Red Meat Intake and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Categorical and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis
Abstract Objective: Findings from previous observational studies on the association between red meat intake and risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are inconsistent. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the impact of red meat intake on the incidence of RA by meta-analysis.Methods: PubMed and Web of Science were searched for eligible observational studies regarding the association between red meat intake and the risk of RA until June 30, 2021. Risk estimates with corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were pooled. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis were performed to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias test were also carried out.Results: A total of eleven studies were selected, involving 4 cohort studies with 5 203 identified cases from 349 776 individuals and 7 case-control studies with 3 762 cases and 6 856 controls. The pooled risk estimate of RA risk was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.77 to 1.15) for ever versus non/occasional red meat intake, while high dose of red meat intake increased the risk of RA (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.50) in the categorical meta-analysis. Dose-response meta-analysis suggested a non-linear dose-response relationship between red meat intake and RA (P=0.028). Red meat intake was found to be a risk factor of RA when the dose ranged from 96 to 166 g/day.Conclusion: High dose of red meat intake could increase the risk of RA. Mechanistic studies are warranted to clarify the aetiologic pathways through which high dose of red meat intake may promote RA.