scholarly journals Transitional Wave Climate Regions on Continental and Polar Coasts in a Warming World

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itxaso Odériz ◽  
Nobuhito Mori ◽  
Tomoya Shimura ◽  
Adrean Webb ◽  
Rodolfo Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Climate ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Easterly Wave ◽  
Storm Wave ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Coastal Risk ◽  
Warming World ◽  
Extratropical Circulation

Abstract We provide a comprehensive analysis of the spatial-temporal changes in the atmospheric-driven major wave climates (easterlies, southerlies, and westerlies) under two different Representative Concentration Pathways, the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the end-of-the-century (2075–2099). By comparing the projected scenarios with historical conditions, we found that the easterly wave climates will be more frequents in the southwest basins (up to 15%) and the southerlies in the eastern basins (up to 20%). While the westerlies are projected to reduce their presence in the mid-latitudes and intensify for the high latitudes associated with the poleward extratropical circulation. As a result, coastal risk will be triggered in transitional wave climate regions, in addition to the risk induced by sea-level rise and storm wave generated, by spatial and frequency changes in the prevailing wave climates that will reach regions where up to now they have not, impacting future coastal environments.

scholarly journals Beach Users’ Perceptions of Coastal Regeneration Projects as An Adaptation Strategy in The Western Mediterranean

2019 ◽  
pp. 109634801988911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Sauer ◽  
Elisabet Roca ◽  
Míriam Villares
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
User Perceptions ◽  
Climate Change Risks ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Coastal Risk

Some coastal environments facing climate change risks are starting to be managed with nature-based solutions (NBS). Strategies based on the rehabilitation of green infrastructures in coastal municipalities, such as renaturalization of seafronts, are considered adaptive to the effects of climate change but may cause misconceptions that could lead to social conflicts between the tourist sector and the society. A survey was carried out to study user perceptions on the effects of climate change, preferences for adaptation strategies, and the assessment of projects of dune reconstruction. We find that while beach users recognize the benefits of NBS for environmental conservation and storm protection, they show little concern about possible effects of climate change on recreational activity and have limited understanding about the protective capacity of NBS. Thus, a greater effort must be made to better explain the effects of climate change and the potential benefits of NBS in coastal risk management.

scholarly journals High-latitude ocean ventilation and its role in Earth's climate transitions

2017 ◽  
Vol 375 (2102) ◽  
pp. 20160324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto C. Naveira Garabato ◽  
Graeme A.  MacGilchrist ◽  
Peter J. Brown ◽  
D. Gwyn Evans ◽  
Andrew J. S. Meijers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Climate System ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Overturning Circulation ◽  
Ocean Ventilation ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Warming World ◽  
Climate Transitions

The processes regulating ocean ventilation at high latitudes are re-examined based on a range of observations spanning all scales of ocean circulation, from the centimetre scales of turbulence to the basin scales of gyres. It is argued that high-latitude ocean ventilation is controlled by mechanisms that differ in fundamental ways from those that set the overturning circulation. This is contrary to the assumption of broad equivalence between the two that is commonly adopted in interpreting the role of the high-latitude oceans in Earth's climate transitions. Illustrations of how recognizing this distinction may change our view of the ocean's role in the climate system are offered. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.

scholarly journals THE BEHAVIOUR OF PROTOTYPE BOULDER REVETMENT WALLS

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (18) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.W. Smith ◽  
D.M. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
East Coast ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Performance Tests ◽  
Storm Activity ◽  
Tasman Sea ◽  
Storm Wave

This paper reports the results of on-site observations of coastal revetment structures under extreme storm conditions on the Gold Coast of Australia. The Gold Coast is located at approximately Lat. 27° S on the East Coast of Australia facing the Tasman sea behind a narrow continental shelf and exposed to a relatively high energy wave climate as depicted in Fig 1. Tropical cyclones generate the highest storm activity on the Gold Coast with Ho values commonly exceeding 10m with the resultant onshore wave i.e. either the second or third wave reformed breaks within the range of 2.5 to 3.5m. Storm wave periods are usually between 8 to 18 seconds. The ocean beach on the Gold Coast, some 30km long has been receding since the early forties and this has resulted in the construction of nearly 20km of revetment walls to "protect" the rear beach. Whilst some walls in particularly erosion-prone areas were constructed in the 1920 decade, most have been constructed since 1967 which represented a particularly high cyclone prone year. Since the latter period the walls have been exposed to three further periods of high cyclone energy attack in 1972, 1974 and 1976. Nearly all revetment walls demonstrated at least some settlement and damage but over the three storm periods at least 0.8km of wall was completely destroyed. Most wall failures were monitored on site and whilst the construction of the walls varied in quality the observational results might well be classified as full scale prototype performance tests.

