scholarly journals Infrared Nanoscopy and Tomography of Intracellular Structures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Kanevche ◽  
David Burr ◽  
Andreas Elsaesser ◽  
Pascal-Kolja Hass ◽  
Dennis Nuernberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Infrared Image ◽  
Chemical Imaging ◽  
Subcellular Structure ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

Abstract The few microscopic techniques that simultaneously gather morphological and chemical data often rely on the use of specific markers. To eliminate this flaw, we have developed a method of examining cellular cross sections using the imaging power of scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy at a spatial resolution far beyond the diffraction limit. Herewith, nanoscale surface and volumetric chemical imaging is performed using the intrinsic contrast generated by the characteristic absorption of mid-infrared radiation by the covalent bonds. We employ infrared nanoscopy to study the subcellular structures of eukaryotic (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) and prokaryotic (Escherichia coli) species, revealing chemically distinct regions within each cell such as the microtubular structure of the flagellum. Serial 100 nm-thick cellular cross-sections were compiled into a tomogram yielding a three-dimensional infrared image of subcellular structure distribution at 20 nm resolution. The presented methodology is able to image biological samples competing current fluorescence nanoscopy but at less interference due to the low energy of infrared radiation and the absence of labeling.

scholarly journals Infrared nanoscopy and tomography of intracellular structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Kanevche ◽  
David J. Burr ◽  
Dennis J. Nürnberg ◽  
Pascal K. Hass ◽  
Andreas Elsaesser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Infrared Image ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Chemical Imaging ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
20 Nm

AbstractAlthough techniques such as fluorescence-based super-resolution imaging or confocal microscopy simultaneously gather both morphological and chemical data, these techniques often rely on the use of localized and chemically specific markers. To eliminate this flaw, we have developed a method of examining cellular cross sections using the imaging power of scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy at a spatial resolution far beyond the diffraction limit. Herewith, nanoscale surface and volumetric chemical imaging is performed using the intrinsic contrast generated by the characteristic absorption of mid-infrared radiation by the covalent bonds. We employ infrared nanoscopy to study the subcellular structures of eukaryotic (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) and prokaryotic (Escherichia coli) species, revealing chemically distinct regions within each cell such as the microtubular structure of the flagellum. Serial 100 nm-thick cellular cross-sections were compiled into a tomogram yielding a three-dimensional infrared image of subcellular structure distribution at 20 nm resolution. The presented methodology is able to image biological samples complementing current fluorescence nanoscopy but at less interference due to the low energy of infrared radiation and the absence of labeling.

Three-dimensionality of organized structures in a plane turbulent wake

1989 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
pp. 375-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Hayakawa ◽  
Fazle Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Coherent Structures ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Spatial Coherence ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Turbulent Wake ◽  
Topological Features ◽  
Plane Wake ◽  
Plane Turbulent Wake

This paper describes a quantitative study of the three-dimensional nature of organized motions in a turbulent plane wake. Coherent structures are detected from the instantaneous, spatially phase-correlated vorticity field using certain criteria based on size, strength and geometry of vortical structures. With several combinations of X-wire rakes, vorticity distributions in the spanwise and transverse planes are measured in the intermediate region (10d [les ] x [les ] 40d) of the plane turbulent wake of a circular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 13000 based on the cylinder diameter d. Spatial correlations of smoothed vorticity signals as well as phase-aligned ensemble-averaged vorticity maps over structure cross-sections yield a quantitative measure of the spatial coherence and geometry of organized structures in the fully turbulent field. The data demonstrate that the organized structures in the nominally two-dimensional wake exhibit significant three-dimensionality even in the near field. Using instantaneous velocity and vorticity maps as well as correlations of vorticity distributions in different planes, some topological features of the dominant coherent structures in a plane wake are inferred.

scholarly journals In situ plant materials hyperspectral imaging by multimodal scattering near-field optical microscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Charrier ◽  
Aubin C. Normand ◽  
Ali Passian ◽  
Philip Schaefer ◽  
Aude L. Lereu
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Environmental Chemical ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Complex Chemistry ◽  
20 Nm

AbstractPlant cells are elaborate three-dimensional polymer nano-constructs with complex chemistry. The bulk response of plants to light, in the far-field, is ultimately encoded by optical scattering from these nano-constructs. Their chemical and physical properties may be acquired through their interaction with a modulated nano-tip using scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy. Here, using this technique, we present 20 nm spatial resolution mechanical, spectral and optical mappings of plant cell walls. We first address the problem of plant polymers tracking through pretreatment and processing. Specifically, cellulose and lignin footprints are traced within a set of delignified specimen, establishing the factors hindering complete removal of lignin, an important industrial polymer. Furthermore, we determine the frequency dependent dielectric function $${\epsilon }(\omega)={(n+ik)}^{2}$$ ϵ ( ω ) = ( n + i k ) 2 of plant material in the range 28 ≤ ω ≤ 58 THz, and show how the environmental chemical variation is imprinted in the nanoscale variability of n and k. This nanometrology is a promise for further progress in the development of plant-based (meta-)materials.

