scholarly journals Prevalence of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and Associated Factors in Under-five Children in Eastern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Kassaye Getaneh ◽  
Lemessa Oljira Hordofa ◽  
Desalegn Admassu Ayana ◽  
Tesfaye Sisay Tessema ◽  
Lemma Demissie Regassa
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children

Abstract Background: Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the most potent zoonotic pathogens that causes mild diarrhea and leads to hemolytic uremic syndrome or death. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of Escherichia coli O157:H7 related to diarrhea among under-five children with acute diarrhea. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was carried out in 2018 on 378 under-five-year children recruited randomly from Hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. Stool specimens were collected and processed using enrichment, differential and selective medium. Among isolates, Escherichia coli O157:H7 was confirmed using latex test (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hants, England). Factors associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection were identified using binary and multivariable logistic regression. Associations were reported by odds ratio with 95 % confidence interval. Results: Magnitude of E. coli O157:H7 related diarrhea was 15.3% (95%CI: 11.8-19.5). The E.coli infection was positively associated with rural residence (AOR;3.75, 95%CI:1.26-11.20), consumption of undercooked meat (AOR;3.95, 95%CI: 1.23-12.67), raw vegetables and/or fruit juice (AOR;3.37, 95%CI:1.32-8.62), presence of bloody diarrhea (AOR;4.42, 95% CI:1.78-10.94), number of under-five children in a household (AOR;7.16, 95%CI: 2.90-17.70), presence of person with diarrhea in a household (AOR;4.22, 95% CI: 1.84-12.69), owning domestic animal (AOR;3.87, 95% CI: 1.48-10.12) and uneducated mother (AOR;3.14, 95%CI: 1.05-9.42).Conclusion: The magnitude of E. coli O157:H7 related diarrhea among under-five children is relatively high in Eastern Ethiopia. The E. coli infection was associated with sanitation and hygiene in a household. Thus, education focused on food cooking and handling, child care and household sanitation associated with animal manure in rural resident children are helpful it.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and associated factors in under-five children in Eastern Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0246024
Author(s):  
Dawit Kassaye Getaneh ◽  
Lemessa Oljira Hordofa ◽  
Desalegn Admassu Ayana ◽  
Tesfaye Sisay Tessema ◽  
Lemma Demissie Regassa
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Background Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is one of the most potent zoonotic pathogens that causes mild diarrhea and leads to hemolytic uremic syndrome or death. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of E. coli O157:H7 related to diarrhea among under-five children with acute diarrhea. Methods A cross-sectional study design was carried out in 2018 on 378 under-five-year children recruited randomly from hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. Stool specimens were collected and processed using enrichment, differential and selective medium. Among isolates, E. coli O157:H7 was confirmed using latex test (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hants, England). Factors associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection were identified using binary and multivariable logistic regression. Associations were reported by odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Results The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 related diarrhea was 15.3% (95%CI: 11.8–19.5). The E. coli O157:H7 infection was positively associated with rural residence (AOR;3.75, 95%CI:1.26–11.20), consumption of undercooked meat (AOR;3.95, 95%CI: 1.23–12.67), raw vegetables and/or fruit juice (AOR;3.37, 95%CI:1.32–8.62), presence of bloody diarrhea (AOR;4.42, 95% CI:1.78–10.94), number of under-five children in a household (AOR;7.16, 95%CI: 2.90–17.70), presence of person with diarrhea in a household (AOR;4.22, 95% CI: 1.84–12.69), owning domestic animal (AOR;3.87, 95% CI: 1.48–10.12) and uneducated mother (AOR;3.14, 95%CI: 1.05–9.42). Conclusion The Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 related diarrhea among under-five children is relatively high in Eastern Ethiopia. The E. coli infection was associated with sanitation and hygiene in a household. Thus, education focused on food cooking and handling, child care, and household sanitation associated with animal manure in rural resident children are helpful in.

scholarly journals A Predictive Model for Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Generic E. coli in Soil Amended with Untreated Animal Manure

Risk Analysis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1367-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Pang ◽  
Amir Mokhtari ◽  
Yuhuan Chen ◽  
David Oryang ◽  
David T. Ingram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Untreated Animal ◽  
E Coli

Risk of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Non-O157 Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter spp. in Food Animals and Their Products in Qatar