scholarly journals BARBADOS COASTAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

2018 ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Kevin MacIntosh ◽  
Derek Williamson ◽  
Matthew Armstrong ◽  
Leo Brewster ◽  
Ricardo Arthur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Coastal Zone Management ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Zone Management ◽  
Coastal Risk Assessment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Coastal Risk ◽  
Risk Assessment And Management

Monitoring of coastal environments is critical to understanding the responses of the natural environment to human interventions. The ability to definitively attribute impacts to a development versus those which are part of the natural variation of a dynamic system is a valuable tool to understanding the successes and failures of coastal zone management planning. The Coastal Zone Management Unit of the Government of Barbados (CZMU) undertook the Coastal Risk Assessment and Management (CRMP) project to define the baseline conditions and risks for the entire coastline of Barbados in order to have this comprehensive database upon which to base future decisions and coastal planning. This paper will focus on three of the nine baseline studies and the unique approaches used, and challenges encountered, along the way.

scholarly journals Kepler Object of Interest Network

2018 ◽  
Vol 618 ◽  
pp. A41 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Freudenthal ◽  
C. von Essen ◽  
S. Dreizler ◽  
S. Wedemeyer ◽  
E. Agol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Markov Chain ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithm ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
Curve Model ◽  
Site Network

Context. The Kepler Object of Interest Network (KOINet) is a multi-site network of telescopes around the globe organised to follow up transiting planet-candidate Kepler objects of interest (KOIs) with large transit timing variations (TTVs). Its main goal is to complete their TTV curves, as the Kepler telescope no longer observes the original Kepler field. Aims. Combining Kepler and new ground-based transit data we improve the modelling of these systems. To this end, we have developed a photodynamical model, and we demonstrate its performance using the Kepler-9 system as an example. Methods. Our comprehensive analysis combines the numerical integration of the system’s dynamics over the time span of the observations along with the transit light curve model. This provides a coherent description of all observations simultaneously. This model is coupled with a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, allowing for the exploration of the model parameter space. Results. Applied to the Kepler-9 long cadence data, short cadence data, and 13 new transit observations collected by KOINet between the years 2014 and 2017, our modelling provides well constrained predictions for the next transits and the system’s parameters. We have determined the densities of the planets Kepler-9b and 9c to the very precise values of ρb = 0.439 ± 0.023 g cm−3 and ρc = 0.322 ± 0.017 g cm−3. Our analysis reveals that Kepler-9c will stop transiting in about 30 yr due to strong dynamical interactions between Kepler-9b and 9c, near 2:1 resonance, leading to a periodic change in inclination. Conclusions. Over the next 30 years, the inclination of Kepler-9c (-9b) will decrease (increase) slowly. This should be measurable by a substantial decrease (increase) in the transit duration, in as soon as a few years’ time. Observations that contradict this prediction might indicate the presence of additional objects in this system. If this prediction turns out to be accurate, this behaviour opens up a unique chance to scan the different latitudes of a star: high latitudes with planet c and low latitudes with planet b.

scholarly journals TRANSITIONAL IMPACTS OF ENSO ON WAVE CLIMATE IN COASTAL REGIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Itxaso Oderiz ◽  
Nobuhito Mori ◽  
Thomas Mortlock ◽  
Edgar Mendoza ◽  
Rodolfo Silva
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Current Issue ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Coastal Risk Assessment ◽  
The World ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Coastal Risk ◽  
Spatial Transition ◽  
A Current

Amongst all the factors involved in coastal risk assessment, climate variability is key, due to its potential for modifying the coast, particularly through increased seasonal risk of erosion-flooding on the coast (Toimil et al. 2020; Wahl and Plant 2015). The principal driver of interannual variability of the wave climate around the world is El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Many researches have focused on the analysis of this phenomenon globally ( Stopa and Cheung 2014), its impacts on regional wave climate (Barnard et al. 2015, 2017; Oderiz et al. 2020; Reguero, Mendez, and Losada 2013) and their local coastal effects ( Mortlock and Goodwin 2016). This interest in ENSO impacts in wave climate is motivated by its capacity to cause coastal erosion (Barnard et al. 2015). Particularly, the temporal and spatial transition of ENSO is nowadays a current issue (Ha et al. 2012). On the worlds coasts, the ENSO impacts delay is not yet fully understood, nor integrated into engineering practices.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/DZbOYztPYW0

scholarly journals Increasing Cloud Water Resource in a warming world

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingya Cheng ◽  
Qinglong You ◽  
Yuquan Zhou ◽  
Miao Cai ◽  
Nick Pepin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource ◽  
Meridional Circulation ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
Arctic Amplification ◽  
Cold Zone ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Warming World