The dynamics of the near field of strong jets in crossflows

1989 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 95-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio L. V. Coelho ◽  
J. C. R. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vortex Sheet ◽  
Transverse Component ◽  
Viscous Effects ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Pressure Drag ◽  
The Cross

An inviscid three-dimensional vortex-sheet model for the near field of a strong jet issuing from a pipe into a crossflow is derived. The solution for this model shows that the essential mechanisms governing this idealized flow are the distortion of the main transverse vorticity by the generation of additional axial and transverse vorticity within the pipe owing to the pressure gradients induced by the external flow, and the convection of both components of vorticity from the upwind side of the jet to its downwind side.The deformation of the cross-section of the jet which is predicted by this model is compared with the deformation predicted by the commonly used time-dependent two-dimensional vortex-sheet model. Differences arise because the latter model does not take into account the effects of the transport of the transverse component of vorticity. The complete three-dimensional vortex-sheet model leads to a symmetrical deformation of the jet cross-section and no overall deflection of the jet in the direction of the stream.To account for viscous effects, the initial region of a strong jet issuing into a uniform crossflow is modelled as an entraining three-dimensional vortex sheet, which acts like a sheet of vortices and sinks, redistributing the vorticity in the bounding shear layer and inducing non-symmetrical deformations of the cross-section of the jet. This leads to a deflection of the jet in the direction of the stream, and the loci of the centroids of the cross-sections of the jet describe a quadratic curve.Deformations predicted by each of the three models are compared with measurements obtained from photographs of the cross-sections of a jet of air emerging into a uniform crossflow in a wind tunnel. Mean velocity measurements around the jet made with a hot-wire anemometer agree with the theory; they clearly invalidate models of jets based on ‘pressure drag’.

The Research of Infrared Image Generation Method Based on the OGRE

2013 ◽  
Vol 710 ◽  
pp. 623-627
Author(s):  
Cheng Po Mu ◽  
Xian Lei Zhang ◽  
Chao Han ◽  
Ji Yuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Infrared Image ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Atmospheric Transmission ◽  
Infrared Thermal Imaging ◽  
Radiation Data ◽  
3D Geometric Model

Infrared thermal imaging technology in various fields has been widely used. This paper firstly sets up the three-dimensional targets infrared radiation models and the atmospheric transmission model, and then generates the associated radiation data; Secondly building target 3D geometric model, the radiation data is mapped to the three-dimensional model, target in the 3D space is reconstructed of the infrared radiation characteristics; Finally it is using OGRE image engine rendering technology and GPU programmable pipeline technology that generate the target infrared image. This will have important significance to the next step to construct complex infrared scene.

Material and Doping Contrast in Semiconductor Devices at Nanoscale Resolution Using Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wittborn ◽  
R. Weiland ◽  
D. Kazantsev ◽  
A. Huber ◽  
R. Hillenbrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Doping Concentration ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Semiconductor Devices ◽  
Microelectronic Devices ◽  
20 Nm

Abstract The usefulness of scattering-type near-field optical microscopy for mapping the material and doping in microelectronic devices at nanoscale resolution is demonstrated. Both amplitude and phase of infrared (λ = 10.7 μm) laser light scattered by a metallised, vibrating AFM tip scanned a few nanometers above the sample are detected and transformed into images showing contrast of materials, as well as of doping concentration. Cross-sections through layers as thin as 20 nm have been clearly imaged.

First Nano-Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging Measurements of Single Phospholipid Bilayers

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Cernescu ◽  
Michał Szuwarzyński ◽  
Urszula Kwolek ◽  
Karol Wolski ◽  
Paweł Wydro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Absorption Band ◽  
Spectral Region ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayers ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Protein Complement ◽  
20 Nm

<div><div>Scattering-mode Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (sSNOM) allows one to obtain absorption spectra in the mid-IR region for samples as small as 20 nm in size. This configuration has made it possible to measure FTIR spectra of the protein complement of membranes. (Amenabar 2013) We now show that mid-IR sSNOM has the sensitivity required to measure spectra of phospholipids in individual bilayers in the spectral range 800 cm<sup>-1</sup>–1400 cm<sup>-1</sup>. We have observed the main absorption bands of the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine headgroups in this spectral region above noise level. We have also mapped the phosphate absorption band at 1070 cm<sup>-1</sup> simultaneously with the AFM topography. We have shown that we could achieve sufficient contrast to discriminate between single and multiple phospholipid bilayers and other structures, such as liposomes. This work opens the way to further research that uses nano-IR spectroscopy to describe the biochemistry of cell membranes and model systems.</div></div><div></div>

Geological Field Sketches and Illustrations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Genge
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Worked Examples ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Geological Features ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject

Drawings, illustrations, and field sketches play an important role in Earth Science since they are used to record field observations, develop interpretations, and communicate results in reports and scientific publications. Drawing geology in the field furthermore facilitates observation and maximizes the value of fieldwork. Every geologist, whether a student, academic, professional, or amateur enthusiast, will benefit from the ability to draw geological features accurately. This book describes how and what to draw in geology. Essential drawing techniques, together with practical advice in creating high quality diagrams, are described the opening chapters. How to draw different types of geology, including faults, folds, metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, and fossils, are the subjects of separate chapters, and include descriptions of what are the important features to draw and describe. Different types of sketch, such as drawings of three-dimensional outcrops, landscapes, thin-sections, and hand-specimens of rocks, crystals, and minerals, are discussed. The methods used to create technical diagrams such as geological maps and cross-sections are also covered. Finally, modern techniques in the acquisition and recording of field data, including photogrammetry and aerial surveys, and digital methods of illustration, are the subject of the final chapter of the book. Throughout, worked examples of field sketches and illustrations are provided as well as descriptions of the common mistakes to be avoided.

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