Secretome Analysis Identified Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase of Macrophomina Phaseolina: It’s Production and Properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilanjan Sinha ◽  
Sourav Kumar Patra ◽  
Tuhin Subhra Sarkar ◽  
Sanjay Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Solid Substrate ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Dead Plant

Abstract Macrophomina phaseolina, a necrotrophic fungal pathogen is known to cause charcoal rot disease in food crops, pulse crops, oil crops and cotton and fibre crops. Necrotrophic fungi survive on dead plant tissue. It is well known that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by host plant during plant pathogen interaction. However, it is still unclear how M. phaseolina can overcome the ROS induced cellular damage. To mimic the invasion of M. phaseolina inside the plant cell wall, we developed solid substrate fermentation where M. phaseolina spore suspension was inoculated on wheat bran bed and incubated for vegetative growth. To analyse the secretome of M. phaseolina after different day interval, its secretory material was collected and concentrated. Both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were detected in the secretome by zymogram. The presence of SOD and catalase was further confirmed by liquid chromatography based mass spectrometry. The physicochemical properties of M. phaseolina catalase in terms of stability towards pH, temperature, metal ions and chaotropic agent and inhibitors indicated its fitness at different environmental conditions. Apart from the production of catalase in SSF, the studies on this particular microorganism may also have significance in necrotrophic fungal pathogen and their susceptible host plant interaction.

scholarly journals The draft genome of the specialist flea beetle Altica viridicyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huai-Jun Xue ◽  
Yi-Wei Niu ◽  
Kari A. Segraves ◽  
Rui-E Nie ◽  
Ya-Jing Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Ecological Speciation ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Host Plant Specialization ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background Altica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a highly diverse and taxonomically challenging flea beetle genus that has been used to address questions related to host plant specialization, reproductive isolation, and ecological speciation. To further evolutionary studies in this interesting group, here we present a draft genome of a representative specialist, Altica viridicyanea, the first Alticinae genome reported thus far. Results The genome is 864.8 Mb and consists of 4490 scaffolds with a N50 size of 557 kb, which covered 98.6% complete and 0.4% partial insect Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs. Repetitive sequences accounted for 62.9% of the assembly, and a total of 17,730 protein-coding gene models and 2462 non-coding RNA models were predicted. To provide insight into host plant specialization of this monophagous species, we examined the key gene families involved in chemosensation, detoxification of plant secondary chemistry, and plant cell wall-degradation. Conclusions The genome assembled in this work provides an important resource for further studies on host plant adaptation and functionally affiliated genes. Moreover, this work also opens the way for comparative genomics studies among closely related Altica species, which may provide insight into the molecular evolutionary processes that occur during ecological speciation.

scholarly journals The Fungal Effector Avr-Pita Suppresses Innate Immunity by Increasing COX Activity in Rice Mitochondria

Rice ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingluan Han ◽  
Xiaoyu Wang ◽  
Fengpin Wang ◽  
Zhe Zhao ◽  
Gousi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Ros Metabolism ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Abstract Background Avr-Pita was the first effector identified in the blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae)–rice (Oryza sativa) pathosystem. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its effects on the host plant has remained a long-standing mystery. Results Here, we report that ectopically expressing Avr-Pita in rice enhances susceptibility to M. oryzae and suppresses pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered defense responses. Avr-Pita targets the host mitochondria and interacts with the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) assembly protein OsCOX11, a key regulator of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in rice. Overexpressing Avr-Pita or OsCOX11 increased COX activity and decreased ROS accumulation triggered by the fungal PAMP chitin. OsCOX11-overexpressing plants showed increased susceptibility to M. oryzae, whereas OsCOX11-knockdown plants showed resistance to M. oryzae. Conclusions Taken together, these findings suggest that the fungal pathogen M. oryzae delivers the effector Avr-Pita to the host plant, where it enhances COX activity thus decreasing ROS accumulation. Therefore, this effector suppresses host innate immunity by perturbing ROS metabolism in the mitochondria.

Rhizosphere relationships of subterranean clover. I. Interactions between strains of Rhizobium trifolii.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Harris
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Rhizobium Trifolii ◽  
Rhizobial Strain ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Active Elements ◽  
Indigenous Microflora

A study was made of a number of effective and ineffective strains of Rhizobium trifolii in association with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), variety Bacchus Marsh. Where these were inoculated singly into sterilized soils in pot experiments conducted in the greenhouse, typical effective, ineffective, or intermediate plant reactions were obtained. Where more than one strain was inoculated, competition between strains took place and was reflected in nodule pattern and plant reaction. Some strains consistently failed to produce appreciable nodules in the presence of other rhizobia, some showed modification to varying degrees, and some were unaffected. Such behaviour was found to be closely linked with the ability of the strain to proliferate in the rhizosphere of the host plant, and placement of inoculum was shown to influence plant reaction. The concept of "incursion" as a property of a rhizobial strain is suggested. An incursive strain is one able to migrate from the initial site of inoculation and establish an adequate population in the root zone of the susceptible host despite the presence of active elements of the indigenous microflora and microfauna, including antagonistic and predatory forms. The property of incursion is independent of considerations of efficiency of nitrogen fixation or virulence for the host plant. Strains of rhizobia which are poorly incursive may fail to infect the host upon which they have been inoculated if subject to competition from indigenous rhizobia already established in the soil. The necessity of assessing properties of virulence and incursion as well as efficiency of nitrogen fixation in selecting rhizobia for purposes of commercial inoculation is stressed, and the methods of making such tests are discussed.