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1812-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUSSNI O. MOHAMMED ◽  
KORANA STIPETIC ◽  
AHMED SALEM ◽  
PATRICK McDONOUGH ◽  
YUNG FU CHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Escherichia coli O157:H7, non-O157 E. coli, and Campylobacter spp. are among the top-ranked pathogens that threaten the safety of food supply systems around the world. The associated risks and predisposing factors were investigated in a dynamic animal population using a repeat-cross-sectional study design. Animal and environmental samples were collected from dairy and camel farms, chicken processing plants, and abattoirs and analyzed for the presence of these pathogens using a combination of bacterial enrichment and real-time PCR tests without culture confirmation. Data on putative risk factors were also collected and analyzed. E. coli O157:H7 was detected by PCR at higher levels in sheep and camel feces than in cattle feces (odds ratios [OR], 6.8 and 21.1, respectively). Although the genes indicating E. coli O157:H7 were detected at a relatively higher rate (4.3%) in fecal samples from dairy cattle, they were less common in milk and udder swabs from the same animals (1 and 2%, respectively). Among the food adulterants, E. coli O103 was more common in cattle fecal samples, whereas O26 was more common in sheep feces and O45 in camel feces compared with cattle (OR, 2.6 and 3.1, respectively). The occurrence of E. coli in the targeted populations differed by the type of sample and season of the year. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were more common in sheep and camel feces than in cattle feces. Most of the survey and surveillance of E. coli focused on serogroup O157 as a potential foodborne hazard; however, based on the PCR results, non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing E. coli serotypes appeared to be more common, and efforts should be made to include them in food safety programs.

scholarly journals Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 from Raw Milk of Dairy Cattle in Holeta District, Central Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ashenafi Ababu ◽  
Dereje Endashaw ◽  
Haben Fesseha
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile

A cross-sectional study was conducted in small, medium, and large-scale dairy farms of Holeta district to isolate, identify, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in raw milk of dairy cattle. A total of 210 lactating cows were selected for raw milk samples, and 19% (40/210) were found to be positive for E. coli whereas 5.2% (11/210) were confirmed as E. coli O157 : H7 positive using the Escherichia coli O157 latex test. Accordingly, all E. coli was highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (100%), Gentamycin (100%), Oxytetracycline (100%), and Tetracycline (63.63%). Furthermore, the resistance of 72.73%, 54.54%, 54.54%, and 45.45% was developed to Cefoxitin, Sulphamethoxazole, Cloxacillin, and Streptomycin, respectively. Factors such as parity, age, body condition, herd size, milk yield, udder hygiene, and udder lesion showed a statistically significant ( p < 0.05 ) association with the occurrence of E. coli infection in dairy cattle. In conclusion, in this study, a higher prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and its drug susceptibility profile is an alarm for the health of the public, and awareness creation to the farm owners and the community is recommended.

Recovery and Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Reconditioned Pork-Processing Wastewater†

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 731-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHLEEN T. RAJKOWSKI ◽  
EUGENE W. RICE
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Temperature Range

The pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been recovered from various water sources and food samples. The growth potential of this bacterium in nutrient-limited, reconditioned wastewater from a pork-processing plant was determined over a temperature range of 4 to 46°C. Even though the biological oxygen demand of the wastewater was &lt;2 mg/liter, results of bioassays for assimilable organic carbon and the coliform growth response of the water suggested that sufficient nutrients were present to support limited bacterial growth. A three-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7 grew over the temperature range of 10.2 to 29.4°C. Bioassays appear to be a good indicator of the ability of this wastewater to support growth of this pathogen. Statistically higher levels of bacterial growth (P &lt; 0.05) were detected on a nonselective medium (tryptic soy agar) than on a selective medium (sorbitol–MacConkey agar), suggesting that stress or injury of the bacterium occurs when the organism is exposed to the nutrient-limited conditions of the wastewater. These results indicate that E. coli O157:H7 can survive and grow in this particular nutrient-limited wastewater, suggesting a potential hazard if this water becomes contaminated with this pathogen.

scholarly journals Isolation, Molecular Detection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of ‎Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Household - reared Small Ruminants in Zaria ‎Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
R. O. Yakubu ◽  
M. K. Lawan ◽  
J. K. P. Kwaga ◽  
J. Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Test Kit