Abstract Under global warming, terrestrial water resource regulated by precipitation may become more unevenly distributed across space, and some regions are likely to be highly water-stressed. From the perspective of the hydrological cycle, we propose a method to quantify the water resource with potential precipitation capacity in the atmosphere, or hydrometeors which remain suspended in the atmosphere without contributing to precipitation, namely Cloud Water Resource (CWR). Analyzing the characteristics of CWR during 2000-2017, CWR mainly concentrates in the middle-high latitudes which is the cold zone of the Köppen classification. In a warming world, CWR shows a significant increase, especially in the cold zone. Climate change with Arctic amplification and enhanced meridional circulation both contribute to the change of CWR through influencing hydrometeor inflow. By studying the characteristics of CWR and its influencing mechanisms, we demonstrate a perspective for human intervention with potential CWR in the atmosphere to alleviate terrestrial water resource shortages in the future.

scholarly journals Projected Changes in Terrestrial Vegetation and Carbon Fluxes under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C Global Warming

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Xiaobin Peng ◽  
Miao Yu ◽  
Haishan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
The Future ◽  
Warming World

The terrestrial ecosystem plays a vital role in regulating the exchange of carbon between land and atmosphere. This study investigates how terrestrial vegetation coverage and carbon fluxes change in a world stabilizing at 1.5 °C and 2 °C warmer than pre-industrial level. Model results derived from 20 Earth System Models (ESMs) under low, middle, and high greenhouse emission scenarios from CMIP5 and CMIP6 are employed to supply the projected results. Although the ESMs show a large spread of uncertainties, the ensemble means of global LAI are projected to increase by 0.04 ± 0.02 and 0.08 ± 0.04 in the 1.5 and 2.0 °C warming worlds, respectively. Vegetation density is projected to decrease only in the Brazilian Highlands due to the decrease of precipitation there. The high latitudes in Eurasia are projected to have stronger increase of LAI in the 2.0 °C warming world compared to that in 1.5 °C warming level caused by the increase of tree coverage. The largest zonal LAI is projected around 70° N while the largest zonal NPP is projected around 60° N and equator. The zonally inhomogeneous increase of vegetation density and productivity relates to the zonally inhomogeneous increase of temperature, which in turn could amplify the latitudinal gradient of temperature with additional warming. Most of the ESMs show uniform increases of global averaged NPP by 10.68 ± 8.60 and 15.42 ± 10.90 PgC year−1 under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C warming levels, respectively, except in some sparse vegetation areas. The ensemble averaged NEE is projected to increase by 3.80 ± 7.72 and 4.83 ± 10.13 PgC year−1 in the two warming worlds. The terrestrial ecosystem over most of the world could be a stronger carbon sink than at present. However, some dry areas in Amazon and Central Africa may convert to carbon sources in a world with additional 0.5 °C warming. The start of the growing season in the northern high latitudes is projected to advance by less than one month earlier. Five out of 10 CMIP6 ESMs, which use the Land Use Harmonization Project (LUH2) dataset or a prescribed potential vegetation distribution to constrain the future change of vegetation types, do not reduce the model uncertainties in projected LAI and terrestrial carbon fluxes. This may suggest the challenge in optimizing the carbon fluxes modeling in the future.

scholarly journals Solar irradiance and ENSO affect food security in Lake Tanganyika, a major African inland fishery

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (41) ◽  
pp. eabb2191
Author(s):  
M. M. McGlue ◽  
S. J. Ivory ◽  
J. R. Stone ◽  
A. S. Cohen ◽  
T. M. Kamulali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Lake Tanganyika ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Warming World ◽  
Annual Resolution

Food security in a warming world is a grave concern for rapidly growing impoverished populations. Low-latitude inland fisheries provide protein for millions of rural poor, yet the impacts of high-frequency climate oscillations on these aquatic ecosystems are unknown. Here, we present a sub-annual–to–annual resolution paleolimnological reconstruction of upwelling, productivity, and algal composition at Lake Tanganyika, one of Africa’s largest landlocked fisheries. The data reveal increases in diatom production at centennial-scale solar irradiance maxima, and interannual variability in upwelling linked to La Niña. Our study shows that interactions between global climatic controls and El Niño–Southern Oscillation teleconnections exert profound influences on the foundation of Lake Tanganyika’s food web. Adapting long-term management practices to account for high-frequency changes in algal production will help safeguard inland fish resources.

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