Responses of Free Radicals to Subcutaneous Implantation of Alginate-Chitosan-Alginate (ACA) Microcapsules in Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibao Zhu ◽  
Zhaofang Xi ◽  
Shijin Yang ◽  
Yanhong Zhang ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Saline Injection ◽  
Encapsulated Cells ◽  
Post Implantation

The objective of this study was to characterize the levels of free radicals in serum and antioxidase activity after microcapsules were implanted into the subcutaneous space of mice. Cell viability was evaluated using AO/EB staining. Serum free radicals, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels were evaluated by colorimetry analysis. The mice were divided into three groups: saline injection group (n=15), empty microcapsules injected group (n=21), encapsulated cells injected group (n=21). Cell viability and serum analysis were executed at 1, 4 and 7 days post-implantation. Hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels initially increased in the recipients of the empty microcapsules, before decreasing to the basal level. However, in mice receiving the encapsulated cells, the levels were higher at the end of study. Nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase increased after the implantation of microcapsules with or without the BHK-21 cells, but were not changed in response to the saline injection. The viability of the encapsulated cells was high in vivo, although some microcapsules had broken by 7 days post-implantation. These results suggest that nitric oxide plays a role in the specific response to microcapsules. The levels of free radicals rapidly increased immediately following microcapsule transplantation, but they caused only slight cellular damage before the microencapsulated cells were exposed.

Mitochondrial Localization of Superoxide Dismutase is Required for Decreasing Radiation-Induced Cellular Damage

2003 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Epperly ◽  
Joan E. Gretton ◽  
Christine A. Sikora ◽  
Mia Jefferson ◽  
Michael Bernarding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Mitochondrial Localization ◽  
Radiation Induced

Influence of a crown-gall tumor initiation enhancer on bacterial attachment to the host plant cell wall

Planta ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. -M. Bouckaert-Urban ◽  
G. Brouwers ◽  
L. Thoelen ◽  
J. C. Vendrig
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Crown Gall ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Attachment ◽  
Tumor Initiation ◽  
Crown Gall Tumor

Arabidopsis thaliana is a susceptible host plant for the holoparasite Cuscuta spec

Planta ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 226 (5) ◽  
pp. 1231-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandy Birschwilks ◽  
Norbert Sauer ◽  
Dierk Scheel ◽  
Stefanie Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Susceptible Host

scholarly journals Protein Damage and Antioxidant Status Alterations Caused by Oxidative Injury in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepti Pande ◽  
Reena Negi ◽  
Ranjana S. Khanna ◽  
Hari D. Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Philadelphia Chromosome ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Cellular Damage

Objective: To evaluate the oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia is a myeloproliferative disorder associated with a characteristic chromosomal translocation called the Philadelphia chromosome. Reactive oxygen species and other free radicals mediate phenotypic and genotypic changes leading from mutation to neoplasia in all cancers, including chronic myeloid leukemia. We evaluated patients with chronic myeloid leukemia by observing their oxidative status and antioxidant defense.Methods: Using serum from 40 clinically diagnosed cases of chronic myeloid leukemia as well as 40 healthy controls, we measured the concentration of thiobarbituric acid, levels of protein carbonylation, total antioxidant status, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamins A and E, and the trace elements zinc, magnesium, and selenium. Results: We found significantly increased levels of serum malonyldialdehyde and protein carbonyl in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in comparison to healthy individuals, and significantly decreased levels of the antioxidants and micronutrients thiobarbituric acid, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamins A and E, zinc, magnesium, and selenium. These data suggest cellular damage occurring at the level of lipids and proteins.Conclusion: These findings indicate a link between low levels of antioxidants and cellular damage in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, supporting the idea that oxidative stress may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Fusarium Mycotoxins and Lytic Enzymes during Pea Plants’ Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9888
Author(s):  
Lakshmipriya Perincherry ◽  
Monika Urbaniak ◽  
Izabela Pawłowicz ◽  
Karolina Kotowska ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Wide Range

Fusarium species are common plant pathogens that cause several important diseases. They produce a wide range of secondary metabolites, among which mycotoxins and extracellular cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) contribute to weakening and invading the host plant successfully. Two species of Fusarium isolated from peas were monitored for their expression profile of three cell wall-degrading enzyme coding genes upon culturing with extracts from resistant (Sokolik) and susceptible (Santana) pea cultivars. The extracts from Santana induced a sudden increase in the gene expression, whereas Sokolik elicited a reduced expression. The coherent observation was that the biochemical profile of the host plant plays a major role in regulating the fungal gene expression. In order to uncover the fungal characteristics in planta, both pea cultivars were infected with two strains each of F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum on the 30th day of growth. The enzyme activity assays from both roots and rhizosphere indicated that more enzymes were used for degrading the cell wall of the resistant host compared to the susceptible host. The most commonly produced enzymes were cellulase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, pectinase and lipase, where the pathogen selectively degraded the components of both the primary and secondary cell walls. The levels of beauvericin accumulated in the infected roots of both cultivars were also monitored. There was a difference between the levels of beauvericin accumulated in both the cultivars, where the susceptible cultivar had more beauvericin than the resistant one, showing that the plants susceptible to the pathogen were also susceptible to the toxin accumulation.

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