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a zoonotic enteric pathogen of public health significance worldwide. A cross-sectional study was carried out during which 384 faecal samples of household-reared small ruminants and water used in the various houses where the animals are reared were collected. The samples were enriched on tryptone soya broth and cultured on EMB and CT-SMAC to isolate E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 respectively; subjected to conventional biochemical tests and E. coliO157:H7 was confirmed using Wellcolex latex agglutination test kit. E. coli O157:H7 isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test and multiplex PCR was carried out to detect the presence of virulence genes stx1, stx2, eaeA and hlyA. The results of the isolation showed isolation rate of E. coli O157:H7 of 4.69% (9/192), 0.52% (1/192) which were obtained from faeces and water samples respectively. The results of the characterisation showed that one of the E. coli O157:H7 isolated harboured the eaeA and hlyA genes but was negative for stx1 and stx2 genes. The highest number of isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (90.9%) while the least was to gentamicin (6.3%). About 97.7% (43/44) of the isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance index greater than 0.2. In conclusion, household-reared small ruminants in the study area were found to be reservoirs of E. coli O157:H7 and humans living within these households are at risk of infection. The multiple antibioticresistance recorded in this study suggests widespread use of antimicrobial drugs in the study area.

Animal- and Truckload-Level Associations between Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feces and on Hides at Harvest and Contamination of Preevisceration Beef Carcasses†

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1030-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. JACOB ◽  
D. G. RENTER ◽  
T. G. NAGARAJA
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Carcass Contamination

Cattle feces and hides contribute to carcass contamination with Escherichia coli O157:H7, ultimately impacting beef safety. Primary objectives of our cross-sectional study were to evaluate associations among fecal, hide, and preevisceration carcass prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and to assess factors affecting carcass contamination. Fecal, hide, and preevisceration carcass samples were collected from up to 32 cattle on each of 45 truckloads presented to a midwestern U.S. abattoir. Enrichment and selective culture were used to assess fecal, hide, and carcass prevalence, and direct plating was used to identify cattle shedding high levels of E. coli O157:H7 in feces. Fecal, hide, and carcass prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 within truckload were significantly correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with each other. Enriched fecal sample prevalence was 13.8%, and high shedder prevalence was 3.3%; 38.5% of hides and 10.5% of carcasses were positive for E. coli O157:H7. We used logistic regression to assess animal- and truckload-level variables affecting the probability of carcasses testing positive for E. coli O157:H7. All truckload-level predictors significantly affected the probability of an E. coli O157:H7–positive carcass, including presence of a high shedder within the truckload (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0; confidence interval [CI], 1.6 to 10.1), high (&gt;25%) within-truckload fecal prevalence (OR = 19.3; CI, 4.7 to 79.0), and high (&gt;50%) within-truckload hide prevalence (OR = 7.7; CI, 3.1 to 19.6). The only significant animal-level predictor was having a positive hide (OR = 1.6; CI, 1.0 to 2.6). Our results suggest that preharvest interventions for reducing E. coli O157:H7 contamination of carcasses should focus on truckload (cohort)–level and hide mitigation strategies.

Effect of Spinach Cultivar and Bacterial Adherence Factors on Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Spinach Leaves

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 1829-1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
DUMITRU MACARISIN ◽  
JITENDRA PATEL ◽  
GARY BAUCHAN ◽  
JORGE A. GIRON ◽  
SADHANA RAVISHANKAR
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Variable Pressure ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Leafy Greens

Similar to phytopathogens, human bacterial pathogens have been shown to colonize the plant phylloplane. In addition to environmental factors, such as temperature, UV, relative humidity, etc., the plant cultivar and, specifically, the leaf blade morphological characteristics may affect the persistence of enteropathogens on leafy greens. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cultivar-dependent leaf topography and the role of strain phenotypic characteristics on Escherichia coli O157:H7 persistence on organic spinach. Spinach cultivars Emilia, Lazio, Space, and Waitiki were experimentally inoculated with the foodborne E. coli O157:H7 isolate EDL933 and its isogenic mutants deficient in cellulose, curli, or both curli and cellulose production. Leaves of 6-week-old plants were inoculated with 6.5 log CFU per leaf in a biosafety level 2 growth chamber. At 0, 1, 7, and 14 days, E. coli O157:H7 populations were determined by plating on selective medium and verified by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Leaf morphology (blade roughness and stoma density) was evaluated by low-temperature and variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy. E. coli O157:H7 persistence on spinach was significantly affected by cultivar and strain phenotypic characteristics, specifically, the expression of curli. Leaf blade roughness and stoma density influenced the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 on spinach. Cultivar Waitiki, which had the greatest leaf roughness, supported significantly higher E. coli O157:H7 populations than the other cultivars. These two morphological characteristics of spinach cultivars should be taken into consideration in developing intervention strategies to enhance the microbial safety of leafy greens.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 Causing Diarrhoea in Children at District Khairpur

