materials included chemical, mineralogical, and thermal analysis. The fired bodies were tested for their total linear shrinkage, apparent porosity, water absorption, bulk density, and bending strength according to the relevant standards. The microstructural evolution of the final bodies was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, which observed differences related to the addition of the steriles. The results showed that the tested clayey steriles can be utilized up to 50 wt% as a secondary raw material in the production of ceramic materials (e.g., bricks) with comparable properties to the reference clay-bodies. Furthermore, the color of the final samples changed from white-creamy to reddish as the content of clayey sterile materials increased in the raw mix.

Peningkatan Kemampuan Dekorasi Keramik Metode Contextual Teaching and Learning SMK Negeri 3 Kasihan

Kemampuan siswa dalam mendekorasi benda keramik belum terlihat secara maksimal. Hasil dekorasi peserta didik tidak mendukung segi estetik benda yang digunakan, siswa masih kesulitan menerapkan kaidah-kaidah/unsur-unsur dekorasi yang meliputi bentuk, balance, proporsi, unity dan harmonisasi. Kesulitan pada saat mewujudkan motif ornament dan kurang memahami karakter media/bahan benda yang didekorasi. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu meningkatkan kemampuan siswa pada pembelajaran mendekorasi keramik dengan metode Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) melalui pengenalan jenis motif batik. Pada Siklus I belum mencapai 75% siswa dapat menerapkan minimal 3 macam keteknikan pada pekejaan mendekorasi benda keramik dan pada Siklus II >75% siswa bisa menerapkan 3 keteknikan dekorasi, yaitu 10 siswa mengalami peningkatan dan 1 siswa mengalami kegagalan karena masih lemah disemua keteknikan. Penerapan metode pembelajaran Contextual Teaching and Learning dengan pemodelan Motif batik Geometris dan an Geometris dapat meningkatkan Kemampuan mendekorasi keramik dengan teknik Clay Body Plastis pada siswa kelas XI jurusan Kria Keramik.

Mineralogical analysis of a clay body from Zlakusa, Serbia, used in the manufacture of traditional pottery

The production of pottery in the traditional manner using local raw materials can provide insights into the provenance of ancient artefacts. This study uses mineralogical analysis to evaluate the raw clays and tempers used for pottery production in Zlakusa (western Serbia). Particle-size distribution, plasticity, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and differential thermal analysis techniques were applied. The mineral phases identified in the raw clay sample are kaolinite/halloysite, mica/illite, smectite, quartz, paragonite, feldspar, calcite and hematite. The clay body sample is a mixture of raw clay and crushed calcite in a ~50:50 ratio, which was confirmed using various techniques. We have also considered and investigated the technological potential of the sampled materials, taking into consideration their actual and potential applications. It was confirmed that the clay body may be used in the manufacture of bricks and pottery, but its industrial application is limited by the paste recipe.

CERAMICS FROM BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT IRGANAY I: ANALYSIS OF FEEDSTOCK

На основе методики технико-технологического анализа древней керамики, разработанной А. А. Бобринским, изучалась керамика Ирганайского поселения № I эпохи средней бронзы. Для изучения исходного пластичного сырья и состава формовочных масс были отобраны 53 образца, относящиеся к разным типам сосудов и исследованные по свежим изломам с помощью микроскопа МБС-10 при увеличении до 56 крат. Таким образом, получена информация о характере использованного пластичного сырья и искусственных примесей, добавленных при составлении формовочных масс по определенным рецептам. В итоге были определены и выделены 8 рецептов формовочной массы сосудов: 1) глина + шамот; 2) глина + органика; 3) глина + шамот + органика; 4) глина + шамот + органический раствор; 5) глина + кость + шамот + органический раствор; 6) глина + шамот + навоз; 7) глина + навоз; 8) глина + дресва + органика. Такой набор рецептов формовочных масс отражает существовавший на поселении широкий спектр традиций гончарного производства, вероятно, имеющих как местное происхождение, так и являющихся привнесенными. Based on the methodology of technical and technological analysis of ancient ceramics developed by A. A. Bobrinskiy, we examined ceramics from the Irganay I settlement dating to the Middle Bronze Age. In order to study the basic plastic raw material and the composition of clay body, 53 samples referring to various types of vessels which were examined based on fresh breaks with the help of an MBS-10 microscope when magnified up to 56 times were selected to obtain information on how the plastic raw material was used and what artificial admixtures were added to prepare clay based on specific formulations. As a result, eight recipes of clay preparation for pottery-making were identified and singled out: 1) clay + grog; 2) clay + organic substances; 3) clay + grog + organic substances; 4) clay + grog + organic solution; 5) clay + bone + grog + organic solution; 6) clay + grog + manure; 7) clay + manure; 8) clay + grit + organic substances. This set of clay recipes reflects a broader range of pottery traditions that existed at the settlement and were, apparently, both local and non-local.

Application of analytical techniques to the unveiling of the glazing technology of medieval pottery from the Belgrade Fortress

Medieval glazed ceramics, dated to the early 15th century, excavated at the Belgrade Fortress, Serbia, were investigated by combining optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), micro-Raman spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis. The decoration and style of the investigated ceramics were characteristic of workshops from different areas of the medieval Serbian State: Ras, Krusevac and Belgrade/Smederevo. Comparison was made with ceramic samples from the same period excavated at the Studenica Monastery, the hitherto earliest workshop discovered, which were used as reference material for the Ras area. Ceramics from the Belgrade Fortress were covered with a transparent, lead-based glaze. The majority of the glazes were produced by application of mixture of lead oxide and quartz to the clay body, whereas only two samples were glazed by application of lead oxide by itself. The brown colours of the glaze originated from Fe-based spinel, whereas copper and iron were responsible for the colouring of the green and yellow glazes. The obtained results revealed glazing technology taken from Byzantine tradition.

Temper and temperament of prehistoric craft: Temper type evolution and clay body 'workability'

Temper is an additive incorporated into clay during the formation of a ceramic vessel, and may consist of various materials. In a number of previous experiments over the past several decades, archaeologists have experimentally demonstrated that tempers used by prehistoric craftspeople would have imparted important post-firing use-life properties to ceramic vessels. However, although widely touted, the notion that prehistoric temper types would have aided in pre-firing vessel formation has never been systematically tested. Here, we experimentally assess whether calcium carbonate-based tempers, like limestone and burnt shell, would have made clay bodies more workable relative to silicate-based grit temper, as has been previously proposed. In this study, participants were asked to build five simple and challenging three-dimensional forms using grit-, limestone- and shell-tempered clay bodies, and then rank these conditions in terms of workability. Our statistical and qualitative assessments of these data were unambiguous: contrary to claims in the scientific literature, the calcium carbonate tempers did not make clay bodies more workable, and were consistently, sometimes significantly, ranked lower than silicate grit-tempered clay bodies in terms of workability. Our results have several implications for temper selection and evolution in prehistory, specifically during the widespread silicate grit to calcium carbonate transition during the Late Woodland period (AD 500‐1400) of the North American Midwest.