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Samina Jatoi ◽  
Sham Lal ◽  
Pardeep Kumar ◽  
Abdul Majid Ansari ◽  
Safdar Ali Ujjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli

Aim: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major public health problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, levels of antimicrobial susceptibility and extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production by Escherichia coli O157: H7. Methodology: A cross sectional study was performed and a total of 116 stool samples were collected from children aged ≤ 5 years presenting diarrhoea from hospital located at district Khairpur. E. coli O157: H7 was isolated on Sorbitol MacConkey agar and isolates were initially characterized by Gram staining. Subsequently biochemical characteristics except oxidase test (which was performed manually) and drug sensitivity test was performed by using Automated MicroScan® walkaway machine. ESBL production by isolates was determined by disc diffusion method as per Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Out of 116 diarrheal samples tested, 16 (13.79%) samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7. High number of E. coli O157: H7 were isolated from children aged up to 1 year followed by 2-3 years aged. Isolates were frequently found in summer season (12 times) followed by winter (3 times) and Autumn (1 time). The isolates were found 100% resistant against Nalidixic acid, Imipenem, Amoxycillin /Clavulanic Acid, Norfloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin, Doxycycline, and Ampicillin and 90% resistant to Cifixime. ESBL production was noted in 12 (75%) out of 16 E. coli O157:H7 isolates as confirmed by CLSI protocol. Conclusion: This study revealed that E. coli O157: H7 should be considered as major pathogenic bacterium causing diarrhea in children less than three years. The prevalence of ESBL producer MDR E. coli O157: H7 is of great concern, which requires monitoring of infection control measures through efficient antimicrobial management to ensure an uncompromised public health.

Survival and Persistence of Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli and Attenuated Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Soils Amended with Animal Manure in a Greenhouse Environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANAN SHARMA ◽  
PATRICIA D. MILLNER ◽  
FAWZY HASHEM ◽  
MARY CAMP ◽  
CELIA WHYTE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT Animal manure provides benefits to agriculture but may contain pathogens that contaminate ready-to-eat produce. U.S. Food and Drug Administration standards include 90- or 120-day intervals between application of manure and harvest of crop to minimize risks of pathogen contamination of fresh produce. Data on factors affecting survival of Escherichia coli in soils under greenhouse conditions are needed. Three separate studies were conducted to evaluate survival of nonpathogenic E. coli (gEc) and attenuated E. coli O157:H7 (attO157) inoculated at either low (4 log CFU/ml) or high (6 log CFU/ml) populations over 56 days. Studies involved two pot sizes (small, 398 cm3; large, 89 liters), three soil types (sandy loam, SL; clay loam, CL; silt loam, SIL), and four amendments (poultry litter, PL; dairy manure liquids, DML; horse manure, HM; unamended). Amendments were applied to the surface of the soil in either small or large containers. Study 1, conducted in regularly irrigated small containers, showed that populations of gEc and attO157 (2.84 to 2.88 log CFU/g) in PL-amended soils were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) greater than those in DML-amended (0.29 to 0.32 log CFU/g [dry weight] [gdw]) or unamended (0.25 to 0.28 log CFU/gdw) soils; soil type did not affect E. coli survival. Results from study 2, in large pots with CL and SIL, showed that PL-amended soils supported significantly higher attO157 and gEc populations compared with HM-amended or unamended soils. Study 3 compared results from small and large containers that received high inoculum simultaneously. Overall, in both small and large containers, PL-amended soils supported higher gEc and attO157 populations compared with HM-amended and unamended soils. Populations of attO157 were significantly greater in small containers (1.83 log CFU/gdw) than in large containers (0.65 log CFU/gdw) at week 8, perhaps because small containers received more regular irrigation than large pots. Regular irrigation of small pots may have affected E. coli persistence in manure-amended soils. Overall, PL-amended soils in both small and large containers supported E. coli survival at higher populations compared with DML-, HM-, or unamended soils.

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